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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Polymyalgia rheumatica &#40;PMR&#41; and giant cell arteritis &#40;GCA&#41; are inflammatory diseases of an unknown etiology that can occur in people over 50 years of age&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> PMR usually presents with bilateral pain in the upper extremities and marked functional impairment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> On the other hand&#44; ischemic symptoms such as headache and jaw claudication constitute the classic cranial pattern of GCA&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> although its spectrum also includes extracranial GCA with associated large vessel vasculitis &#40;LVV&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> These two entities may occur in an overlapping manner&#44; as up to 30&#37; of patients with PMR develop GCA during its clinical course<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a> and half of patients with GCA may have symptoms of PMR&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Both PMR and GCA require an early diagnosis in order to start appropriate treatment and prevent possible complications&#46; Although a temporal artery biopsy is still considered the gold standard diagnostic method for GCA&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> its invasive nature and the need to schedule surgery often make it unfeasible&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> In recent years&#44; evidence has emerged that supports the use of imaging tests as a supplement in the clinical diagnosis of both diseases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> In particular&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET&#41; combined with computed tomography &#40;CT&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;12</span></a> allows for assessing articular and extra-articular structures as well as the presence of concomitant LVV&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;10</span></a> Thus&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET has been shown to be useful in detecting LVV in patients with PMR in whom concomitant GCA is suspected&#44; especially in those with relapses&#44; persistent acute phase reactant elevation&#44; or resistance to corticosteroid therapy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> However&#44; previous studies with <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET&#47;CT in patients with PMR have reported heterogeneous rates of LVV&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#8211;14</span></a> In regard to GCA&#44; it has been described that extracranial LVV may be present in up to 50&#37; of cases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> Patients with the extracranial phenotype may have a higher rate of disease recurrence as well as a longer duration of steroid therapy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In view of the above&#44; the active search for extracranial LVV using imaging techniques could be clinically useful in the approach to patients with PMR or GCA&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> although there is no consensus on the most appropriate test&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;18</span></a> This systematic review aims to synthesize the currently available evidence on the prevalence of extracranial LVV detected using <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET&#47;CT in patients with a previous diagnosis of PMR or GCA&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Methods</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study is reported according to the PRISMA &#40;Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses&#41; guidelines&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19&#44;23</span></a> The study protocol was predefined&#44; but not prospectively registered&#46; Ethical approval and informed consent were not required&#46;</p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Search strategy and study selection</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A literature review was performed in the two main biomedical databases &#40;PubMed and EMBASE&#41; to identify relevant publications on the diagnostic value of <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET&#47;CT in patients with PMR or GCA between 2018 and February 8&#44; 2023&#46; Specific search strategies were designed for each database using free and controlled terminology &#40;MESH and EMTREE&#44; respectively&#41; based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and combined using the Boolean operators &#34;AND&#47;OR&#34;&#46; The search strategy was developed by two independent reviewers&#46; The search terms used were&#58; &#34;large vessel vasculitis&#34;&#44; &#34;giant cell arteritis&#34;&#44; &#34;temporal arteritis&#34;&#44; &#34;rheumatic polymyalgia&#34;&#44; &#34;pet&#47;ct&#34;&#44; &#34;positron emission tomography&#34;&#44; and &#34;computed tomography&#34;&#46; The bibliographies of the studies identified in the search were also reviewed to locate other relevant documents&#46; Details on the search strategies are shown in the <span class="elsevierStyleBold">supplementary material &#40;Tables S1 and S2&#41;</span>&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results of the database searches were identified and duplicates were eliminated&#46; Two independent reviewers examined the titles and abstracts to determine their relevance&#46; The full texts of all publications that passed the first screening were obtained to review them and determine their eligibility&#46; In case of disagreement&#44; the final decision was made through consensus&#46; Studies that met the following criteria were included&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">a&#41;</span> studies that included adult patients with a diagnosis of PMR and&#47;or GCA who underwent an LVV study using <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET&#47;CT&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">b&#41;</span> the reference standard used to determine the diagnostic value of the index test was clinical classification criteria or a clinical diagnosis established by the attending healthcare professional&#59; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">c&#41;</span> studies with a cross-sectional or longitudinal design on diagnostic tests&#46; Publications were excluded if they were not in English or Spanish or if they were case reports or consecutive case series with fewer than five patients&#44; conference abstracts&#44; reviews and meta-analyses&#44; as well as studies not conducted in human beings or with mixed populations or interventions &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; those combined with magnetic resonance angiography&#41; in which the results were not reported separately or those in which insufficient data were provided to calculate the proportion of patients with extracranial LVV&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Data extraction</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After reading the full text of each of the selected publications&#44; two reviewers independently extracted the following data&#58; authors&#44; title and year of publication&#44; study design and location&#44; characteristics of the study population &#40;age&#44; gender&#44; diagnosis&#44; and diagnostic criteria used&#41;&#44; intervention characteristics &#40;vascular regions evaluated&#44; definition of extracranial LVV&#44; imaging test type&#44; radiotracer dose&#44; time interval to image acquisition&#44; fasting time&#44; and workstation used&#41;&#46; As for the outcome variable&#44; the absolute and relative frequency of cases with extracranial LVV identified using <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET&#47;CT was recorded&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Quality assessment</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The quality of the studies was assessed using a modified version of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> Given that most of the eligible studies were expected to be cross-sectional observational works&#44; the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was