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        "titulo" => "Premios Nobel y su influencia en las &#225;reas de conocimiento de varias especialidades m&#233;dicas"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded each year to the discovery in these areas &#8220;that have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind&#8221;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#44; according to the will of the prize&#8217;s founder&#44; Alfred Nobel&#46; Choosing who will receive the prize is similar to publications with peer review done by experts but differs in the anonymity of those being evaluated and in that&#44; in 80&#37; of cases&#44; the prize is awarded more than 10 years after the discovery&#46; This delay prevents the prize being awarded to discoveries that seem important at first but&#44; in the medium-term&#44; are found not to be so important&#44; as happened in 1927 with the prize for the treatment of dementia paralytica with malaria inoculation&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These differences mean that some of the works awarded the Nobel prize are published in journals with an impact factor of less than five or even without an impact factor<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#46; These discoveries have increased the knowledge areas of different specialties in medicine&#46; We would like to ask whether this has benefited some specialties more than others and&#44; if this is the case&#44; if the focus on different areas has changed over the Nobel Prize&#8217;s 120-year history<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To answer these questions&#44; we classified each prize by the medical specialty most directly benefited &#40;although they almost always benefit several&#41; and grouped the prizes by decades to observe if there is a pattern over time &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We found that the category with the most prizes is cellular physiology&#44; which could not be classified under any specific medical specialty&#46; The same can be said for discoveries in genetics&#44; whose tools have been used in the majority of recent prizes classified in other areas&#46; It is thus no surprise that the majority of prize winners are not physicians&#44; but rather biochemists or physiologists&#44; and that the prize is for &#8220;physiology or medicine&#46;&#8221; Some discoveries of great importance for the biological sciences have received the prize for chemistry&#44; as occurred in 2009 for work on the structure of ribosomes&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Specialties that can be encompassed under the neurosciences &#40;neurology&#44; psychiatry&#44; neurophysiology&#44; psychology&#41; have seen many awards for discoveries&#46; Microbiology and infectious diseases received more prizes in the first half of the past century&#44; when infections were the main cause of death&#44; and the discovery of a germ or its treatment was often rewarded with the prize &#40;diphtheria antitoxin serum in 1901&#44; the tubercle bacillus in 1905 and its treatment with streptomycin in 1952&#44; the discovery of penicillin in 1945&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#46; The majority of prizes received in the area of endocrinology also date from the first half of the 20th century&#44; including the discovery of hormones&#44; as occurred with insulin in 1923&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On the contrary&#44; in the second half of the 20th century&#44; an opposing criterion for awarding the prizes predominated&#58; it was awarded not to works on specific diseases or molecules&#44; but rather to those on cellular physiology or genetics&#46; The awarding committees have prioritized work that &#8220;opens doors&#8221; to knowledge and those that other investigators in the academic world or pharmaceutical industry will take advantage of to discover new treatments&#46; Therefore&#44; the Nobel Prize related to polio did not go to those who developed the vaccines &#40;J&#46; Salk and A&#46; Sabin&#41;&#44; but rather to those who had previously made the necessary discovery that the polio virus could be cultivated in monkey cells &#40;J&#46; Enders&#44; T&#46; Weller&#44; and F&#46; Robbins in 1954&#41;&#46; These discoveries in basic sciences are quickly used&#44; as reflected in the fact that two unconnected research groups often make the same discovery at the same time&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Immunology&#44; oncology&#44; hematology&#44; and gynecology have been other areas whose discoveries have often received the prize&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All areas of medicine have directly or indirectly benefited from the work awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine&#46; These prizes are not only a recognition&#44; but rather indicate the most important research areas to scientists and highlight to society the debt we owe to science&#46;</p></span>"
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Vol. 222. Issue 6.
Pages 372-373 (June - July 2022)
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Vol. 222. Issue 6.
Pages 372-373 (June - July 2022)
Correspondence
Nobel prizes and their influence on the areas of knowledge of various medical specialties
Premios Nobel y su influencia en las áreas de conocimiento de varias especialidades médicas
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J.M. Trejo-Gabriel-Galán
Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario de Burgos, Burgos, Spain
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Table 1. Knowledge areas (number of prizes) and decades in which the prizes have been received.
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