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Nobel prizes and their influence on the areas of knowledge of various medical specialties
Premios Nobel y su influencia en las áreas de conocimiento de varias especialidades médicas
J.M. Trejo-Gabriel-Galán
Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario de Burgos, Burgos, Spain
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Trejo-Gabriel-Galán" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "J.M." "apellidos" => "Trejo-Gabriel-Galán" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "jtrejogyg@gmail.com" ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario de Burgos, Burgos, Spain" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Premios Nobel y su influencia en las áreas de conocimiento de varias especialidades médicas" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded each year to the discovery in these areas “that have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind”<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>, according to the will of the prize’s founder, Alfred Nobel. Choosing who will receive the prize is similar to publications with peer review done by experts but differs in the anonymity of those being evaluated and in that, in 80% of cases, the prize is awarded more than 10 years after the discovery. This delay prevents the prize being awarded to discoveries that seem important at first but, in the medium-term, are found not to be so important, as happened in 1927 with the prize for the treatment of dementia paralytica with malaria inoculation.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These differences mean that some of the works awarded the Nobel prize are published in journals with an impact factor of less than five or even without an impact factor<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>. These discoveries have increased the knowledge areas of different specialties in medicine. We would like to ask whether this has benefited some specialties more than others and, if this is the case, if the focus on different areas has changed over the Nobel Prize’s 120-year history<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To answer these questions, we classified each prize by the medical specialty most directly benefited (although they almost always benefit several) and grouped the prizes by decades to observe if there is a pattern over time (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We found that the category with the most prizes is cellular physiology, which could not be classified under any specific medical specialty. The same can be said for discoveries in genetics, whose tools have been used in the majority of recent prizes classified in other areas. It is thus no surprise that the majority of prize winners are not physicians, but rather biochemists or physiologists, and that the prize is for “physiology or medicine.” Some discoveries of great importance for the biological sciences have received the prize for chemistry, as occurred in 2009 for work on the structure of ribosomes.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Specialties that can be encompassed under the neurosciences (neurology, psychiatry, neurophysiology, psychology) have seen many awards for discoveries. Microbiology and infectious diseases received more prizes in the first half of the past century, when infections were the main cause of death, and the discovery of a germ or its treatment was often rewarded with the prize (diphtheria antitoxin serum in 1901, the tubercle bacillus in 1905 and its treatment with streptomycin in 1952, the discovery of penicillin in 1945, etc.). The majority of prizes received in the area of endocrinology also date from the first half of the 20th century, including the discovery of hormones, as occurred with insulin in 1923.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On the contrary, in the second half of the 20th century, an opposing criterion for awarding the prizes predominated: it was awarded not to works on specific diseases or molecules, but rather to those on cellular physiology or genetics. The awarding committees have prioritized work that “opens doors” to knowledge and those that other investigators in the academic world or pharmaceutical industry will take advantage of to discover new treatments. Therefore, the Nobel Prize related to polio did not go to those who developed the vaccines (J. Salk and A. Sabin), but rather to those who had previously made the necessary discovery that the polio virus could be cultivated in monkey cells (J. Enders, T. Weller, and F. Robbins in 1954). These discoveries in basic sciences are quickly used, as reflected in the fact that two unconnected research groups often make the same discovery at the same time.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Immunology, oncology, hematology, and gynecology have been other areas whose discoveries have often received the prize.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All areas of medicine have directly or indirectly benefited from the work awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. These prizes are not only a recognition, but rather indicate the most important research areas to scientists and highlight to society the debt we owe to science.</p></span>" "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Trejo-Gabriel-Galán JM. Premios Nobel y su influencia en las áreas de conocimiento de varias especialidades médicas. Rev Clín Esp. 2022;222:372–373.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0005" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><elsevierMultimedia ident="202206040655488931"></elsevierMultimedia> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2928204.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Knowledge areas (number of prizes) and decades in which the prizes have been received.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "202206040655488931" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "fx1.jpeg" "Alto" => 2241 "Ancho" => 3417 "Tamanyo" => 474219 ] ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Alfred Nobel’s will [Internet]. [Accessed 2 November 2021]. Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/alfred-nobel/alfred-nobels-will">https://www.nobelprize.org/alfred-nobel/alfred-nobels-will</a>." ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0010" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Bibliometric analysis of Nobelists’ awards and landmark papers in physiology or medicine during 1983-2012" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "S. Ye" 1 => "R. Xing" 2 => "J. Liu" 3 => "F. Xing" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.3109/07853890.2013.850838" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Ann Med" "fecha" => "2013" "volumen" => "45" "paginaInicial" => "532" "paginaFinal" => "538" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24195599" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0015" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "All Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine [Internet]. [Accessed 12 November 2021]. Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-laureates-in-physiology-or-medicine">https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-laureates-in-physiology-or-medicine</a>." ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/22548874/0000022200000006/v1_202206040654/S2254887422000145/v1_202206040654/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "71813" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Correspondence" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/22548874/0000022200000006/v1_202206040654/S2254887422000145/v1_202206040654/en/main.pdf?idApp=WRCEE&text.app=https://revclinesp.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2254887422000145?idApp=WRCEE" ]
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