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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Acute heart failure &#40;AHF&#41; is a complex entity that has received little attention in terms of concordance between the current management concepts described in guidelines<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> and real-world treatment regimens&#46; Consequently&#44; management guidelines usually describe its natural history and treatment from the perspective of a single disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;3</span></a> In addition&#44; AHF registries<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> have routinely described the use of cardiovascular agents without reporting the use of noncardiac drug therapies&#46; Patients with AHF in hospital emergency departments &#40;HED&#41; in real-world practice are complex and their treatment may go beyond traditional categories due to diagnostic uncertainty or the coexistence of different chronic or acute diseases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span></a> In recent years&#44; increasing attention has been paid to understanding the overlap between heart and lung diseases&#46; Chronic lung and heart diseases have been shown to be closely related&#44; given that chronic airflow obstruction can alter left ventricular filling&#44; systolic volume&#44; and cardiac output&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> In addition&#44; the extension of pulmonary artery disease predicts both right ventricular function and exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease &#40;COPD&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The incidence of COPD has been progressively increasing&#46; The WHO predicts it will be the third leading cause of death worldwide by 2030&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> A large percentage of COPD patients have concomitant heart failure &#40;HF&#41;&#44; probably in part because they have the common risk factor of tobacco use&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;10</span></a> The estimated prevalence of COPD in individuals with HF is between 20&#37; and 32&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> The coexistence of these diseases entails an increased risk of long-term morbidity and mortality&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;12</span></a> However&#44; the effect of COPD on the short-term prognosis of decompensation episodes in patients with HF is much less well known&#46; One of the biggest obstacles is that decompensation of both COPD and HF manifests in the patient as dyspnea&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;14</span></a> and thus it is very important to distinguish between the two diseases when treating the patient&#46; However&#44; there are few prospective studies and randomized clinical trials that address the combined treatment of patients with COPD and HF in the chronic phase and even fewer studies evaluating concomitant treatment with acute respiratory therapies &#40;inhaled or nebulized beta2-adrenergic agonists&#44; anticholinergics&#44; systemic corticosteroids&#44; or antibiotics&#41; received by patients with AHF in HEDs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;15&#44;23&#44;31</span></a> This concomitant treatment may be common in routine practice&#44; as the symptoms and signs of AHF are often nonspecific<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> and coincide with common acute and chronic respiratory conditions that also frequently occur&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> In addition&#44; there are no pathognomonic findings or diagnostic tests that differentiate AHF from common acute respiratory conditions&#44; which can often contribute to diagnostic uncertainty&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> The aim of this study is to analyze whether patients with HF and COPD present clinical and therapeutic management differences in the emergency department when they have an AHF episode and to analyze early mortality during said decompensation&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Study design</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study is a secondary analysis of the EAHFE &#40;Epidemiology of Acute Heart Failure in Emergency departments&#41; Registry&#46; The registry is a multicenter&#44; multipurpose&#44; non-interventional&#44; analytical&#44; prospective study that included consecutive patients who consulted at an HED for an episode of AHF&#46; To date&#44; eight recruitment phases have been conducted &#40;in 2007&#44; 2009&#44; 2011&#44; 2014&#44; 2016&#44; 2016&#44; 2018&#44; 2019&#44; and 2022&#41; in a total of 53 Spanish HEDs&#46; The registry contains 24&#44;248 unique episodes of AHF&#46; The details and characteristics of these patients have previously been published&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#44;18</span></a> The inclusion of patients with AHF in the EAHFE Registry is based on meeting the Framingham clinical criteria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> and confirmation with natriuretic peptides or echocardiography&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;3</span></a> The only exclusion criteria for the EAHFE Registry was concomitant acute coronary syndrome &#40;ACS&#41; with ST segment elevation and AHF&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this study&#44; all patients in the EAHFE registry were considered eligible if information was available on the history of COPD as a comorbidity and on the patient&#8217;s vital status after the acute episode &#40;discharged alive or died in the emergency room or hospital&#41;&#46; The diagnosis of COPD was clinical and this diagnosis was accepted if it was reported by the patient or those accompanying him&#47;her or if it was included in the patient&#8217;s medical history in the prior medical record from the hospital or health center&#46; Vital status after the episode of decompensation was verified by consulting the medical records of the hospital where the patient had been treated&#46; In addition&#44; this study limited patient inclusion to phases 3&#8211;8 of the EAHFE Registry&#44; as the case report forms contained all the independent variables reported below&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Independent variables</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nineteen independent variables related to the patient&#8217;s baseline situation were collected&#58; two were demographic data &#40;age&#44; sex&#41;&#44; 14 were comorbidities &#40;hypertension&#44; dyslipidemia&#44; diabetes mellitus&#44; ischemic heart disease&#44; previous episodes of AHF&#44; chronic kidney disease&#44; cerebrovascular disease&#44; atrial fibrillation&#44; valvular