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        "titulo" => "Comorbilidad en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 e insuficiencia card&#237;aca con fracci&#243;n de eyecci&#243;n preservada&#46; An&#225;lisis de clusters del registro RICA&#46; Oportunidades de mejora"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Dendrogram resulting from the agglomerative hierarchical analysis&#46; A&#41;&#8239;Resulting schematic dendrogram&#44; with the degrees of significance by comorbidity&#46; The bootstrap probability &#40;BP&#41; is in green&#44; and the approximately unbiased probability &#40;AU&#41; is in red&#46; B&#41;&#8239;Dendrogram resulting from the analysis&#46; The chosen clusters are marked in color&#46;</p> <p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Abbreviations&#58; BMI&#44; body mass index&#59; eGFR&#44; estimated glomerular filtration rate&#59; Hb&#44; hemoglobin&#59; SBP&#44; systolic blood pressure&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Background</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Heart failure &#40;HF&#41; with preserved ejection fraction &#40;HFpEF&#41; is a clinical syndrome resulting from an increase in left ventricular filling resistance during diastole that results in congestive symptoms&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Although our understanding of the pathophysiology of HFpEF has increased in recent years&#44; many of its aspects remain unclear&#44; such as the utility of consistent markers&#44; its pathogenesis in specific populations and the treatments that show benefits in these patients&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">HFpEF is considered a heterogeneous process with numerous phenotypes&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a> some of which are related to the underlying comorbidities&#46; Among these comorbidities&#44; type&#8239;2 diabetes mellitus &#40;DM2&#41; is one of the most important and is present in approximately 45&#37; of these patients&#44; and this prevalence increases in newly diagnosed cases of HFpEF&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> The presence of DM2 is also associated with an increased morbidity and mortality risk for patients with HFpEF&#44; although to a lesser degree than for patients with HF and reduced ejection fraction &#40;HFrEF&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> An added problem is that patients with DM2 and HFpEF often have comorbidities such as arterial hypertension&#44; dyslipidemia&#44; obesity&#44; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease &#40;COPD&#41; and atrial fibrillation&#44; which also affect the prognosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Studies are attempting to analyze the extent to which these comorbidities affect HFpEF&#44; determining how these comorbidities group in various phenotypes and how they can be treated to achieve clinical and prognostic improvement for these patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;6&#44;7</span></a> However&#44; there are few existing patient cohorts with HFpEF&#44; and DM2 is usually included as another comorbidity in the analyses&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our objective in the present study is to describe the various phenotypes of associated comorbidities&#44; both cardiovascular and noncardiovascular&#44; which can present in patients with HFpEF and DM2&#46; Our hypothesis is that HFpEF with DM2 is a heterogeneous entity based on the accompanying comorbidities&#44; for which various clusters of comorbidities can be established that serve as a starting point for more accurately investigating and treating these patients&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Materials and methods</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patients were recruited from the Spanish National Heart Failure Registry &#40;RICA&#41; belonging to the Heart Failure and Atrial Fibrillation Workgroup of the Spanish Society of Internal Medicine &#40;SEMI&#41;&#44; a multicenter&#44; prospective registry that has been active since 2008&#46; The registry includes&#44; uniquely and consecutively&#44; patients older than 50&#8239;years diagnosed with HF at hospital discharge due to decompensated or new onset HF&#44; according to the current European cardiology guidelines at all times&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Once included&#44; these patients are followed for a year&#46; The present analysis employs the data for the patients included from March 2008 to May 2017&#46; During this period&#44; various analyses arising from the registry have been published&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;10</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The registry protocol was approved by the ethics committee of University Hospital Reina Sofia of Cordoba&#44; Spain&#44; and all patients had to sign an informed consent prior to their inclusion in the registry&#46; The data were collected from the password-protected website &#40;<a href="http://www.registrorica.org">www&#46;registrorica&#46;org</a>&#41; that contains the database&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The present analysis exclusively included those patients with a left ventricular ejection fraction &#40;LVEF&#41; &#8805;50&#37;&#44; excluding patients with HF secondary to valvular heart