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When studying these patients&#44; it is important to know that whether due to the Chagas disease itself or the epidemiological profile&#44; some digestive disorders&#44; fundamentally those of infectious origin&#44; are reported more often&#46; For example&#44; an association between CD and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Helicobacter pylori</span> infection has been described&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a> Therefore&#44; knowing the frequency of digestive abnormalities in patients with CD may facilitate care&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Though multiple studies have been conducted on CD in nonendemic countries&#44; they often investigate epidemiological and clinical characteristics or the presence of heart disease&#59; the prevalence of digestive disorders has not been studied in such depth&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of digestive disorders in imported CD at the time of first care &#40;the first year of study&#41;&#46; A composite objective was established&#58; structural involvement &#40;radiological&#41; and&#47;or associated intestinal comorbidity&#46; A secondary objective was the characterization of structural involvement &#40;esophageal&#44; colonic&#44; mixed&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Study design and configuration</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A descriptive&#44; cross-sectional analysis of patients diagnosed with imported CD was performed&#46; The data records were obtained from five different hospitals in Spain&#8212;all of which have specialized units for patients with tropical diseases&#8212;which agreed to participate in the study after its announcement&#58; the G&#243;mez Ulla Central Military Hospital&#44; the La Paz-Carlos III University Hospital&#44; the Dr&#46; Balmis University General Hospital of Alicante-Institute for Healthcare and Biomedical Research of Alicante &#40;ISABIAL&#44; for its initials in Spanish&#41;&#44; the University Hospital of Salamanca&#44; and the Central University Hospital of Asturias&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data for the study were gathered from the medical records available in the electronic systems of the different hospitals from their creation until December 31&#44; 2020&#46; Demographic&#44; clinical&#44; diagnostic&#44; and treatment data were gathered for each patient&#46; More specifically&#44; the symptoms reported and radiological and microbiological diagnostic tests included in the analysis were those performed during the first year of follow-up at the participating center&#46; The microbiological tests included three stool stamps for an ova and parasite test &#40;O&#38;P&#41; as well as the detection of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H&#46; pylori</span> antigen &#40;HPA&#41; in feces&#46; The imaging tests included an esophagogram&#44; barium enema&#44; and echocardiogram&#46; The esophagogastroduodenal study or barium enema were interpreted according to the Rezende and Ximenes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;10</span></a> classification &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients with a diagnosis of CD according to World Health Organization &#40;WHO&#41; criteria were included&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> The exclusion criteria were age under 18 years and&#47;or the simultaneous lack of the following three tests&#58; radiological tests&#44; O&#38;P tests&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H&#46; pylori</span> tests &#40;patients with only one or two digestive tests were able to be included&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Definitions</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Chagas-related structural involvement was defined as when radiological tests revealed abnormalities &#40;Chagas disease of the esophagus or colon&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Infectious comorbidity was defined as when tests for detecting <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H&#46; pylori</span> and&#47;or O&#38;P tests in feces were positive&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The terms &#8220;disorders&#8221; or &#8220;digestive abnormalities in patients with Chagas disease&#8221; were defined as when there was Chagas-related structural involvement&#44; infectious comorbidity&#44; or both&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Abnormalities on cardiologic tests were defined as the presence of pathological changes in the electrocardiogram &#40;ECG&#41; or echocardiogram &#40;ECHO&#41;&#46; These included abnormalities related or not related to Chagas disease&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Sample size</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To calculate the sample size&#44; a binomial distribution of the unknown population size was assumed&#44; with an expected prevalence of between 1&#37; and 5&#37; &#40;based on previous reports&#41;12 and an accepted absolute error of 2&#37;&#46; The estimated sample size was 174&#8211;424 patients&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The data were entered into an Excel spreadsheet and transferred to Stata&#47;IC version 12&#46;1&#46; Categorical variables were summarized as frequencies &#40;percentages&#41; and continuous variables were summarized as means&#46; All prevalences were evaluated through estimators using the Wilson method&#46; The prevalence of gastrointestinal disorders in patients with CD was calculated based on all patients included in the study&#46; The prevalence of Chagas-related structural involvement was evaluated based on patients who had at least one radiological test performed&#46; The prevalence of infectious comorbidity was determined based on patients who had any microbiological test performed&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The statistical association between Chagas-related structural involvement and abnormalities on cardiologic tests or presence of gastrointestinal symptoms was evaluated&#46; The statistical association between infectious comorbidity and digestive symptoms was also