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such as their relationship to the later onset of a cardiovascular event&#44; notably acute myocardial infarction<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For all of the above&#44; our aim was to determine the frequency of complications in all cases of influenza virus infection in the adult population hospitalized in a tertiary healthcare complex and specifically to analyze the characteristics of cardiovascular events after influenza&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Materials and methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Study design</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This work is an observational&#44; descriptive study that analyzes episodes of influenza in adults hospitalized during the 2017&#8211;2018 and 2018&#8211;2019 seasons regardless of severity&#46; The 2017&#8211;2018 season lasted from 10&#47;01&#47;2017 to 05&#47;19&#47;2018 and the 2018&#8211;2019 season lasted from 09&#47;30&#47;2018 to 05&#47;18&#47;2019&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Scope</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The investigation took place in a tertiary hospital in Salamanca &#40;Castile and Le&#243;n&#44; Spain&#41; that has 903 acute care beds and which attends to a population of 332&#44;234 inhabitants&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Vaccine coverage in the area was 21&#46;80&#37; in the 2017&#8211;2018 season &#40;62&#46;04&#37; among those older than 65 years&#41; and 22&#46;03&#37; in the 2018&#8211;2019 season &#40;61&#46;11&#37; among those older than 65 years&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Data source</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The data source was the hospital&#8217;s influenza surveillance system&#44; which included performing a PCR in all patients with compatible symptoms and criteria for hospitalization and daily updates of clinical and administrative information on cases until the time of discharge&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A case was defined as patients with influenza confirmed through detection of virus RNA in respiratory samples processed in the Microbiology Department through molecular detection&#46; The variables gathered were sex&#44; age&#44; main comorbidities&#44; influenza season&#44; vaccination status&#44; influenza virus&#44; infection type&#44; intensive care unit &#40;ICU&#41; admission&#44; complications &#40;pneumonia&#44; multiple organ dysfunction syndrome&#44; septic shock&#44; acute respiratory distress syndrome &#40;ARDS&#41;&#44; and cardiovascular events&#41;&#44; days of hospitalization&#44; and status upon discharge&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The information was stored in a coded database and processing and analysis was conducted for the purposes included in Royal Decree 2210&#47;1995&#44; of December 28&#44; creating the National Network of Epidemiological Surveillance<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A descriptive analysis of the variables studies was conducted&#58; quantitative variables were expressed as means<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>standard deviation and categorical variables as numbers and percentages&#46; Student&#39;s t test and the Mann-Whitney U test were used for the comparison of means and the chi-square test and Fisher&#8217;s exact test were used for qualitative variables&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In order to identify factors associated with the onset of a cardiac event&#44; a logistic regression model was built with the post-influenza cardiac event as the dependent variable and possible prognostic factors as independent variables&#46; In the analysis&#44; a risk of &#945; 0&#46;05 was established as the limit of statistical significance&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Results</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During the study period&#44; 928 adults with influenza required hospitalization&#58; 515 during the 2017&#8211;2018 season and 413 during the 2018&#8211;2019 season&#46; Overall vaccination coverage was 52&#46;7&#37;&#44; with 59&#46;3&#37; of individuals older than 65 years vaccinated&#46; The mean time from vaccination to infection was 92<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>29 days&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a> show the characteristics of the cases and their epidemiological curve&#44; respectively&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 303 patients &#40;32&#46;7&#37;&#41; presented with at least one complication of influenza&#44; with a mortality rate of 26&#46;74&#37;&#46; The most frequent complication was pneumonia &#40;27&#37; of all adults hospitalized with influenza&#41;&#44; followed by multiple organ dysfunction syndrome &#40;9&#46;5&#37;&#41;&#44; septic shock &#40;3&#46;7&#37;&#41;&#44; ARDS &#40;3&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#44; and cardiac events &#40;2&#46;5&#37;&#41;&#46; Of the 23 cardiac events&#44; 13 were in the 2017&#8211;2018 season and 10 were in the 2018&#8211;2019 season&#46; The most common diagnosis was non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome &#40;NSTE-ACS&#41;&#44; reported in 11 patients &#40;5 Killip I&#44; 4 Killip II&#44; 1 Killip III&#44; and 1 Killip IV&#41;&#44; followed by paroxysmal atrial fibrillation &#40;nine patients&#41;&#44; ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome &#40;STE-ACS&#41; &#40;2&#41;&#44; and ventricular fibrillation &#40;1&#41;&#46; Seven patients were admitted to the coronary unit&#44; three cases needed a therapeutic coronary catheterization&#44; two needed extracorporeal membrane oxygenation &#40;ECMO&#41;&#44; and one needed non-invasive mechanical ventilation &#40;NIMV&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mean time from the influenza diagnosis to acute myocardial infarction was 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3 days&#44; with both diagnoses coinciding in ten patients&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> shows the comparison between cases with cardiovascular complications and the rest of those hospitalized with influenza&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a> shows the temporal distribution of cardiac events in both seasons&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On the logistic regression model &#40;Pseudo-R2&#58; 0&#46;19&#41;&#44; there was a statistically significant association among onset of a post-influenza cardiac event&#44; vaccination &#40;OR&#58; 0&#46;32&#59; 95&#37; CI&#58; 0&#46;13&#8722;0&#46;83&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;02&#41;&#44; ICU admission &#40;OR&#58; 6&#46;9&#59; 95&#37; CI&#58; 1&#46;64&#8211;29&#46;1&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;008&#41;&#44; and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome &#40;OR&#58; 4&#46;84&#59; 95&#37; CI&#58; 1&#46;73&#8211;13&#46;53&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;003&#41;&#46; The rest of the variables included in the model &#40;age&#44; hypertension&#44; dyslipidemia&#44; kidney failure&#44; prior cardiovascular disease&#44; hospital stay&#44; hospital stay after a positive PCR&#44; pneumonia with clinical criteria&#44; pneumonia with a positive culture&#44; and ARDS&#41; were not statistically