disease &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; We employed data from the patients&#8217; medical history&#44; physical examination &#40;systolic blood pressure&#44; weight and height&#41; and laboratory tests &#40;hemoglobin&#44; glomerular filtration rate &#91;eGFR&#44; estimated by the modification of diet in renal disease equation formula&#93;&#44; glycosylated hemoglobin &#91;HbA1c&#93; and natriuretic peptides&#41;&#46; LVEF was assessed using 2-D&#8239;echocardiography&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From the entire patient sample with HFpEF&#44; we selected those patients diagnosed with DM2&#44; based on the patient&#8217;s history or whether they were undergoing therapy with antidiabetic agents&#46; We excluded from the analysis the patients who did not have complete information for the study variables&#44; those who did not complete the follow-up and those who died during the hospitalization&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Once the final sample was obtained&#44; we divided the population according to the number of comorbidity clusters obtained from the statistical analysis&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study&#8217;s primary objective was to describe the characteristics of each comorbidity cluster and the differences between these clusters&#46;</p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To obtain the clusters&#44; we employed the agglomerative hierarchical analysis with Ward&#8217;s method&#44; using the hclust function of the statistical program&#8239;R &#40;version 3&#46;5&#46;1&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> This study considers the analysis of patients who share similar characteristics based on the reported variables&#44; who are grouped in a timely manner &#40;initially&#44; there were as many groups as there were individuals&#41;&#44; progressively constructing a group hierarchy &#40;ascending in our case&#44; i&#46;e&#46;&#44; each observation began in its own group and the pairs of groups are mixed as one rises in the hierarchy&#41;&#46; This process allowed us to construct a classification tree &#40;dendrogram&#41;&#46; The following prespecified variables for performing the analysis were chosen based on their availability in the registry&#44; on previous studies and on clinical experience&#58; a&#41;&#8239;dichotomous qualitative variables &#40;COPD&#44; dyslipidemia&#44; liver disease and dementia&#41;&#44; which were assigned the value of&#8239;1 when present and 0 when absent&#59; b&#41;&#8239;nondichotomous qualitative variables&#44; such as stroke &#40;absent&#8239;0&#44; transient ischemic attack &#91;TIA&#93;&#8239;1&#44; hemorrhagic stroke&#8239;2&#44; cardioembolic stroke&#8239;3&#44; atherothrombotic stroke&#8239;4&#41; and arrhythmias &#40;sinus rhythm&#8239;0&#44; flutter&#47;atrial fibrillation&#8239;1&#44; atrioventricular block&#8239;2&#44; other&#8239;3&#41;&#59; and c&#41;&#8239;quantitative variables &#40;systolic blood pressure&#44; body mass index &#91;BMI&#93;&#44; eGFR and hemoglobin&#41;&#44; which were analyzed according to their numerical value&#46; We initially constructed a &#40;di&#41;similarity matrix between the observations employing the Kendall method using the factoextra function of R&#44; given that the variables are not parametric&#46; The color level was proportional to the similarity value between the observations&#58; if red&#44; the distance between the variables was&#8239;0 &#40;high similarity&#41;&#59; if green&#44; the distance was high &#40;low similarity&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; Once the dendrogram had been constructed&#44; we employed resampling techniques using bootstrap &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;1000&#41; with the pvclust function of R to select the most appropriate clusters&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> For each potential cluster&#44; we calculated the bootstrap probability value &#40;BP&#41;&#44; which corresponds to the rate at which the same cluster is detected in the various resamplings&#46; Likewise&#44; we calculated the approximately unbiased probability &#40;AU&#41; for each cluster&#46; The clusters with an AU 95&#37; were considered strongly supported by the data&#46; The 4 groups in the present study were chosen based on the highest possible BP and AU values &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>A&#41;&#46; Once we obtained the groups and classified the patients according to the groups&#44; the qualitative variables were expressed using absolute numbers and percentages and compared using the chi-squared test&#46; The quantitative variables are expressed using their median and interquartile range and compared using Kruskal-Wallis given their nonparametric nature &#40;analyzed with the Shapiro-Wilk test&#41;&#46; We considered a p-value&#60;&#46;05 as significant&#46; The analysis was conducted with the R&#8239;program &#40;version 3&#46;5&#46;1&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Results</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 1934 patients presented HFpEF&#44; 907 of whom &#40;46&#46;9&#37;&#41; had DM2 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; The mean age was 78&#46;5 &#40;7&#46;7&#41; years&#44; with a predominance of the female sex &#40;552&#44; 60&#46;9&#37;&#41;&#46; The mean LVEF was 