adapted <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">a priori</span> for this review with the assessment of five issues grouped into two dimensions&#58; &#40;1&#41; participant selection and &#40;2&#41; evaluation of the outcome <span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#40;Table S3</span>&#41;&#46; The comparability dimension was discarded as it was not applicable in this review&#46; The reviewers gave a score of one point on each issue if the study had the expected quality for that aspect or zero points if it did not&#46; For the purposes of this work&#44; a study was considered to have a high risk of bias &#40;low quality&#41; if the total score was less than three points&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The proportion of patients with extracranial LVV was estimated for each cohort included in the review along with the 95&#37; confidence interval &#40;95&#37; CI&#41;&#46; The heterogeneity among studies was assessed using the I<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> statistic and the Q test&#44; assuming relevant heterogeneity if I<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#8239;&#62;&#8239;50&#37; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#60;&#8239;0&#46;1 on the Q test&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> Individual results were weighted by inverse variance using the Freeman-Tukey transformation&#46; The random effects model was used if there was relevant heterogeneity and the fixed effects model if there was not&#46; The individual and aggregate results were represented through a forest plot&#46; A subgroup analysis was performed in order to evaluate possible sources of heterogeneity&#44; comparing the results according to the following characteristics&#58; disease type&#44; study quality&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET&#47;CT uptake criteria&#46; Differences among the different groups were evaluated using the chi-square test&#46; Publication bias was assessed using a funnel plot and the presence of asymmetry in the plot was assessed using Egger&#8217;s test&#46; A value of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#60;&#8239;0&#46;05 was considered statistically significant&#46; Analyses were performed with MedCalc for Windows v22 &#40;MedCalc Software&#44; Ostend&#44; Belgium&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Results</span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Search results</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The selection process is summarized in the flow chart shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#46; The search identified a total of 268 publications &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;95 in Medline and n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;173 in Embase&#41;&#46; Of them&#44; 90 duplicate publications were excluded before screening&#46; The remaining 178 studies were reviewed individually&#46; A total of 136 were excluded because they did not meet the selection criteria&#44; most often because they were conference abstracts &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;52&#41;&#44; not original research articles &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;36&#41;&#44; or case reports &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;29&#41;&#46; The full texts of the remaining 42 articles were then reviewed and data of interest were extracted&#46; In this phase&#44; n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;11 publications were excluded because the population studied did not coincide with this review&#8217;s target subjects&#44; n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;11 did not include data on the outcome variable or it was not able to be assessed&#44; one publication was excluded that included a series of only three assessable cases&#44; and one article was excluded because it was written in a language &#40;Hungarian&#41; other than the accepted languages&#46; Therefore&#44; 17 studies ultimately met all the selection criteria and were included in the review&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Characteristics of the studies included</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main study characteristics are described in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46; The 17 articles included were published in English between 2018 and 2022&#46; The selected studies were mostly conducted in Europe &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;15&#59; 88&#46;2&#37;&#41;&#59; the most common countries were Spain &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;5&#59; 29&#46;4&#37;&#41;&#44; Italy&#44; and France &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;3&#59; 14&#46;3&#37; each&#41;&#46; The review also included two studies conducted outside of Europe&#44; specifically in the USA and Australia&#46; In regard to design&#44; although most of the studies were retrospective &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;10&#59; 58&#46;8&#37;&#41;&#44; prospective studies &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;6&#59; 35&#46;3&#37;&#41; and a case series &#40;5&#46;9&#37;&#41; were also included&#46; The studies included a total of 1042 patients&#44; with sample sizes ranging from 19<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> to 84 participants&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a> Of these&#44; only subjects with a diagnosis of GCA and&#47;or PMR were selected for analysis&#44; which ultimately yielded a total of 648 patients with a range of sample sizes between 15<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a> and 84&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24&#44;35</span></a> Twelve studies &#40;70&#46;6&#37;&#41; included patients diagnosed with GCA and five &#40;29&#46;4&#37;&#41; with PMR&#46; All but one study<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a> reported data on the age and gender distribution of the participants selected for analysis&#46; The median age was 72&#46;3 years&#44; with a range of 66&#46;7&#8211;80&#46;8 years&#46; All had a preponderance of women &#40;66&#46;1&#37;&#41;&#44; with a range of 52&#46;6&#37;&#8211;88&#46;2&#37;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The activity of the radioactive material dose injected&#44; which included both weight-based doses &#40;between 3 and 7&#8239;MBq&#47;kg&#41; and fixed doses &#40;between 100 and 370&#8239;MBq&#41;&#44; was quite heterogeneous&#46; The imaging studies covered different segments of the aorta and its branches&#44; with the most studied regions being the carotid &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;12&#59; 70&#46;5&#37;&#41;&#44; iliac &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;11&#44; 64&#46;7&#37;&#41;&#44; subclavian and axillary &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;10&#44; 58&#46;8&#37;&#41;&#44; and thoracic areas &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;8&#59; 47&#46;0&#37;&#41;&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> specifies the manners of assessing <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET&#47;CT uptake and the classification criteria most commonly used as a reference&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Methodological quality</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The methodological quality of the studies analyzed was assessed using a modified version of the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for cross-sectional studies <span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#40;Table S3</span>&#41;&#46; Of the five possible points&#44; the maximum score achieved was four points&#44; achieved in three studies &#40;17&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#44; while six articles &#40;35&#46;3&#37;&#41; obtained three points&#59; all of them were considered to have a low risk of bias&#46; Eight publications &#40;47&#46;1&#37;&#41; were considered have a high risk of bias&#44; scoring less than three points&#58; four scored two points and four scored one point&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Table S4</span> summarizes the quality assessment of the studies included in