significant&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Discussion</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The aim of this study was to determine the complications of influenza&#44; analyzing post-infection cardiac events in detail through the surveillance of all adults hospitalized with this disease during two seasons&#46; The results show that approximately one-third of patients presented with one or more complications during hospitalization and 2&#46;5&#37; of the total had a cardiac event&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the general population&#44; influenza generally progresses as a mild disease<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#44; with interannual differences based on circulating strains and vaccine composition<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#46; Nevertheless&#44; there is evidence on significant complications that this infection can produce both in the lungs &#40;pneumonia&#44; exacerbation of chronic lung diseases&#41; and outside of the lungs&#44; notable among which are cardiac&#44; muscular&#44; and neurological involvement<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#46; Regarding pneumonia&#44; previous research has indicated that it is present in 40&#37; of hospitalized patients and that among those who require ICU admission&#44; 49&#37; develop viral pneumonia and 20&#37; develop secondary bacterial pneumonia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our study&#44; pneumonia was the most frequent complication&#44; observed in 27&#37; of hospitalized patients&#44; which situates this work in the halfway point between community cohort analyzes and studies centered on severe cases&#44; which report a frequency of ICU admission of around 21&#37; and a lethality greater than 17&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Epidemiological surveillance of patients hospitalized with influenza also allows for studying its role as a risk factor for cardiovascular events<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;16</span></a>&#46; After follow-up until discharge&#44; our results coincide with other studies that situate the period of risk in the week after infection<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#46; The severity of these events is evident&#58; they have a mortality of around 40&#37; and a prevalence close to that of classically studied complications such as septic shock or ARDS&#46; These figures are similar in other centers&#46; The adoption of clinical and organizational measures has accelerated&#44; such as the implementation of influenza screening programs<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#44; which have identified an incidence of infection of 8&#37; in 227 patients admitted to the cardiac ICU&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Finally&#44; we would like to highlight the protective role of influenza vaccination in cardiovascular complications&#46; The data from our study&#8212;which&#44; unlike similar experiences&#44; do show a statistically significant association<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&#8212;are in line with international research works<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#44; corroborating that this is an effective prevention strategy&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Among the limitations of this study are the fact that as it is a registry of influenza cases&#44; it was not possible to draw comparisons with other patients of similar characteristics but without infection&#46; Given the descriptive nature of the study&#44; it was not possible to establish causality&#46; In addition&#44; expanding the seasons studied would have allowed for exploring new hypotheses&#44; but this was not possible because a similar surveillance system to that of previous seasons<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> was not available and due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in later seasons<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Conclusions</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Complications of influenza&#44; notably pneumonia&#44; are frequent in adults hospitalized with this disease&#46; Post-infection cardiac events have a prevalence similar to some of the classically studied complications and a high mortality rate&#46; Vaccination has been associated with a lower frequency of cardiac events&#46; Therefore&#44; prevention and control measures should be increased&#44; notably annual influenza vaccination&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Funding</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This research has not received specific grants from agencies in the public&#44; commercial&#44; or non-profit sectors&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All authors declare they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2022-02-14"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2022-05-01"
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        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
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            0 => "Influenza"
            1 => "Cardiac events"
            2 => "Surveillance systems"
            3 => "Vaccination"
            4 => "Infection control"
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          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "Gripe"
            1 => "Eventos card&#237;acos"
            2 => "Sistemas de vigilancia"
            3 => "Vacunaci&#243;n"
            4 => "Control de la infecci&#243;n"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Background and aims</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The aim of this study was to determine the complications of influenza in all adults hospitalized with this disease and&#44; specifically&#44; to analyze the characteristics of post-infection cardiovascular events&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This work is observational descriptive study of adults hospitalized with influenza during the 2017&#8211;2018 and 2018&#8211;2019 seasons using the specific registry of a tertiary hospital&#46; The complications analyzed were pneumonia&#44; multiple organ dysfunction syndrome&#44; septic shock&#44; acute respiratory distress syndrome&#44; and cardiac events&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A total of 928 adults with influenza required hospitalization and 303 &#40;32&#46;7&#37;&#41; presented with one or more complications&#46; A post-influenza cardiac event occurred in 2&#46;5&#37; of patients&#59; they had a higher probability of ICU admission and higher mortality&#46; Influenza vaccination was a protective factor for cardiac events &#40;OR 0&#46;32&#59; 95&#37;CI 0&#46;13&#8722;0&#46;83&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Influenza can lead to important complications in hospitalized patients&#46; The high mortality rate associated with post-infection cardiac events means that preventive measures&#44; including annual influenza vaccination&#44; need to be emphasized&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Background and aims"
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          1 => array:2 [
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            "titulo" => "Methods"
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          2 => array:2 [