investigated&#46; Tests of the association among variables were evaluated by means of the chi-square test &#40;Fisher&#8217;s exact test&#41; and logistic regression&#46; A value of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#8239;&#60;&#8239;0&#46;05 was considered significant&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Results</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Initially&#44; a total of 1&#44;216 medical records of patients diagnosed with CD were reviewed&#46; Of them&#44; 752 &#40;61&#46;84&#37;&#41; were rejected as they did not have simultaneous radiological&#44; fecal parasite&#44; and HPA tests&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The analysis was conducted on 464 patients&#58; 141 &#40;30&#46;39&#37;&#41; were men and the median age was 42&#46;71 years &#40;interquartile range &#40;IQR&#41; 36&#8211;59 years&#41;&#46; The sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of patients included are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Medical record</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Treatment for CD had been administered before the study enrollment date in 43 &#40;9&#46;27&#37;&#41; patients&#46; Fifty-nine patients &#40;12&#46;72&#37;&#41; had some risk factor for cardiovascular disease such as hypertension&#44; diabetes&#44; or dyslipidemia &#40;alone or combined&#41;&#46; Information on the ECG was available for 427 patients and on the ECHO for 384 patients&#46; Abnormalities on the cardiologic tests were present in 75 patients&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A medical history of abdominal surgery or non-Chagas digestive disorders were reported in 45 &#40;9&#46;70&#37;&#41; patients&#44; mainly lithiasis&#47;cholecystectomy &#40;16 &#40;3&#46;45&#37;&#41;&#41;&#44; liver disease &#40;11 &#40;2&#46;37&#37;&#41;&#41;&#44; hiatal hernia &#40;9 &#40;1&#46;94&#37;&#41;&#41;&#44; peptic ulcer disease &#40;8 &#40;1&#46;72&#37;&#41;&#41;&#44; and appendectomy &#40;8 &#40;1&#46;72&#37;&#41;&#41;&#46; There were 232 patients with gastrointestinal symptoms&#44; with the most common complains being constipation and pyrosis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; A total of 392 patients &#40;84&#46;48&#37;&#41; had a digestive radiological test &#40;esophagogram and&#47;or barium enema&#41;&#59; 396 patients &#40;85&#46;34&#37;&#41; had an O&#38;P test in feces&#59; and 118 patients &#40;25&#46;43&#37;&#41; had a HPA test&#46; Radiological&#44; O&#38;P&#44; and HPA tests had been performed jointly in 96 patients &#40;20&#46;69&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The prevalence of Chagas-related structural involvement was 23&#46;28&#37; &#40;108&#47;464&#41; with a 95&#37; confidence interval &#40;95&#37;CI&#41; &#40;19&#46;41&#8211;27&#46;13&#41;&#46; CD-related esophageal abnormalities were present in 63 of 380 patients who had had an esophagogram&#46; The CD-related esophageal disease classification was as follows&#58; group 0&#58; 317 patients &#40;68&#46;32&#37;&#41;&#59; group I&#58; 52 &#40;11&#46;21&#37;&#41;&#59; group II&#58; 7 &#40;1&#46;51&#37;&#41;&#59; group III&#58; 3 &#40;0&#46;65&#37;&#41;&#44; and group IV&#58; 1 &#40;0&#46;22&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Colonic abnormalities were found in 84 of 378 patients with a barium enema&#59; 294 &#40;63&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#44; 57 &#40;12&#46;28&#37;&#41;&#44; and 27 &#40;5&#46;82&#37;&#41; patients were classified into group 0&#44; group 1&#44; and group 2&#44; respectively&#46; Mixed Chagas-related structural involvement &#40;esophageal and colonic abnormalities&#41; was present in 39 patients &#40;36&#46;11&#37; of patients with Chagas-related structural involvement&#41;&#46; Chagas-related structural involvement was present in 81 patients without abnormalities on cardiologic tests &#40;20&#46;82&#37;&#41; and in 27 patients with abnormalities on cardiologic tests &#40;36&#37;&#41; &#40;odds ratio &#40;OR&#41; 2&#46;14&#44; 95&#37;CI 1&#46;26&#8211;3&#46;64&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;004&#41;&#46; Chagas-related structural involvement was present in 81 patients with digestive symptoms &#40;34&#46;91&#37;&#41; whereas it was present in only 27 asymptomatic patients &#40;11&#46;64&#37;&#41; &#40;OR 4&#46;07&#44; 95&#37;CI 2&#46;51&#8722;6&#46;61&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#8239;&#60;&#8239;0&#46;001&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The prevalence of infectious comorbidity was 40&#46;73&#37; &#40;189&#47;464&#44; 95&#37;CI 36&#46;25&#8211;45&#46;22&#41;&#46; The HPA test was positive in 46 patients &#40;38&#46;98&#37; of patients analyzed&#41;&#46; Of them&#44; 16 &#40;34&#46;78&#37;&#41; had digestive symptoms &#40;dyspepsia or pyrosis&#41;&#46; Information was not gathered on whether the attending clinician attributed the symptoms to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H&#46; pylori</span> infection&#46; A parasitic finding of any type was reported in 155 patients &#40;39&#46;14&#37; of patients analyzed&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The description of the parasites found in the feces examination is as follows&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Blastocystis hominis&#44;</span> 118 patients &#40;29&#46;80&#37;&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Endolimax</span> spp 28 &#40;7&#46;07&#37;&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Entamoeba</span> spp 25 &#40;6&#46;13&#37;&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Dientamoeba fragilis</span> 14 &#40;3&#46;54&#37;&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Giardia intestinalis</span> 12 &#40;3&#46;03&#37;&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Strongyloides stercoralis</span> 8 &#40;2&#46;02&#37;&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Iodamoeba b&#252;tschlii</span> 2 &#40;0&#46;51&#37;&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enterobius vermicularis</span> 2 &#40;0&#46;51&#37;&#41;&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ancylostoma duodenale</span> 1 &#40;0&#46;25&#37;&#41;&#46; Twelve patients had simultaneous positive HPA and O&#38;P tests&#46; There