the meta-analysis according to the modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Extracranial vascular involvement measured using <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET&#47;CT</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Based on the data of the 17 studies included in the meta-analysis&#44; the total combined prevalence of extracranial LVV in patients with PMR or GCA observed via <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET&#47;CT was estimated&#46; The random-effects model was used due to the presence of relevant heterogeneity among the studies &#40;I<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;89&#46;3&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 84&#46;5&#37;&#8211;92&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#60;&#8239;0&#46;001&#41;&#46; The meta-analysis&#44; which can be seen in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#44; showed a total combined prevalence of extracranial LVV according to <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET&#47;CT of 54&#46;5&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 42&#46;6&#37;&#8211;66&#46;1&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Subgroup analysis</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> shows the results of the prespecified subgroup analysis&#46; In regard to disease type&#44; the combined rate of extracranial LVV in patients with GCA &#40;60&#46;1&#37; &#91;95&#37;CI&#58; 44&#46;2&#37;&#8211;74&#46;9&#37;&#93;&#41; was significantly higher than in patients with PMR &#40;41&#46;8&#37; &#91;95&#37;CI&#58; 26&#46;7&#37;&#8211;57&#46;8&#37;&#93;&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;006&#41;&#46; On analyzing the studies grouped according to the quality as assessed by the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale&#44; it was observed that in the group of studies with low risk of bias&#44; the rate of extracranial LVV &#40;61&#46;1&#37; &#91;95&#37; CI&#58; 41&#46;0&#37;&#8211;79&#46;5&#37;&#93;&#41; was higher than the group of studies at high risk of bias &#40;46&#46;9&#37; &#91;95&#37; CI&#58; 35&#46;7&#37;&#8211;58&#46;3&#37;&#93;&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;010&#41;&#46; However&#44; no significant differences were observed in regard to the uptake criterion used in the <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET&#47;CT&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Publication bias</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The possibility of publication bias was examined using a funnel plot&#46; The results of the individual studies were symmetrically distributed around the overall estimate&#44; which is indicative of an absence of bias <span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#40;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46; Additionally&#44; the asymmetry in the graph was evaluated using Egger&#8217;s test &#40;Intersection&#58; &#8722;0&#46;1151 &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; &#8722;6&#46;2158 to 5&#46;9856&#41;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;969&#41;&#44; which confirmed the absence of bias&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Discussion</span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Main outcomes</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study is the first systematic review with meta-analysis on the role of <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG-PET&#47;CT in the detection of extracranial LVV in patients with PMR or GCA&#46; The meta-analysis showed that in these patients&#44; the prevalence of extracranial LVV measured by <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG-PET&#47;CT was 54&#46;5&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 42&#46;6&#37;&#8211;66&#46;1&#37;&#41;&#46; The subgroup analysis showed that in patients with a previous diagnosis of GCA&#44; the rate of extracranial LVV was 60&#46;1&#37; whereas it was 41&#46;8&#37; in those with PMR&#46; Therefore&#44; these results show a high prevalence of extracranial LVV involvement in both inflammatory processes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;43&#44;44</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Heterogeneity in the literature</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The studies included showed notable differences in terms of technical aspects and the interpretation of images obtained using <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET&#47;CT&#44; such as the dose administered&#44; the time interval between radiotracer injection and image acquisition&#44; and the scanning systems and reconstruction algorithms used&#46; These contributed to a marked heterogeneity&#44; which limits the applicability of the results&#46; In addition&#44; variations were observed among the studies in regard to the criteria used to interpret LVV images due to the lack of an international consensus in this regard&#46; Most of the studies employed visual analysis methods for radiotracer uptake patterns in the arterial walls and&#47;or use of a visual uptake scoring system&#44; with some using semiquantitative criteria &#40;SUV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">max</span>&#41; and others not&#46; Some authors visually scored different arterial regions and combined them into a composite uptake scale &#40;such as the PET vascular activity score &#40;PETVAS&#41;&#44; for example&#41;&#44; with significant differences in scan coverage and arterial regions examined among the studies&#46; Likewise&#44; the increases observed in blood and liver absorption of <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG in subjects with kidney failure and high-dose corticosteroid treatment&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a> respectively&#44; call into question what the most reliable reference standard for monitoring LVV is&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a> This heterogeneity could also be explained by the clinical characteristics of the patients with PMR or GCA included&#44; given that the diagnostic criteria differed widely among the studies analyzed&#46; Finally&#44; there is some implicit variability in the design of the studies included regarding the timing of the <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET&#47;CT scan during the disease&#8217;s course&#44; with the consequent potential impact on the results&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">47&#44;48</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Strengths and limitations</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These results synthesize the available evidence on the usefulness of <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG-PET&#47;CT in the detection of extracranial arterial involvement in PMR and GCA&#44; which may contribute to the design of future diagnostic strategies for these diseases&#46; However&#44; there are some limitations that must be addressed&#46; The sample sizes of the studies included in the review was relatively small&#44; with a maximum number of 84 patients&#46; It should also be noted that two distinct diseases&#44; PMR and GCA&#44; have been grouped together in this study&#44; although they may overlap from a clinical point of view&#46; Therefore&#44; in addition to the overall results&#44; a subgroup analysis was performed in which the results were evaluated separately&#46; In some studies&#44; the <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET&#47;CT scan results were complemented with other parameters that measure disease activity&#46; This could have led to an overestimation of the test&#8217;s ability to assess the activity of both diseases&#46; Furthermore&#44; since there is no standard test for the diagnosis of LVV involvement in patients with PMR and GCA&#44; clinical classification criteria such as those from the ACR&#44; EULAR&#44; Chuang&#44; and Bird were used as a reference&#44; although the ability of these criteria to assess disease activity is unknown&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32&#44;41</span></a> Nevertheless&#44; patients with GCA and LVV meet the ACR criteria less frequently and often requiring imaging tests for diagnostic