61&#46;1&#37; &#40;7&#46;9&#37;&#41;&#44; with a mean eGFR of 55&#46;6 &#40;26&#46;6&#41; mL&#47;min&#47;1&#46;73&#8239;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#46; The most prevalent comorbidities were dyslipidemia &#40;601&#44; 66&#46;3&#37;&#41;&#44; atrial fibrillation&#47;flutter &#40;522&#44; 57&#46;5&#37;&#41; and COPD &#40;217&#44; 23&#46;9&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The dendrogram resulting from the cluster analysis is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>B&#46; We constructed 4 clusters whose characteristics are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>&#46; As it can be observed&#44; Cluster&#8239;1 &#40;201&#44; 22&#46;2&#37;&#41; included patients with high cardiovascular risk but no arrhythmia &#40;only 1&#37; presented atrial fibrillation&#47;flutter&#41;&#44; with a predominance of women with high systolic blood pressure &#40;SBP&#41;&#44; dyslipidemia and a high rate of atherothrombotic stroke&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cluster&#8239;2 &#40;303&#44; 33&#46;4&#37;&#41; included older patients&#44; also with a predominance of the female sex&#44; with metabolically healthier patients &#40;no dyslipidemia and lower SBP&#41; and with an atrial fibrillation&#47;flutter rate &#62;50&#37;&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cluster 3 &#40;140&#44; 15&#46;4&#37;&#41; included mostly male patients with COPD&#44; dyslipidemia and liver disease&#46; Although the presence of atrial fibrillation&#47;flutter was 58&#46;6&#37;&#44; this cluster recorded the lowest rate of cerebrovascular disease&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lastly&#44; Cluster 4 &#40;263&#44; 29&#46;0&#37;&#41; was similar to Cluster&#8239;1 but had a greater presence of atrial fibrillation&#47;flutter &#40;93&#46;9&#37;&#41;&#44; TIA &#40;7&#46;2&#37;&#41; and cardioembolic stroke &#40;3&#46;4&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although there were no significant differences related to BMI&#44; Clusters&#8239;1&#44; 3 and&#8239;4 included patients with obesity &#40;BMI&#8239;&#62;30&#8239;kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&#44; while Cluster&#8239;2 included patients with excess weight &#40;BMI between 25 and 30&#8239;kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Discussion</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Based on our results&#44; we defined 4 clusters of patients with HFpEF and DM2&#44; according to the associated comorbidities&#46; Two patient groups &#40;Clusters&#8239;1 and&#8239;4&#41; were predominantly female and had mainly cardiovascular risk factors&#44; which differed from each other by the presence or absence of atrial fibrillation&#47;flutter&#46; A third group &#40;Cluster&#8239;3&#41; was predominantly male and had a predominance of respiratory disease and hepatic impairment&#46; The last group &#40;Cluster&#8239;2&#41; encompassed older patients&#44; predominantly women&#44; with a high proportion of atrial fibrillation&#47;flutter&#46; A common finding for all the groups was the presence of excess weight or obesity&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The identification of HFpEF and DM2 phenotypes with various comorbidity clusters helps assess the relevance of differentiated approaches for these specific patient groups&#44; in order to achieve a greater therapeutic benefit&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For patients with DM2 and HF&#44; the first treatment option that emerges is sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors &#40;SGLT2i&#41;&#46; This family of drugs has been shown to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality&#44; with a dramatic reduction in hospitalizations for HF and renal protection for patients with DM2 of high cardiovascular risk&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> Specific clinical trials with SGLT2i are currently underway with patients with HFpEF&#46; Although the hypotheses regarding the mechanisms by which SGLT2i exert their cardiorenal benefit remain open&#44; it has been proposed that the increased availability of ketone bodies used by the heart<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> and their action on the sodium-hydrogen exchanger&#44; which reduces cytoplasmic sodium and entails coronary vasodilation&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> could be the mechanisms involved&#46; SGLT2i have also shown beneficial effects on diastolic function and left ventricular mass for patients with HFpEF&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;17</span></a></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding Clusters 1&#44; 3 and&#8239;4 in which obesity is a common denominator&#44; there is the possibility of including glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor analogs &#40;GLP-1ra&#41; in the diabetic therapy&#46; These drugs&#44; in addition to reducing body weight&#44; have shown benefits at the cardiovascular level &#40;which make these advisable for Clusters&#8239;1 and&#8239;4&#41; and could exert a positive effect on the pulmonary disease of patients in Cluster&#8239;3&#44; as it has been demonstrated in animal models&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> In clinical trials on cardiovascular safety&#44; GLP-1ra have shown a neutral effect on HF&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19&#44;20</span></a> but