were no differences between symptomatic &#40;43&#46;10&#37;&#41; and asymptomatic patients &#40;38&#46;36&#37;&#41; &#40;OR 1&#46;22&#59; 95&#37;CI 0&#46;84&#8722;1&#46;76&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;299&#41;&#46; Only 24 patients had clearly pathogenic parasites &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Giardia intestinalis</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Strongyloides stercoralis&#44; Enterobius vermicularis</span>&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ancylostoma duodenale</span>&#41;&#46; The prevalence of infectious comorbidity calculated by excluding parasites that were not clearly pathogenic was 14&#46;87&#37; &#40;69&#47;464&#44; 95&#37;CI 11&#46;62&#8211;18&#46;12&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Globally&#44; the prevalence of gastrointestinal abnormalities in patients with imported CD was 57&#46;76&#37; &#40;268&#47;464&#44; 95&#37;CI 53&#46;25&#8211;62&#46;27&#41;&#46; The prevalence of simultaneous structural involvement and infectious comorbidity was 6&#46;25&#37; &#40;29&#47;464&#44; 95&#37;CI 4&#46;04&#8211;8&#46;46&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Discussion</span><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Spanish healthcare system is complex and management and decision-making is the responsibility of the various autonomous communities&#46; There is no consensus on screening and follow-up on Chagas-related digestive involvement&#44; despite the availability of resources for diagnosis&#44; treatment&#44; and follow-up on cases&#46;</p><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In 2009&#44; the Spanish Ministry of Health and Social Policy published guidelines on CD&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> They concluded that routinely conducting tests aimed at identifying digestive involvement may not be indicated&#46; These guidelines were based on patient series<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> which reported that just 3&#37; of patients had esophageal manometric compromise &#40;considered the most useful technique for detecting early organ failure&#41;&#46; One year later&#44; entirely different indications were published in a special article by Pinazo et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> The authors affirmed that &#8220;Given the existence of digestive tract alterations in up to 11&#37; of all asymptomatic patients&#44; radiological evaluation is recommended in all patients with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; cruzi</span> infection&#46;&#8221; Nevertheless&#44; other studies conducted by the same working group<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> indicated that radiological abnormalities were detected almost exclusively in symptomatic patients&#46;</p><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The recommendations of the Imported Diseases Study Group&#44; on behalf of the Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology &#40;GEPI-SEIMC&#44; for its initials in Spanish<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#41; concluded that radiological tests should only be indicated in the case of digestive symptoms compatible with disease for detecting megasyndromes &#40;megacolon&#44; megaesophagus&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#46; From an international point of view&#44; the Pan American Health Organization &#40;PAHO&#41; guidelines&#44; published in 2018&#44; established recommendations on the diagnosis and treatment of patients with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; cruzi</span> infection&#46; They did not suggest recommendations related to investigating organ damage or detecting digestive disorders&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a></p><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The indications for the diagnosis and management of gastrointestinal CD based on recommendations for the screening and diagnosis of CD in the United States of America<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> refer to the work by Pinazo et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> which recommends a systematic study&#46; Other more detailed guidelines on the clinical diagnosis &#40;diagnosis and classification of the different disease stages&#41; are also needed&#46;</p><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The prevalence of digestive disorders in CD at the time of first care is high in this study&#46; According to classic studies&#44; up to 10&#37; of patients present with digestive involvement during the chronic phase of the disease&#44; but these data are based on series from endemic areas and usually only refer to megasyndromes&#46; Salvador et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> conducted an excellent review of the main clinical series of patients with chronic CD&#46;</p><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Other recent studies have found a greater incidence in digestive disorders &#40;in endemic areas up to 70&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#59; in non-endemic areas up to 21&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21&#44;22</span></a>&#41;&#44; and some of them include structural involvement&#44; infectious comorbidities&#44; and&#47;or series from non-endemic areas&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;23</span></a> The high prevalence of CD-related digestive disorders may be the result of up-to-date radiological diagnostic techniques&#44; the introduction of systemic detection tests in clinical practice&#44; and&#47;or combined assessment criteria&#46;</p><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Variations in the results of different studies is probably also related to the different prevalence of Chagas disease according to geographical region&#46; This study included a large population and analyzed not only structural changes but also infectious comorbidity associated with CD&#46;</p><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main gastrointestinal disorder in this study was related to infectious comorbidity&#46; These results must be analyzed with caution because some parasites found in this study