confirmation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42&#8211;44</span></a> Another limitation to consider was the heterogeneity in the quality of the studies analyzed&#8212;the influence of which on this review&#8217;s results was addressed in the subgroup analysis&#8212;with a higher rate of extracranial LVV observed in high quality studies&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite these considerations&#44; our results are in line with those of other recent studies&#46; A systematic review published in 2021<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span></a> analyzed 21 studies with the aim of summarizing the current evidence on the value of <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET&#47;CT for treatment monitoring in patients with LVV&#46; The authors of that work concluded that this test has moderate diagnostic accuracy for detecting active LVV and aiding in therapeutic decision-making&#44; although the findings should be contextualized according to clinical suspicion of disease activity&#46; The same authors in another systematic review with a meta-analysis on the evidence of the diagnostic value of <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET&#47;CT in PMR<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">46</span></a> concluded that the combination of significant <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET&#47;CT uptake patterns in various anatomical sites provides diagnostic information and may be a useful tool when PMR is suspected&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The marked heterogeneity observed in clinical aspects and in the acquisition and interpretation procedures of the <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET&#47;CT images means that the results of this test must be interpreted in the context of other clinical and biochemical findings&#46; On the other hand&#44; it should be noted that no differences were found in this work in the evaluation of SUV uptake according to the liver uptake criterion&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0090" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0150">Future research</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Further studies are needed in order to clearly establish the role of <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET&#47;CT in the diagnosis of extracranial arterial involvement in patients with PMR and GCA&#46; There are currently no clear&#44; agreed-upon guidelines on <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET&#47;CT imaging in these patients with suspected LVV&#46; This work highlights the need for large prospective studies to elucidate which patient profile and technical parameters &#40;activity of dose administered&#44; time interval between radiotracer injection and image acquisition&#44; device type&#44; and image reconstruction algorithms&#41; are optimal for the diagnosis of extracranial LVV in patients with PMR and GCA&#46; Furthermore&#44; the practical implications of subclinical large vessel inflammation in patients with PMR and GCA have not been sufficiently clarified&#59; further studies are needed to determine whether the findings on <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET&#47;CT have prognostic or therapeutic implications&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">47</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0095" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0155">Clinical implications</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although ultrasound is the diagnostic test of choice in patients with suspected predominantly cranial GCA&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> this work indicates that <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET&#47;CT can provide useful results for the diagnosis of extracranial LVV&#46; However&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET&#47;CT has several disadvantages&#44; including a high cost&#44; radiation exposure&#44; and the need for professionals with a high level of expertise and immediate availability&#46; In turn&#44; it can detect inflammatory activity throughout the body and allows for a comprehensive evaluation of all significant extracranial large arteries in a single scan&#44; which are significant advantages over other imaging tests such as localized magnetic resonance imaging or ultrasound&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48</span></a> In addition&#44; the development of new <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET&#47;CT camera systems with greater resolution will make it possible to evaluate other structures that up until now have been less accessible&#44; such as the temporal arteries&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">49</span></a> Its high diagnostic accuracy in areas of greater arterial involvement in patients with GCA &#40;cranial and large supra-aortic vessels&#41; and its ability to rule out alternative diagnoses&#44; such as neoplasms and infectious diseases&#44; are other advantages associated with its use&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48&#44;50</span></a></p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In patients with PMR and a possible diagnosis of concomitant GCA&#44; an <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET&#47;CT scan may be useful for determining extracranial LVV and thus modifying the treatment regimen accordingly&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">51</span></a> On the other hand&#44; the presence of LVV in the aortic area may be a risk factor for aneurysm rupture or aortic dissection&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">52</span></a> Therefore&#44; it seems reasonable to know about this complication in advance in order to improve control of the patient&#8217;s inflammatory disease&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0100" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0160">Conclusions</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This review found a prevalence of extracranial LVV of 54&#46;5&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 42&#46;6&#37;&#8211;66&#46;1&#37;&#41; in patients with GCA and&#47;or PMR detected by <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET&#47;CT&#46; This involvement is more common in patients with GCA and may vary depending on study quality&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0105" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0165">Funding</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This work has been possible thanks to the support of <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs0005">the Sociedad de Medicina Interna de Madrid y Castilla La Mancha &#40;SOMIMACA&#41;</span>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0110" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0170">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Andr&#233;s Gonz&#225;lez Garc&#237;a has given lectures and provided consulting services for ROCHE&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">MFF declares no conflicts of interest&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Gonzalo Serralta has given lectures for ROCHE&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Borja de Miguel Campo has given lectures for ROCHE&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ana Noblejas Mozo has done consulting work for GSK&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">&#193;ngel Robles-Marhuenda has done consulting work for ROCHE&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0115" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0175">Authorship</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Manuscript conception and design&#58; Andr&#233;s Gonz&#225;lez Garc&#237;a&#44; &#193;ngel Robles-Marhuenda&#44; Martin Fabregate&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data collection&#46; Andr&#233;s Gonz&#225;lez Garc&#237;a&#44; &#193;ngel Robles-Marhuenda&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data analysis and interpretation&#46; Andr&#233;s Gonz&#225;lez Garc&#237;a&#44; Martin Fabregate&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Drafting&#44; revision&#44; and approval of the submitted manuscript&#58; Andr&#233;s Gonz&#225;lez Garc&#237;a&#44; Martin Fabregate&#44; Gonzalo Serralta&#44; Borja de Miguel Campo&#44; Ana Noblejas Mozo&#44; &#193;ngel Robles-Marhuenda&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span></span>"
