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"textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main cause of hypoglycemia in the population is the use of oral diabetes drugs or insulin, especially in elderly individuals.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> For patients without diabetes, hypoglycemia is classified into 2 large groups, with or without hyperinsulinemia. If the insulinemia is appropriately low, the causes are usually severe systemic diseases, such as sepsis and severe renal and hepatic failure.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> In contrast, if there is hyperinsulinemia, the differential diagnosis includes insulinoma or the exogenous administration of insulin or sulfonylureas. Insulinoma is the most common functioning pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor and the main cause of fasting hypoglycemia related to endogenous insulin secretion. Its incidence rate is 1–4 cases per million inhabitants per year.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Most cases are sporadic, although 6–8% are associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN-1).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4–6</span></a> The diagnosis is determined by the presence of plasma glucose levels <3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmol/L (50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dL) (spontaneous or induced in the 72-h fasting test, which is the most sensitive and specific test),<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6,7</span></a> with plasma insulin values >18<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pmol/L (>3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μU/mL), proinsulin levels >5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pmol/L or peptide <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">C</span> levels >0.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nmol/L. Measurements of urine sulfonylurea levels and plasma anti-insulin antibodies should be negative. Most insulinomas are benign and small. When insulinomas metastasize or are unresectable, however, they are classified as malignant. Surgical excision is the treatment of choice.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4–7</span></a> In Spain, reported cases of insulinoma have been scarce and are typically isolated. The aim of this study was to retrospectively review cases with a definitive pathological diagnosis of insulinoma treated in a reference hospital between 2005 and 2016 and to report the demographic, biochemical, radiological and outcome data.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We obtained 14 cases (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>), with a median patient age of 49.5 years. All patients presented symptoms of hypoglycemia, confirmed through laboratory tests, and all recovered after taking carbohydrates (Whipple's triad). We detected 3 cases (21.4%) in the context of MEN-1. A fasting test was performed for 13 cases (92%), with positive results in 12 (92.3%). The mean insulinemia was 108.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pmol/L, and the mean peptide C level was 1.01<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nmol/L. The mean insulinoma diameter measured by abdominal CT was 1.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm; all but 4 were <2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm. Two cases presented metastasis at the diagnosis (lung and liver, respectively). All insulinomas were treated surgically, except for one of the malignant insulinomas, which was treated with diazoxide. In the pathology, 100% of the insulinomas stained positive for insulin in the immunohistochemistry. We measured ki67 in 11 cases (91.6%); the value was ≤2% in 8 cases, 3% in 1 case and 5% in 2 cases. The outcome in the cases without metastasis was healing after the surgery.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The clinical suspicion of hypoglycemia in patients without diabetes is not easy, because the symptoms can be predominantly adrenergic or neuroglycopenic,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> especially if the hypoglycemic episodes are repeated. In our series, the fasting test was positive in 92.3% of the cases. Hirshberg et al. reported that 43% of patients with insulinoma treated with a fasting test developed symptomatic hypoglycemia in 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h, 67% in 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h, 95% in 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h and 100% in 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> In this respect, case 13 was exceptional for presenting exclusively postprandial hypoglycemia and giving a false negative result in the fasting test, a situation reported in only 1% of insulinomas.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The percentage of cases in our series associated with MEN-1 was greater than that reported in other studies,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6–8</span></a> probably because our hospital is a reference center for this disease. In the context of MEN-1, the tumors are frequently numerous.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> In fact, in our case, all tumors showed multifocality in the pathology. Two cases were malignant (14.2%), a percentage slightly greater than the 10% reported in the literature,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> confirming the less aggressive nature of this pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor. The tumor size in our series is similar to that in the published series, where 90% of the tumors were <2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5,6,8</span></a> Case 9 is noteworthy for its tumor diameter of 11<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm, its association with pulmonary metastasis, its unresectability and for leading to the patient's death. The other case, with hepatic metastasis, underwent surgery through pancreatic enucleation and subsequent liver transplantation, with healing of the disease in a follow-up longer than 10 years.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The technique of choice for preoperatively locating the tumor is abdominal CT or magnetic resonance imaging, the former achieving a 100% success rate in our series. Endoscopic ultrasonography has a reported sensitivity of 90%; octreoscan detects 50% of cases and is therefore not a reliable test. Selective arterial calcium stimulation has high sensitivity but is rarely used given its invasive nature. Intraoperatively, ultrasonography detects insulinomas with a sensitivity of 98–100%.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> The treatment was surgical in more than 90% of the cases in our series, mainly through enucleation and corporocaudal pancreatectomy, with healing in all cases that did not present metastasis. This satisfactory outcome is analogous to that described in the literature where healing occurred in over 95% of cases.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7,8</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our study's limitations are those inherent in an observational, retrospective, case-series study. Nevertheless, our clinical, radiological and laboratory data are consistent with those reported in the largest reviews, including that of Mehrabi et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> who collected information on more than 6000 cases.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In summary, the diagnosis of insulinoma for patients without diabetes should be established through a hypoglycemia study, which should be conducted with the fasting test. This test is conclusive in most patients, although its negativity does not exclude the diagnosis. The first imaging test for locating the insulinoma should be the abdominal CT. These tumors are usually isolated, small and benign, although the possibility of atypical cases should be considered. We have surgical techniques that offer excellent results; the correct diagnosis of the disease is therefore essential.</p></span>"
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"nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Simó-Servat A, Puig de la Bellacasa Suils J, Pérez Maraver M. Hipoglucemia causada por insulinoma. Revisión de una serie de casos atendidos en un hospital terciario. Rev Clin Esp. 2018;218:321–322.</p>"
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"leyenda" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Abbreviations</span>: CDP, cephalic duodenopancreatectomy; CP, corporocaudal pancreatectomy; F, female; M, male; MEN-1, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1; NP, not performed.</p>"
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\t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
\t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Case \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Age at diagnosis, years \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sex \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Maximum diameter by CT, cm \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Multicenter \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Pathology, Ki 67% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Fasting test \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Type of surgery \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">MEN-1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Enucleation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">57 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">M \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">5% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Positive \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Enucleation<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>CP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">60 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">F \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Positive \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">CP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">41 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">M \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Positive \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">CP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">43 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">M \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><2% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Positive \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Enucleation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">41 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">F \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><2% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Positive \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">CP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">40 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">F \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><2% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Positive \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Enucleation<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>CP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">82 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">M \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">M1 lung \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">45 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">M \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">5% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Positive \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">CP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">65 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">F \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><2% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Positive \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Enucleation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">23 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">F \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">M1 hepatic \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Positive \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Enucleation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">63 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">M \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><1% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Negative \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">CDP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">52 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">F \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><2% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Positive \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">CP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
"""
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"en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Characteristics of the patients diagnosed with insulinoma.</p>"
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