their effects on ventricular remodeling&#44; arterial stiffness and oxidative stress<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> make them potentially useful in treating HFpEF&#46; The LIVE study conducted with patients with HFrEF&#44; with and without diabetes&#44; found that treatment with liraglutide &#40;compared with placebo&#41; showed no clinical benefits but did show an increased tendency toward adverse cardiovascular effects&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> However&#44; the study showed a significant reduction in the E&#47;e&#8217; ratio&#44; which confirmed the possible usefulness of liraglutide for HFpEF&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 inhibitors &#40;DPP4i&#41; have shown differing effects on HF&#46; In their respective cardiovascular safety clinical trials&#44; sitagliptin and linagliptin were shown to be neutral&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23&#44;24</span></a> with saxagliptin significantly increasing the risk of hospitalizations for HF&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> while alogliptin showed no significant increase&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> In the Vildagliptin in Ventricular Dysfunction Diabetes &#40;VIVIDD&#41; study&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> vildagliptin showed no changes in LVEF&#44; although significant increases were observed in left ventricular end-diastolic and systolic volumes&#46; Moreover&#44; sitagliptin has been shown to attenuate the worsening of diastolic dysfunction &#40;E&#47;e&#8217; ratio&#41; in patients with DM2&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> DPP4i offer good safety in more elderly populations&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> which favors their use in Cluster&#8239;2&#44; which contains older patients&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In addition to the DM2 approach&#44; these clusters offer other opportunities for individualizing the treatment of patients with HFpEF&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although statins are the drugs of choice for treating dyslipidemia in patients with DM2&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> their role in HF is controversial&#46; Co-enzyme Q<span class="elsevierStyleInf">10</span> inhibition&#44; selenium deficiency and increased arterial calcification are some of the potential mechanisms that can worsen HF&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> In the patients of Clusters&#8239;1 and&#8239;4&#44; in whom dyslipidemia is highly prevalent&#44; we can consider the use of other hypolipidemic drugs &#40;ezetimibe or proprotein convertase subtilisin&#47;kexin type 9 inhibitors&#41; without these potential adverse effects&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Moreover&#44; a high heart rate is known to be harmful for patients with HFpEF in sinus rhythm&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a> There is controversy&#44; however&#44; on the efficacy of beta blockers in HFpEF&#44; regardless of cardiac rhythm &#40;sinus or atrial fibrillation&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> A clinical trial in which 75&#37; of the patients were also taking beta blockers showed that ivabradine improved heart rate control in patients with HFpEF&#44; without changing the diastolic pattern &#40;E&#47;e&#8217;&#41; or the 6-min walking test at 8&#8239;months of treatment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a> A previous study with a smaller percentage of patients taking beta blockers and a shorter follow-up showed that ivabradine improved the patients&#8217; exercise capacity and decreased left ventricular filling pressures induced by exercise in the patients with HFpEF&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a> Therefore&#44; ivabradine could be considered a preferential treatment for Cluster&#8239;3&#44; where beta blockers can jeopardize the progression of COPD&#46; In this same cluster and in patients with atrial fibrillation&#44; the usefulness of diltiazem may also be considered&#44; given that it has been shown to increase end-diastolic volumes in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a></p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The present study has a number of limitations&#46; The included patients might not fit the current definition of HFpEF&#44; given that a number of them were included prior to the publication of the current diagnostic criteria&#46; Not all patients therefore had specific measurements in the echocardiogram or of natriuretic peptides&#46; We did not include in the analysis a number of conflicting comorbidities of DM2 &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; depression&#41;&#44; which could have a significant clinical impact&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a> Given that this was a cross-sectional study&#44; we did not analyze the progression and prognostic characteristics of each cluster&#46; Lastly&#44; this was a cohort study&#44; which can be subject to various selection and randomization biases&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; the present analysis describes various patient groups with HFpEF according to their comorbidities&#44; which can be a starting point for future research that can help more accurately define the various comorbidity clusters and lead to a more inclusive and personalized therapeutic approach that improves these patients&#8217; prognosis&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "identificador" => "xres1394509"