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              "titulo" => "Extracranial vascular involvement measured using F-FDG PET&#47;CT"
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              "titulo" => "Subgroup analysis"
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              "titulo" => "Main outcomes"
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              "titulo" => "Heterogeneity in the literature"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2023-11-13"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2024-04-25"
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            0 => "Giant cell arteritis"
            1 => "Polymyalgia rheumatica"
            2 => "Fluorodeoxyglucose F18"
            3 => "Positron emission tomography"
            4 => "Computed tomography"
            5 => "Large vessel vasculitis"
            6 => "Meta-analysis"
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            0 => "Arteritis de c&#233;lulas gigantes"
            1 => "Polimialgia reum&#225;tica"
            2 => "18F-fluorodesoxiglucosa"
            3 => "Tomograf&#237;a por emisi&#243;n de positrones"
            4 => "Tomograf&#237;a computarizada"
            5 => "Vasculitis de gran vaso"
            6 => "Aortitis"
            7 => "Meta-an&#225;lisis"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Systematic review of current evidence to analyze the prevalence of extracranial large vessel vasculitis &#40;LVV&#41; using <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET&#47;CT in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica &#40;PMR&#41; or giant cell arteritis &#40;GCA&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Materials and methods</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">PubMed and EMBASE were searched and the results were screened by two reviewers&#46; Study quality was assessed using a modified version of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale&#46; Heterogeneity between studies was assessed using the I<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> statistic and the Q test&#46; Further subgroup analyses were performed by disease type&#44; study quality&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET&#47;CT uptake criteria&#46; Publication bias was assessed by funnel plot and Egger&#39;s test&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">268 publications were identified&#44; of which 17 met the selection criteria and were included in the meta-analysis&#46; The overall pooled prevalence of extracranial LVV by <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET&#47;CT was 54&#46;5&#37; &#91;95&#37; CI&#58; 42&#46;6&#37;&#8211;66&#46;1&#37;&#93;&#46; In patients with GCA the prevalence was significantly higher than in patients with PMR &#40;60&#46;1&#37; vs&#46; 41&#46;8&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;006&#41;&#46; Likewise&#44; studies with a lower risk of bias reported a higher prevalence of extracranial LVV &#40;61&#46;1&#37; vs&#46; 46&#46;9&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;010&#41;&#46; No publication bias was observed&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET&#47;CT test may be useful in the detection of extracranial LVV&#44; both in patients with PMR or GCA&#46; Such involvement is more frequent in patients with GCA&#44; and may vary depending on the quality of the studies&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivos</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Revisi&#243;n sistem&#225;tica de la evidencia actual para analizar la prevalencia de vasculitis de gran vaso &#40;VGV&#41; extracraneal detectada mediante <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET&#47;TC en pacientes con polimialgia reum&#225;tica &#40;PMR&#41; o arteritis de c&#233;lulas grandes &#40;ACG&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Material y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se realizaron b&#250;squedas en PubMed y EMBASE en febrero de 2023&#44; y los resultados fueron examinados por dos revisores&#46; La calidad de los estudios fue evaluada con la escala Newcastle-Ottawa modificada&#46; La heterogeneidad se evalu&#243; mediante I2 y la prueba Q&#46; Se utiliz&#243; el modelo de efectos aleatorios en presencia de heterogeneidad relevante&#46; Se realiz&#243; un an&#225;lisis de subgrupos comparando los resultados por tipo de enfermedad&#44; calidad de los estudios y criterio de captaci&#243;n&#46; El sesgo de publicaci&#243;n fue evaluado mediante el gr&#225;fico de embudo &#40;funnel plot&#41; y la prueba de Egger&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se identificaron 268 publicaciones&#44; de las cuales 17 cumplieron los criterios de selecci&#243;n y fueron incluidas en el metaan&#225;lisis&#46; La prevalencia combinada total de VGV extracraneal por<span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET&#47;TC fue de 54&#44;5&#37; &#91;IC 95&#37;&#58; 42&#44;6&#37; a 66&#44;1&#37;&#93;&#46; En ACG la prevalencia fue significativamente m&#225;s elevada que en PMR &#40;60&#44;1&#37; vs&#46; 41&#44;8&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#44;006&#41;&#46; A su vez&#44; los estudios con menor riesgo de sesgo presentaron mayor prevalencia de VGV extracraneal &#40;61&#44;1&#37; vs&#46; 46&#44;9&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#44;010&#41;&#46; No se observ&#243; sesgo de publicaci&#243;n&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El estudio con <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET&#47;TC puede ser &#250;til en la detecci&#243;n de VGV extracraneal&#44; tanto en pacientes con PMR como con ACG&#46; Dicha afectaci&#243;n es m&#225;s frecuente en ACG&#44; y puede variar en funci&#243;n de la calidad de los estudios&#46;</p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Country&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Design&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total study population&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">number of patients included in the review &#40;PMR&#47;GCA&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Age &#40;years&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sex &#40;&#37; women&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Criteria for the diagnosis of PMR&#47;GCA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Definition of positive test&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Extracranial vascular regions evaluated&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ar&#233;valo Ruales K&#44; 2020<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Spain&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Retrospective&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">23 &#40;23&#47;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">68&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Chuang criteria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Linear distribution with uptake intensity equal to or greater than that of the liver parenchyma&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Aortic&#44; thoracic&#44; or abdominal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Bellan&#44; M&#44; 2020<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Italy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Retrospective&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">19 &#40;0&#47;19&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">74<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">52&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1990 ACR criteria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Aortic uptake greater than or equal to that of the liver&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ascending and descending thoracic&#44; abdominal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Camellino D&#44; 2022<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Italy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Prospective&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">84&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">84 &#40;84&#47;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">73<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">65&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Bird Criteria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Uptake&#8239;&#8805;&#8239;than that of the liver&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Thoracic&#44; abdominal&#44; subclavian&#44; carotid&#44; iliac&#44; and femoral&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Colaci M&#44; 2022<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Italy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Retrospective&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">80&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17 &#40;17&#47;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">71&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">88&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2008 EULAR&#47;1990 ACR criteria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG uptake by large vessels&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Thoracic&#44; femoral&#44; subclavian&#44; axillary&#44; and carotid&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Grayson PC&#44; 2018<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">USA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Prospective&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">56&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">30 &#40;0&#47;30&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">68&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">70&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1990 ACR criteria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PETVAS&#8239;&#8805;&#8239;20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Thoracic&#44; abdominal&#44; innominate&#44; carotid&#44; subclavian&#44; axillary&#44; iliac&#44; and femoral&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hay B&#44; 2019<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">France&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Retrospective&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">63&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">23 &#40;0&#47;23&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">67&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">70&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1990 ACR criteria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Uptake&#8239;&#8805;&#8239;liver&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Thoracic&#44; abdominal&#44; innominate&#44; carotid&#44; subclavian&#44; axillary&#44; iliac&#44; and femoral&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead rowgroup " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Imfeld S&#44; 2020<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a></td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Switzerland</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Prospective</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">102</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">68 &#40;0&#47;68&#41;</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">75<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">&#42;</a></td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">64&#46;7</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1990 ACR criteria or at least 2 of the 5 ACR criteria combined with ultrasound findings typical of vasculitis according to the OMERACT definition</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Supra-aortic region&#58;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Carotid&#44; proximal arteries of the arm&#44; aortic&#44; iliac&#44; and common femoral arteries</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Vascular SUV&#47;Mean hepatic SUV&#8239;&#61;&#8239;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Aorta and iliac-femoral regions&#58;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Vascular SUV&#47;Mean hepatic SUV&#8239;&#61;&#8239;1&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Malich L&#44; 2022<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Germany&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Retrospective&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">60 &#40;0&#47;60&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">66&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">73&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1990 ACR criteria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Uptake&#8239;&#62;&#8239;liver&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Brachiocephalic trunk&#44; subclavian&#44; axillary&#44; common carotid&#44; common iliac&#44; and femoral arteries&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Mestre-Torres J&#44; 2022<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Spain&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Prospective&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">27&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">27 &#40;0&#47;27&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">77&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">66&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1990 ACR criteria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Grade 3 qualification &#40;uptake higher than that of the liver&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Vertebral&#44; brachiocephalic trunk&#44; subclavian&#44; axillary&#44; common carotid&#44; common iliac&#44; and femoral arteries&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Mestre-Torres&#44; J&#44; 2019<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Spain&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Retrospective&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">30 &#40;0&#47;30&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">80&#46;8<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">70&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1990 ACR criteria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">One or more territories with grade 3 uptake&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Aortic&#44; subclavian&#44; carotid&#44; axillary&#44; iliac&#44; and femoral&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Molina-Collada&#44; J&#59; 2023<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Spain&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Retrospective&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">113&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">34 &#40;0&#47;34&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">74&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">74&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1990 ACR criteria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Uptake&#8239;&#8805;&#8239;than that of the liver&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Aortic&#44; subclavian&#44; carotid&#44; axillary&#44; iliac&#44; and femoral&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Nielsen BD&#44; 2020<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Denmark&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Prospective&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">102&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">56 &#40;0&#47;56&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">67&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">61&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Modified 1990 ACR criteria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Segmental and homogeneous <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG uptake in the aorta and&#47;or large supra-aortic vessels greater than liver uptake &#40;grade 3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Aortic&#44; subclavian&#47;axillary&#44; carotid&#44; and ileofemoral&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Pean de Ponfilly-Sotier M&#44; 2022<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">France&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Retrospective&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">35 &#40;35&#47;6<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">&#42;</a>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">71<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2008 EULAR&#47;2012 ACR criteria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG uptake greater than that of surrounding tissues and not associated with physiological uptake&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Aortic and its main branches&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Prieto-Pena&#44; D&#44; 2019<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Spain&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Prospective&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">84&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">84 &#40;84&#47;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">71&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">60&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2008 EULAR&#47;2012 ACR criteria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Linear uptake pattern in the wall of the aorta and its branches with an intensity similar to or greater than that of the liver&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Supra-aortic trunks&#44; thoracic aorta&#44; abdominal aorta&#44; iliac and femoral&#47;tibioperoneal arteries&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Sammel AM&#44; 2019<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a></td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Australia</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Prospective</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">64</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">21 &#40;0&#47;21&#41;</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NA</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NA</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ACR 1990 criteria</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Grade 1&#58; Minimal uptake&#47;increase doubtful&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Carotid&#44; subclavian&#44; axillary&#44; brachiocephalic&#44; and aorta</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Grade 2&#58; Moderate uptake&#47;clearly increased&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead rowgroup " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Sebastian A&#44; 2020<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a></td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">United Kingdom</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Retrospective</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">22</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">22 &#40;0&#47;22&#41;</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">72&#46;1</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">63&#46;6</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Adapted criteria&#58; clinical&#44; laboratory&#44; and imaging test findings with a confirmatory imaging test or temporal artery biopsy</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Grade 1&#58; Uptake less than liver uptake&#59;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Supra-aortic trunks&#44; thoracic aorta&#44; abdominal aorta&#44; iliac and femoral&#47;tibioperoneal arteries</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Grade 2&#58; Uptake equal to liver uptake&#59;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Grade 3&#58; Uptake greater than liver uptake&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Thibault&#44; T&#44; 2023<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">France&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Retrospective&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">51&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15 &#40;0&#47;15&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">79<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">73&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2021 ACR Recommendations&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">At least one arterial segment had grade 2 hypermetabolism &#40;similar to that of the liver&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Carotid&#44; subclavian&#44; axillary&#44; brachiocephalic&#44; and aorta&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Values are reported as means&#46; Values marked with an asterisk indicate medians&#46; NR&#58; not reported&#59; SUV&#58; standardized uptake values&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG PET&#47;CT&#58; positron emission tomography&#47;computed tomography with <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-fluorodeoxyglucose&#46; PMR&#58; polymyalgia rheumatica&#46; GCA&#58; giant cell arteritis&#46; &#43; 6 patients had a concomitant diagnosis of polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis&#46;</p>"
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          ]
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Characteristics of the studies and population included&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">exLVV&#58; extracranial large vessel vasculitis&#59; I<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#58; heterogeneity&#59; GCA&#58; giant cell arteritis&#59; PMR&#58; polymyalgia rheumatica&#46;</p>"
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Rate &#91;95&#37; CI&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">exLVV&#47;Total&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Overall&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">54&#46;5&#37; &#91;42&#46;6&#37;&#8211;66&#46;1&#37;&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">352&#47;648&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Type of disease</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GCA &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;12&#41; I<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;90&#46;6&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">60&#46;1&#37; &#91;44&#46;2&#37;&#8211;74&#46;9&#37;&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">237&#47;405&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;006</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PMR &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;5&#41; I<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;82&#46;8&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">41&#46;8&#37; &#91;26&#46;7&#37;&#8211;57&#46;8&#37;&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">115&#47;243&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Quality</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Low risk of bias &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;9&#41; I<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;93&#46;0&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Journal Information
Vol. 224. Issue 7.
Pages 445-456 (August - September 2024)
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Vol. 224. Issue 7.
Pages 445-456 (August - September 2024)
Original article
The utility of 18F-FDG-PET/CT in detecting extracranial large vessel vasculitis in rheumatic polymyalgia or giant cell arteritis. A systematic review and meta-analysis
Utilidad del 18F-FDG-PET/TC en la detección de vasculitis de gran vaso extracraneal en pacientes con polimialgia reumática o arteritis de células gigantes. Revisión sistemática y metaanálisis
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Andrés González-Garcíaa,
Corresponding author
, Martín Fabregatea, Gonzalo Serraltab, Borja de Miguel Campoc, Ana Noblejas-Mozod, Ángel Robles-Marhuendad, en representación de la Sección de Autoinmunes de la Sociedad de Medicina Interna Madrid-Castilla La Mancha
a Unidad de Enfermedades Autoinmunes Sistémicas, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
b Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Madrid, Spain
c Unidad de Enfermedades Autoinmunes Sistémicas, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
d Unidad de Enfermedades Autoinmunes Sistémicas, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
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Table 1. Characteristics of the studies and population included.
Table 2. Subgroup analysis of extracranial large-vessel vasculitis (LVV) detection rates using 18F-FDG PET/CT.
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Abstract
Objective