are not considered pathogenic&#46; For example&#44; the pathogenicity in humans of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Endolimax</span> spp or <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Blastocystis</span> spp is a controversial topic&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> However&#44; the presence of non-pathogenic parasites in feces is considered a good marker of fecal-oral contamination due to food or water &#40;potential exposure to other pathogenic parasites&#41; and patients are generally treated with antiparasitic drugs if they have symptoms&#46; The interactions between colonic bacterial communities and parasites considered nonpathogenic could alter the microbial profile and be responsible for some digestive symptoms&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> In addition to this&#44; given that this study was conducted based on medical records&#44; it was not possible to distinguish species of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Entamoeba</span> spp &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">histolytica</span> vs&#46; other non-pathogenic species&#41; in most cases&#46;</p><p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The prevalence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Strongyloides stercoralis</span> infection in this study differed from others<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26&#44;27</span></a> because only results from feces were collected&#59; data from other serological tests were not described&#46; A high prevalence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H&#46; pylori</span> infection has been reported in patients with CD in endemic regions &#40;up to 77&#37;&#41; and it is responsible for esophagitis&#44; chronic gastritis&#44; peptic ulcer&#44; and intestinal metaplasia&#46; Gastritis is associated with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H&#46; pylori</span> infection regardless of CD&#44; but differences in mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cell infiltration have been reported&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;28</span></a> Few studies have published the prevalence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H&#46; pylori</span> infection in patients with CD&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> According to the results of this work&#44; the detection of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H&#46; pylori</span> in the systematic screening of patients with CD could be proposed&#46;</p><p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The prevalence of Chagas-related structural involvement diagnosed through radiological procedures was also significant &#40;around one out of every five patients&#41; in this study&#46; Nevertheless&#44; as the study analyzed the results out of all tests conducted&#44; the real proportion could be lower if they had been systematically ordered &#40;including in asymptomatic patients&#41;&#46; Despite this&#44; a non-negligible percentage of abnormalities were also found in asymptomatic patients&#46; In addition&#44; it must be taken into account that manometric findings&#44; which are more sensitive for detecting Chagas abnormalities&#44; were not available in this study&#46; This finding is relevant given that imaging tests are often considered burdensome and are not without risk &#40;especially a barium enema&#41;&#46; It is common to avoid them to prevent cases of adverse events reported during the barium sulfate diagnostic procedure&#44; such as allergic reactions or bowel perforation&#46; However&#44; these complications are considered rare or very rare&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30&#8211;32</span></a> and thus they do not seem to be a sufficient reason for systematically refraining from conducting these tests in asymptomatic patients&#46; In this study&#44; no adverse event reports were collected&#46;</p><p id="par0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Financial reasons are also typically used to justify not conducting radiological tests&#46; The approximate unit cost of an esophagogram and a barium enema is &#1028;55&#46;38 and &#1028;83&#46;07&#44; respectively&#44; in the Spanish National Health System&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> A cost-benefit analysis of the radiological screening for CD is needed&#46; At this point&#44; it is necessary to reflect on the potential benefit that a systematic radiological digestive assessment in all patients regardless of the presence of symptoms would have &#40;which could lead to greater knowledge of the disease&#39;s natural history as well as the detection of asymptomatic morphological abnormalities that could justify indicating trypanocidal therapy in order to halt disease progression and&#47;or symptoms development&#41; and the harm posed by the increase in costs&#44; the infrequent but possible side effects&#44; and the inevitable ethical question of whether to screen and establish a diagnosis for a disease with a small treatment arsenal&#46;</p><p id="par0250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this study&#44; the presence of digestive symptoms or heart disease was associated with infectious comorbidity and thus&#44; they could be considered valuable clues for decision-making&#46; Some studies on CD conducted in Spain showed a prevalence of gastrointestinal involvement &#40;only structural changes&#41; of 0&#46;9&#37;&#8211;11&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;34&#44;35</span></a> The differences between these studies are linked to sample size and gastrointestinal assessment&#46; The prevalence of Chagas-related structural involvement is similar to what was described by Pinazo et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> However&#44; this series is retrospective and includes a greater proportion of asymptomatic patients&#46;</p><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Limitations</span><p id="par0255" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main limitations of this study are related to the nature of retrospective studies based on medical records&#46; The number of medical records excluded is noteworthy and