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          "titulo" => "Resumen"
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              "titulo" => "Antecedentes y objetivos"
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          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
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          "titulo" => "Background"
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    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2019-06-06"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2019-10-01"
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        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
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          "palabras" => array:3 [
            0 => "Type 2 diabetes mellitus"
            1 => "Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction"
            2 => "Cluster analysis"
          ]
        ]
      ]
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        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1278083"
          "palabras" => array:3 [
            0 => "Diabetes mellitus"
            1 => "Insuficiencia card&#237;aca con fracci&#243;n de eyecci&#243;n preservada"
            2 => "An&#225;lisis cluster"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Aim</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The heterogeneity of patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction &#40;HFpEF&#41; is high&#44; thus this entity tends to be grouped into phenotypes to act with precision&#46; Within these groups&#44; patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus &#40;DM2&#41; hold this heterogeneity&#46; Our aim is to describe subgroups of patients with HFpEF and DM2 based on other comorbidities&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Material and methods</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Patients were recruited from the national registry of heart failure &#40;RCIA&#41;&#46; Patients with ejection fraction greater than or equal to 50&#37; without valvular disease and with DM2 were included&#46; A hierarchical agglomerative analysis was performed with Ward&#39;s method including the following variables&#58; dyslipidemia&#44; liver disease&#44; Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease &#40;COPD&#41;&#44; dementia&#44; cerebrovascular disease&#44; arrhythmia&#44; systolic blood pressure&#44; body mass index &#40;BMI&#41;&#44; estimation of glomerular filtration and hemoglobin&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A total of 1934 patients with HFpEF were included&#44; of which 907 &#40;46&#46;9&#37;&#41; had DM2 with a predominance of women &#40;60&#46;9&#37;&#41; and with a BMI of 31&#46;1 &#40;5&#46;9&#41; Kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#46; Four groups were obtained&#44; two with high vascular risk &#40;one with arrhythmia and the other without it&#41; with 263 patients the first and 201 the second&#46; A third group had a predominance of COPD &#40;140 patients&#41; and a last group with 303 patients older but with less comorbidity&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In our patients with HFpEF and DM2&#44; obesity and female sex predominated&#46; All four groups offered treatment chances to improve their prognosis not only based on the use of new antidiabetic drugs but also on other options that may be a starting point for further research</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Aim"
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            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "Material and methods"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
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            "titulo" => "Results"
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        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Antecedentes y objetivos</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La heterogeneidad de los pacientes con insuficiencia card&#237;aca y fracci&#243;n de eyecci&#243;n preservada &#40;HFpEF&#41; es elevada&#44; por lo que se tiende a agrupar en fenotipos para intervenir con precisi&#243;n&#46; Dentro de estos&#44; los pacientes con diabetes mellitus &#40;DM&#41; mantienen esta heterogeneidad&#46; Nuestro objetivo es describir grupos de pacientes con ICFEP y DM basados en otras comorbilidades&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Material y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los pacientes se reclutan desde el registro nacional de insuficiencia card&#237;aca &#40;RICA&#41;&#46; Se incluyen pacientes con fracci&#243;n de eyecci&#243;n mayor o igual al 50&#37; sin valvulopat&#237;a y con DM&#46; Se realiza un an&#225;lisis aglomerativo jer&#225;rquico con el m&#233;todo de Ward incluyendo las siguientes variables&#58; dislipemia&#44; hepatopat&#237;a&#44; EPOC&#44; demencia&#44; enfermedad cerebrovascular&#44; arritmia&#44; presi&#243;n arterial sist&#243;lica&#44; &#237;ndice de masa corporal &#40;IMC&#41;&#44; estimaci&#243;n del filtrado glomerular y hemoglobina&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se