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Antecedentes y objetivo</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar las complicaciones de la gripe en todos los adultos hospitalizados con esta patolog&#237;a y&#44; de forma espec&#237;fica&#44; analizar las caracter&#237;sticas de los eventos cardiovasculares posinfecci&#243;n&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Metodolog&#237;a</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio observacional y descriptivo de los episodios de gripe en adultos hospitalizados durante las temporadas 2017&#8211;2018 y 2018&#8211;2019&#44; utilizando el registro espec&#237;fico de un hospital terciario&#46; Las complicaciones analizadas fueron&#58; neumon&#237;a&#44; fallo multiorg&#225;nico&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">shock</span> s&#233;ptico&#44; s&#237;ndrome de distr&#233;s respiratorio agudo y eventos card&#237;acos&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Un total de 928 adultos con gripe precisaron hospitalizaci&#243;n&#44; de los que 303 &#40;32&#44;7&#37;&#41; presentaron una o m&#225;s complicaciones&#46; El 2&#44;5&#37; de los pacientes sufrieron un evento card&#237;aco posgripe&#44; con mayor probabilidad de ingreso en UCI y mayor mortalidad&#46; La vacunaci&#243;n antigripal fue un factor protector del evento card&#237;aco &#40;OR 0&#44;32&#59; IC95&#37; 0&#44;13&#8722;0&#44;83&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La gripe presenta importantes complicaciones en los pacientes hospitalizados&#46; La elevada mortalidad de los eventos card&#237;acos posinfecci&#243;n implica acentuar las medidas preventivas&#44; destacando la vacunaci&#243;n antigripal anual&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Quir&#243;s-Gonz&#225;lez V&#44; Maderuelo-Fern&#225;ndez JA&#44; Haro-P&#233;rez AM&#44; Gonz&#225;lez-Calle D&#44; Barreales-Rodr&#237;guez V&#44; Eiros JM&#46; Complicaciones de la gripe&#58; informaci&#243;n sobre eventos card&#237;acos a trav&#233;s de un sistema de vigilancia hospitalario&#46; Rev Clin Esp&#46; 2022&#59;222&#58;523&#8211;528&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">454&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">50&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">77&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">81&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">77&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#177;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Private home&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">725&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">77&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;33&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Institutionalized&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">203&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">21&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">200&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">22&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="8" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Influenza virus</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Influenza A&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">632&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">68&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">69&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">616&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">68&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;88&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Influenza B&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">296&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">31&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Dyslipidemia</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">314&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">33&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">52&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">302&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">33&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Immunosuppression</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">125&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">124&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Kidney failure</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">309&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">33&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">47&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">298&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">32&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Prior cardiovascular disease</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">364&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">39&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">60&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">350&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">38&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;04</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="8" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Hospitalization variables</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="8" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hospital Stay</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mean &#40;SD&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#177;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#177;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#177;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="8" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hospital stay after diagnosis via PCR</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mean &#40;SD&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#177;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#177;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#177;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Treatment with oseltamivir</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">859&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">92&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">95&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">837&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">92&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ICU admission</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">21&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;002</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="8" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Status upon discharge</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Recovered&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">837&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">90&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">60&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Journal Information
Vol. 222. Issue 9.
Pages 523-528 (November 2022)
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Vol. 222. Issue 9.
Pages 523-528 (November 2022)
Brief Original
Influenza complications: Reporting cardiac events through a hospital surveillance system
Complicaciones de la gripe: información sobre eventos cardíacos a través de un sistema de vigilancia hospitalario
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V. Quirós-Gonzáleza,
Corresponding author
victor.quiros@salud.madrid.org