not explained by the size of the pediatric population&#46; The lack of information on radiological and microbiological tests may be the main reason for excluding a large proportion of medical records&#46;</p><p id="par0260" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Immigrants are a group of patients who face difficulties accessing the healthcare system and difficulties adhering to follow-up and treatment&#59; they are lost at a greater frequency in the first year of follow-up&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36&#8211;38</span></a> Cultural&#44; economic&#44; and social barriers impede continued follow-up on patients&#46; Therefore&#44; in this study&#44; they were likely diagnosed with CD but did not complete follow-up&#46; What&#8217;s more&#44; this situation could have worsened during the two years of the COVID-19 pandemic&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a></p><p id="par0265" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The differences in routine clinical practice and recommendations among centers made it so that the routine radiological or microbiological tests were not the same&#46; A definitive prevalence out of all patients in this study was not able to be obtained&#44; but rather a prevalence out of all patients who had the same tests&#46;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0015"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0060"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">a&#41;</span><p id="par0270" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In regard to radiological tests&#44; some centers where they were not routinely conducted only offered them to symptomatic patients&#46; It is reasonable to argue that structural changes in the gastrointestinal tract due to CD would produce more symptoms than no changes&#46; Therefore&#44; the hypothesis could be proposed that the prevalence of radiological changes would have been lower if all asymptomatic patients had been included in the analysis&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0065"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">b&#41;</span><p id="par0275" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The situation with microbiological tests is different&#46; Asymptomatic carriers for digestive parasites and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H&#46; pylori</span> have been described&#46; In this study&#44; the proportion of patients with infectious digestive comorbidity &#40;IDC&#41; may be higher &#40;mainly asymptomatic carriers of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H&#46; pylori</span> without HPA&#41;&#46; The latter situation represents approximately 75&#37; of these cases&#46; On the other hand&#44; it would be expected that variations in the prevalence of IDC in this study &#40;related to asymptomatic carriers of parasites&#41; would not be affected&#44; given that individuals not analyzed for parasites represented only 15&#37; of the sample&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0280" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study did not use a chronic cardiac CD classification system&#46; There are various classification systems for chronic CD based on the ECG&#44; chest x-ray&#44; echocardiogram&#44; and clinical symptoms&#46; They have disparities that hinder comparisons among clinical studies and management guidelines&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a> In addition&#44; whereas some changes on the ECG or ECHO are considered specific&#44; others may be related to cardiovascular risk factors&#46; However&#44; the association between these abnormal findings and Chagas-related digestive involvement may support the decision to order the pertinent digestive radiological studies in asymptomatic patients&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Conclusions</span><p id="par0285" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The prevalence of CD-associated digestive disorders is high&#46; Therefore&#44; it is recommendable to rule out the presence of infectious diseases &#40;mainly parasitic diseases and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H&#46; pylori</span> infection&#41;&#46; It would be desirable to rule out structural involvement in all symptomatic patients and it should be considered and offered to asymptomatic patients as well&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Ethics approval declaration</span><p id="par0290" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study was conducted pursuant to the Declaration of Helsinki on research in human subjects&#46; This research was approved by the G&#243;mez Ulla Hospital research committee &#40;DREC-HCDGU&#44; PADChI Study&#44; Code 65&#47;19&#41;&#46; The G&#243;mez Ulla Hospital research committee granted an exemption to obtaining informed consent&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Funding</span><p id="par0295" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This research has not received specific funding from agencies in the public&#44; commercial&#44; or non-profit sectors&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0300" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they do not have any conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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    "fechaAceptado" => "2023-01-09"