Systematic review of current evidence to analyze the prevalence of extracranial large vessel vasculitis (LVV) using 18F-FDG PET/CT in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) or giant cell arteritis (GCA).

Materials and methods

PubMed and EMBASE were searched and the results were screened by two reviewers. Study quality was assessed using a modified version of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Heterogeneity between studies was assessed using the I2 statistic and the Q test. Further subgroup analyses were performed by disease type, study quality, and 18F-FDG PET/CT uptake criteria. Publication bias was assessed by funnel plot and Egger's test.

Results

268 publications were identified, of which 17 met the selection criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. The overall pooled prevalence of extracranial LVV by 18F-FDG PET/CT was 54.5% [95% CI: 42.6%–66.1%]. In patients with GCA the prevalence was significantly higher than in patients with PMR (60.1% vs. 41.8%, P = 0.006). Likewise, studies with a lower risk of bias reported a higher prevalence of extracranial LVV (61.1% vs. 46.9%; P = 0.010). No publication bias was observed.

Conclusions

The 18F-FDG PET/CT test may be useful in the detection of extracranial LVV, both in patients with PMR or GCA. Such involvement is more frequent in patients with GCA, and may vary depending on the quality of the studies.

Keywords:
Giant cell arteritis
Polymyalgia rheumatica
Fluorodeoxyglucose F18
Positron emission tomography
Computed tomography
Large vessel vasculitis
Meta-analysis
Resumen
Objetivos

Revisión sistemática de la evidencia actual para analizar la prevalencia de vasculitis de gran vaso (VGV) extracraneal detectada mediante 18F-FDG PET/TC en pacientes con polimialgia reumática (PMR) o arteritis de células grandes (ACG).

Material y métodos

Se realizaron búsquedas en PubMed y EMBASE en febrero de 2023, y los resultados fueron examinados por dos revisores. La calidad de los estudios fue evaluada con la escala Newcastle-Ottawa modificada. La heterogeneidad se evaluó mediante I2 y la prueba Q. Se utilizó el modelo de efectos aleatorios en presencia de heterogeneidad relevante. Se realizó un análisis de subgrupos comparando los resultados por tipo de enfermedad, calidad de los estudios y criterio de captación. El sesgo de publicación fue evaluado mediante el gráfico de embudo (funnel plot) y la prueba de Egger.

Resultados

Se identificaron 268 publicaciones, de las cuales 17 cumplieron los criterios de selección y fueron incluidas en el metaanálisis. La prevalencia combinada total de VGV extracraneal por18F-FDG PET/TC fue de 54,5% [IC 95%: 42,6% a 66,1%]. En ACG la prevalencia fue significativamente más elevada que en PMR (60,1% vs. 41,8%, P = 0,006). A su vez, los estudios con menor riesgo de sesgo presentaron mayor prevalencia de VGV extracraneal (61,1% vs. 46,9%; P = 0,010). No se observó sesgo de publicación.

Conclusiones

El estudio con 18F-FDG PET/TC puede ser útil en la detección de VGV extracraneal, tanto en pacientes con PMR como con ACG. Dicha afectación es más frecuente en ACG, y puede variar en función de la calidad de los estudios.

Palabras clave:
Arteritis de células gigantes
Polimialgia reumática
18F-fluorodesoxiglucosa
Tomografía por emisión de positrones
Tomografía computarizada
Vasculitis de gran vaso
Aortitis
Meta-análisis

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