incluyen 1&#46;934 pacientes con ICFEP&#44; de los que 907 &#40;46&#44;9&#37;&#41; ten&#237;an DM&#44; con predominio de mujeres &#40;60&#44;9&#37;&#41; y con un IMC de 31&#44;1 &#40;5&#44;9&#41; kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#46; Se obtienen 4 grupos&#58; dos con elevado riesgo vascular &#40;uno con arritmia y otro no&#41;&#44; con 263 pacientes el primero y 201 el segundo&#44; otro con predominio de EPOC &#40;140 pacientes&#41; y un &#250;ltimo grupo de 303 pacientes con m&#225;s edad pero menos comorbilidad&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">En nuestros pacientes con ICFEP y DM predomina la obesidad y el sexo femenino&#46; Los cuatro grupos ofrecen oportunidades de tratamiento para mejorar su pron&#243;stico no solo basadas en la utilizaci&#243;n de nuevos f&#225;rmacos antidiab&#233;ticos sino por otras opciones que pueden suponer un punto de partida para nuevas investigaciones&#46;</p></span>"
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            "titulo" => "Material y m&#233;todos"
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          2 => array:2 [
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            "titulo" => "Resultados"
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      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Ar&#233;valo Lorido JC&#44; Carretero G&#243;mez J&#44; G&#243;mez Huelgas R&#44; Quir&#243;s L&#243;pez R&#44; D&#225;vila Ramos MF&#44; Serrado Iglesias A et al&#46; Comorbilidad en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 e insuficiencia card&#237;aca con fracci&#243;n de eyecci&#243;n preservada&#46; An&#225;lisis de clusters del registro RICA&#46; Oportunidades de mejora&#46; Rev Clin Esp&#46; 2020&#59;220&#58;409&#8211;416&#46;</p>"
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    ]
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      0 => array:1 [
        "seccion" => array:1 [
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            "apendice" => "<p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">&#193;lvarez Rocha P&#46;&#44; Anarte L&#46;&#44; Ar&#233;valo-Lorido J&#46;C&#46;&#44; Cabanes Hern&#225;ndez Y&#46;&#44; Carrascosa S&#46;&#44; Carretero G&#243;mez J&#46;&#44; Cepeda J&#46;M&#46;&#44; Conde-Martel A&#46;&#44; D&#225;vila Ramos M&#46;F&#46;&#44; D&#237;az de Castellv&#237; S&#46;&#44; Epelde F&#46;&#44; Formiga F&#46;&#44; Garc&#237;a Escriv&#225; D&#46;&#44; G&#243;mez Huelgas R&#46;&#44; Gonz&#225;lez Franco A&#46;&#44; Josa Laorden C&#46;&#44; Le&#243;n A&#46;&#44; Ll&#224;cer P&#46;&#44; L&#243;pez-Castellanos G&#46;&#44; Lorente Furi&#243; O&#46;&#44; Manzano L&#46;&#44; Mart&#237;nez Fern&#225;ndez R&#46;&#44; Montero-P&#233;rez-Barquero M&#46;&#44; Ormaechea G&#46;&#44; P&#233;rez-Silvestre J&#46;&#44; Quir&#243;s L&#243;pez R&#46;&#44; Rodr&#237;guez &#193;vila E&#46;E&#46;&#44; Romero Requena J&#46;M&#46;&#44; Rubio Gracia J&#46;&#44; Rugeles Ni&#241;o J&#46;P&#46;&#44; Ruiz Laiglesia F&#46;&#44; Ruiz Ortega R&#46;&#44; Salamanca Bautista M&#46;P&#46;&#44; Serrado Iglesias A&#46;&#44; Soler Rangel M&#46;L&#46;&#44; Su&#225;rez-Pedreira I&#46;&#44; Trull&#224;s J&#46;C&#46;</p>"
            "etiqueta" => "Appendix A"
            "titulo" => "Members of the RICA registry"
            "identificador" => "sec0035"
          ]
        ]
      ]
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cluster similarity matrix performed using the Kendall method&#46; The color level is proportional to the similarity value between the observations&#59; if red&#44; the distance between the variables is 0 &#40;high similarity&#41;&#59; if green&#44; the distance is high &#40;low similarity&#41;&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Dendrogram resulting from the agglomerative hierarchical analysis&#46; A&#41;&#8239;Resulting schematic dendrogram&#44; with the degrees of significance by comorbidity&#46; The bootstrap probability &#40;BP&#41; is in green&#44; and the approximately unbiased probability &#40;AU&#41; is in red&#46; B&#41;&#8239;Dendrogram resulting from the analysis&#46; The chosen clusters are marked in color&#46;</p> <p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Abbreviations&#58; BMI&#44; body mass index&#59; eGFR&#44; estimated glomerular filtration rate&#59; Hb&#44; hemoglobin&#59; SBP&#44; systolic blood pressure&#46;</p>"
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      3 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "fig0020"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Descriptive schematic of the resulting clusters&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Abbreviations&#58; AF&#44; atrial fibrillation&#59; AV block&#44; atrioventricular block&#59; BMI&#44; body mass index&#59; COPD&#44; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease&#59; eGFR&#44; estimated glomerular filtration rate&#59; HbA1c&#44; glycated hemoglobin&#59; LVEF&#44; left ventricular ejection fraction&#59; MDRD&#44; modification of diet in renal disease equation&#59; NT-proBNP&#44; amino-terminal fragment of the brain natriuretic peptide&#59; SBP&#44; systolic blood pressure&#59; TIA&#44; transient ischemic attack&#46;</p>"
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                  """
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Journal Information
Vol. 220. Issue 7.