Corresponding author.
, J.Á. Maderuelo-Fernándezb, A.M. Haro-Pérezc, D. González-Called, V. Barreales-Rodrígueze, J.M. Eirosf
a Dirección de Planificación, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
b Unidad de Investigación en Atención Primaria de Salamanca (APISAL), Instituto de investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Gerencia de Atención Primaria de Salamanca, Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y León (SACyL), Spain
c Servicio de Medicina Preventiva, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
d Servicio de Cardiología, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
e Servicio de Medicina Interna, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
f Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Río Hortega, Valladolid, Spain
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Abstract
Background and aims

The aim of this study was to determine the complications of influenza in all adults hospitalized with this disease and, specifically, to analyze the characteristics of post-infection cardiovascular events.

Methods

This work is observational descriptive study of adults hospitalized with influenza during the 2017–2018 and 2018–2019 seasons using the specific registry of a tertiary hospital. The complications analyzed were pneumonia, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, septic shock, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and cardiac events.

Results

A total of 928 adults with influenza required hospitalization and 303 (32.7%) presented with one or more complications. A post-influenza cardiac event occurred in 2.5% of patients; they had a higher probability of ICU admission and higher mortality. Influenza vaccination was a protective factor for cardiac events (OR 0.32; 95%CI 0.13−0.83).

Conclusions

Influenza can lead to important complications in hospitalized patients. The high mortality rate associated with post-infection cardiac events means that preventive measures, including annual influenza vaccination, need to be emphasized.

Keywords:
Influenza
Cardiac events
Surveillance systems
Vaccination
Infection control
Resumen
Antecedentes y objetivo

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar las complicaciones de la gripe en todos los adultos hospitalizados con esta patología y, de forma específica, analizar las características de los eventos cardiovasculares posinfección.

Metodología

Estudio observacional y descriptivo de los episodios de gripe en adultos hospitalizados durante las temporadas 2017–2018 y 2018–2019, utilizando el registro específico de un hospital terciario. Las complicaciones analizadas fueron: neumonía, fallo multiorgánico, shock séptico, síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo y eventos cardíacos.

Resultados

Un total de 928 adultos con gripe precisaron hospitalización, de los que 303 (32,7%) presentaron una o más complicaciones. El 2,5% de los pacientes sufrieron un evento cardíaco posgripe, con mayor probabilidad de ingreso en UCI y mayor mortalidad. La vacunación antigripal fue un factor protector del evento cardíaco (OR 0,32; IC95% 0,13−0,83).

Conclusiones

La gripe presenta importantes complicaciones en los pacientes hospitalizados. La elevada mortalidad de los eventos cardíacos posinfección implica acentuar las medidas preventivas, destacando la vacunación antigripal anual.

Palabras clave:
Gripe
Eventos cardíacos
Sistemas de vigilancia
Vacunación
Control de la infección

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