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            0 => "Chagas disease"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Background</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Chagas disease &#40;CD&#41; is a parasitic disease caused by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trypanosoma cruzi&#44;</span> in which up to 10&#8211;20&#37; of those affected may suffer digestive disorders&#46; Multiple studies have been carried out on CD in non-endemic countries&#44; mainly related to cardiological involvement&#46; However&#44; digestive disorders have not been analyzed in such depth&#46; The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of digestive disorders in imported CD at the time of first care&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">An observational cross-sectional descriptive analysis of imported CD was performed&#46; Chagasic structural damage and infectious digestive comorbidity were evaluated&#46; The association between Chagasic structural damage and heart disease in Chagas patients was also investigated&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">After reviewing a total of 1&#44;216 medical records&#44; those of 464 patients were selected for analysis&#46; Globally&#44; the prevalence of digestive disorders in imported Chagas was 57&#46;76&#37;&#44; 95&#37; CI &#40;53&#46;25&#8211;62&#46;27&#41;&#46; The prevalence of comorbidity of infectious diseases was 40&#46;73&#37; CI 95&#37; &#40;36&#46;25&#8211;45&#46;22&#41;&#46; Colonic abnormalities were found in 84 of 378 barium enema patients&#46; CD-related esophageal abnormalities were present in 63 of 380 patients studied with esophagogram&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The prevalence of digestive disorders associated with CD is high&#44; so the presence of infectious diseases &#40;mainly parasitic and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H&#46; pylori</span> infection&#41; should be ruled out&#46; It is important to exclude structural involvement in all symptomatic patients&#44; and asymptomatic patients should also be considered and offered&#46;</p></span>"
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            "titulo" => "Background"
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            "titulo" => "Methods"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Antecedentes</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La enfermedad de Chagas &#40;EC&#41; es una enfermedad parasitaria causada por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trypanosoma cruzi&#44;</span> en la que hasta un 10&#8211;20&#37; de los afectados pueden sufrir trastornos digestivos&#46; Se han realizado m&#250;ltiples estudios sobre la EC en pa&#237;ses no end&#233;micos&#44; principalmente relacionados con el compromiso cardiol&#243;gico&#46; Sin embargo&#44; los trastornos digestivos no se han analizado con tanta profundidad&#46; El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de los trastornos digestivos en la EC importada en el momento de la primera atenci&#243;n&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se realiz&#243; un an&#225;lisis descriptivo transversal observacional de la EC importada&#46; Se evalu&#243; el da&#241;o estructural chag&#225;sico y la comorbilidad digestiva infecciosa&#46; Tambi&#233;n se investig&#243; la asociaci&#243;n entre el da&#241;o estructural chag&#225;sico y la enfermedad card&#237;aca en pacientes con Chagas&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Tras la revisi&#243;n de un total de 1&#46;216 historias cl&#237;nicas&#44; se seleccionaron para el an&#225;lisis las de 464 pacientes&#46; A nivel global&#44; la prevalencia de trastornos digestivos en Chagas importado fue del 57&#44;76&#37; IC95&#37; &#40;53&#44;25&#8211;62&#44;27&#41;&#46; La prevalencia de comorbilidad de enfermedades infecciosas fue de 40&#44;73&#37; IC95&#37; &#40;36&#44;25&#8211;45&#44;22&#41;&#46; Se encontraron anomal&#237;as col&#243;nicas en 84 de 378 pacientes con enema de bario&#46; Las anomal&#237;as esof&#225;gicas relacionadas con la EC estuvieron presentes en 63 de 380 pacientes estudiados con esofagograma&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La prevalencia de trastornos digestivos asociados a EC es alta&#44; por lo que conviene descartar la presencia de enfermedades infecciosas &#40;principalmente parasitarias e infecci&#243;n por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H&#46; pylori</span>&#41;&#46; Es importante excluir afectaci&#243;n estructural en todos los pacientes sintom&#225;ticos&#44; y tambi&#233;n se deber&#237;a considerar y ofrecer a pacientes asintom&#225;ticos&#46;</p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t">Esophageal disease&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Female&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">323&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">69&#46;61&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Age groups &#40;years&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18&#8722;34&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;37&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>35&#8722;44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">94&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">20&#46;26&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>45&#8722;54&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">193&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">41&#46;59&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>55&#8722;64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">120&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">25&#46;86&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">46&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;91&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Country of birth&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Argentina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;59&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Bolivia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">426&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">91&#46;81&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Brazil&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ecuador&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Honduras&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;86&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Paraguay&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Number of first-degree family members with Chagas disease&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">247&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">53&#46;23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">87&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18&#46;75&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;39&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">105&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">22&#46;63&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Prior treatment for Chagas