Pages 409-416 (October 2020)
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Vol. 220. Issue 7.
Pages 409-416 (October 2020)
Original article
Comorbidity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Cluster analysis of the RICA registry. Opportunities for improvement
Comorbilidad en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 e insuficiencia cardíaca con fracción de eyección preservada. Análisis de clusters del registro RICA. Oportunidades de mejora
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J.C. Arévalo Loridoa,
Corresponding author
joscarlor@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, J. Carretero Gómeza, R. Gómez Huelgasb, R. Quirós Lópezc, M.F. Dávila Ramosd, A. Serrado Iglesiase, F. Ruiz Laiglesiaf, A. González Francog, J.M. Cepeda Rodrigoh, M. Montero-Pérez-Barqueroi
a Medicina Interna, Hospital de Zafra, Zafra, Badajoz, Spain
b Medicina Interna, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
c Medicina Interna, Hospital Costa del Sol, Marbella, Málaga, Spain
d Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
e Medicina Interna, Hospital Municipal de Badalona, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
f Medicina Interna, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
g Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
h Medicina Interna, Hospital Vega Baja, San Bartolomé-Orihuela, Alicante, Spain
i Medicina Interna, IMIBIC/Hospital Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
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J.P. Miramontes González, L. Pérez de Isla
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Table 1. Comparisons between clusters.
Abstract
Aim

The heterogeneity of patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is high, thus this entity tends to be grouped into phenotypes to act with precision. Within these groups, patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) hold this heterogeneity. Our aim is to describe subgroups of patients with HFpEF and DM2 based on other comorbidities.

Material and methods

Patients were recruited from the national registry of heart failure (RCIA). Patients with ejection fraction greater than or equal to 50% without valvular disease and with DM2 were included. A hierarchical agglomerative analysis was performed with Ward's method including the following variables: dyslipidemia, liver disease, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), dementia, cerebrovascular disease, arrhythmia, systolic blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), estimation of glomerular filtration and hemoglobin.

Results

A total of 1934 patients with HFpEF were included, of which 907 (46.9%) had DM2 with a predominance of women (60.9%) and with a BMI of 31.1 (5.9) Kg/m2. Four groups were obtained, two with high vascular risk (one with arrhythmia and the other without it) with 263 patients the first and 201 the second. A third group had a predominance of COPD (140 patients) and a last group with 303 patients older but with less comorbidity.

Conclusions

In our patients with HFpEF and DM2, obesity and female sex predominated. All four groups offered treatment chances to improve their prognosis not only based on the use of new antidiabetic drugs but also on other options that may be a starting point for further research

Keywords:
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
Cluster analysis
Resumen
Antecedentes y objetivos

La heterogeneidad de los pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca y fracción de eyección preservada (HFpEF) es elevada, por lo que se tiende a agrupar en fenotipos para intervenir con precisión. Dentro de estos, los pacientes con diabetes mellitus (DM) mantienen esta heterogeneidad. Nuestro objetivo es describir grupos de pacientes con ICFEP y DM basados en otras comorbilidades.

Material y métodos

Los pacientes se reclutan desde el registro nacional de insuficiencia cardíaca (RICA). Se incluyen pacientes con fracción de eyección mayor o igual al 50% sin valvulopatía y con DM. Se realiza un análisis aglomerativo jerárquico con el método de Ward incluyendo la