disease&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">43&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;27&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">269&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">57&#46;97&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Unknown&#47;not reported&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">152&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">32&#46;76&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Comorbidities&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hypertension&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Diabetes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;37&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Dyslipidemia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Digestive abnormalities &#40;non-Chagas&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">45&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;70&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">OR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">95&#37;CI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Male sex&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;67&#8722;1&#46;71&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;761&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Age&#59; reference age group&#58; 18&#8722;34 years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>35&#8722;44 years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;79&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;15&#8722;4&#46;04&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;774&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>45&#8722;54 years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;37&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;29&#8722;6&#46;56&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;695&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>55&#8722;64 years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;34&#8722;7&#46;98&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;542&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;65 years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;42&#8722;11&#46;36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;356&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Number of family members affected &#40;for each member&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;91&#8722;1&#46;29&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;379&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Prior treatment&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;37&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;11&#8722;1&#46;26&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;112&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Presence of any cardiovascular risk factor&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;61&#8722;2&#46;15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;676&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Clinical characteristics</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Digestive symptoms&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;51&#8722;6&#46;61&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Strictly pathogenic infectious comorbidity&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;49&#8722;1&#46;67&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;743&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>55&#8722;64 years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;101&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;65 years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Number of family members affected<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> &#40;for each member&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;15&#8722;1&#46;57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;95&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;77&#8722;1&#46;18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;652&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="7" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Characteristics of the previous medical history</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Antichagas treatment&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;89&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Presence of any cardiovascular risk factor&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                      "titulo" => "Chagas disease in Latin America&#58; an epidemiological update based on 2010 estimates Maladie de Chagas en Am&#233;rique latine&#58; le point &#233;pid&#233;miologique bas&#233; sur les estimations de 2010"
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Original article
Prevalence of digestive disorders associated with imported Chagas disease (PADChI study): an observational study
Prevalencia de alteraciones digestivas asociadas a Chagas importado (estudio PADChI): un estudio observacional
G. Ramírez-Olivenciaa,b,
Corresponding author
germanro.76@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, M. Arsuagac, D. Torrúsd, M. Belhassen-Garciae, A. Rodríguez-Guardadof, M.D. Herrero-Mendozab, M. Mateo-Maestreg, R.P. Campos-Rivash, F.J. Membrillo-de Novalesa
a Sección de Infecciosas, Hospital Central de la Defensa Gómez Ulla, Madrid, Spain
b Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Central de la Defensa Gómez Ulla, Madrid, Spain
c Sección de Infecciosas, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
d Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital General Universitario Dr. Balmis de Alicante-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de ALICANTE (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
e Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
f Área de Gestión Clínica Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Grupo de Microbiología Traslacional, Instituto de Investigación del Principado de Asturias, Asturias, Spain
g Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Central de la Defensa Gómez Ulla, Madrid, Spain
h Servicio de Radiología, Hospital Central de la Defensa Gómez Ulla, Madrid, Spain

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