heart disease&#44; peripheral artery disease&#44; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease&#44; dementia&#44; neoplasm&#44; liver cirrhosis&#41;&#44; and 3 were functional status &#40;New York Heart Association &#40;NYHA&#41; functional class&#44; left ventricular ejection fraction &#40;LVEF&#41; classification&#44; and the Barthel Index&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In relation to the episode of decompensation&#44; six potential triggers &#40;infection&#44; tachyarrhythmia&#44; anemia&#44; hypertensive crisis&#44; dietary-therapeutic noncompliance&#44; acute coronary syndrome&#41;&#44; four vital signs on arrival at the emergency department &#40;systolic blood pressure&#44; heart and respiratory rate&#44; pulse oximetry&#41;&#44; four analytical results &#40;creatinine&#44; potassium&#44; NT-proBNP&#44; troponin&#41;&#44; and data point from an ECG &#40;left ventricular hypertrophy&#44; according to the Sokolow-Lyon Criteria&#41; were recorded&#46; The severity of the decompensation episode was calculated by stratifying patient risk using the MEESSI-AHF scale &#40;Multiple Estimation of risk based on the Emergency department Spanish Score in Acute Heart Failure&#41;&#44; which uses 13 baseline and episode variables to estimate risk of death in the 30 days following the emergency department consultation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20&#8211;22</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In relation to management of decompensation in the emergency department&#44; data on 13 treatments administered in the emergency department were collected &#40;oxygen therapy&#44; noninvasive ventilation&#44; invasive ventilation&#44; intravenous diuretics&#44; intravenous nitrates&#44; intravenous inotropic agents or vasopressors&#44; subcutaneous or intravenous morphine&#44; amiodarone&#44; digoxin&#44; morphine&#44; nebulized beta-agonists&#44; nebulized anticholinergics&#44; systemic corticosteroids&#44; antibiotics&#41;&#46; In addition&#44; it was recorded whether the patient required hospitalization and whether said hospitalization was in an intensive care unit &#40;ICU&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Outcome measures</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The outcome measures analyzed were in-hospital &#40;all-cause&#41; mortality &#40;regardless of whether it occurred in the emergency department or during hospitalization&#41; and 30-day mortality &#40;starting from the patient&#8217;s consultation in the emergency department&#41;&#46; To determine 30-day mortality&#44; the electronic medical records &#40;hospital and outpatient&#41; of patients discharged alive from the index event were reviewed and&#44; if necessary&#44; the patient or family members were contacted by telephone&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Categorical variables were described as frequencies and percentages&#46; Continuous variables were described as median and interquartile range &#40;IQR&#41;&#46; The distribution analysis of categorical variables was performed using the chi-square test and that of continuous variables was performed using the nonparametric Mann-Whitney rank sum test&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It was investigated whether there was a relationship between the existence of COPD and mortality using logistic regression models&#46; The risk was expressed as an odds ratio &#40;OR&#41; with 95&#37; confidence intervals &#40;95&#37; CI&#41;&#46; This was done on a bivariate basis &#40;crude ORs&#41; and by means of a multivariate model &#40;enter method&#41; which included all baseline variables&#44; variables on the decompensation episode&#44; and variables on emergency department management considered in this study&#46; For this multivariate model&#44; single imputation was performed for the missing values in the variables entered using either the mode or median depending on whether the variable was qualitative or quantitative&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In all comparisons&#44; differences were determined to be statistically significant if the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> value was less than 0&#46;05 or if the 95&#37; CI of the OR excluded the value of 1&#46; The statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS program version 29&#46;0 for Windows &#40;IBM Corp&#46; Released 2016&#46; IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows&#44; Version 24&#46;0&#46; Armonk&#44; NY&#44; USA&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Ethical considerations</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Declaration of Helsinki Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects were followed and informed consent was requested from all patients in order to participate in the study&#46; The protocol was approved by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of the Central University Hospital of Asturias &#40;protocols 69&#47;2011&#44; 166&#47;2013&#44; 160&#47;2015&#44; 205&#47;2017&#44; 015&#47;2022&#41; and the Hospital Cl&#237;nic de Barcelona &#40;2018&#47;0233&#41; as the main committees and by the rest of the participating centers&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Results</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There were 21&#44;817 patients included in EAHFE Registries 3&#8211;8 &#40;from 2012 to 2022&#41;&#46; Of them&#44; 21&#44;694 patients with AHF were analyzed&#44; since 109 patients were excluded because data on a possible previous COPD diagnosis were not collected and 14 patients were excluded because their vital status was unknown&#46; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding the patients included&#44; the median age was 83 years &#40;IQR&#58; 76&#8211;88&#41;&#44; 56&#37; were women&#44; and 4&#44;942 &#40;23&#37;&#41; had a previous diagnosis of COPD&#46; Patients with COPD were younger than patients without COPD &#40;82 vs&#46; 84 years&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#8239;&#60;&#8239;0&#46;001&#41;&#59; more frequently male &#40;63&#46;9&#37; vs&#46; 38&#46;4&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#8239;&#60;&#8239;0&#46;001&#41;&#59; and had more comorbidities &#40;with the exception of valvular disease and dementia&#44; which were more frequent in patients without COPD&#41;&#44; worse NYHA functional class &#40;28&#46;7&#37; with grade III-IV vs&#46; 22&#46;5&#37;&#41;&#44; and better overall functional capacity &#40;Barthel Index less than 60 points&#58; 16&#46;4&#37; vs&#46; 19&#46;9&#37;&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding the characteristics of HF decompensation in patients with COPD&#44; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41; it was more frequently triggered by infection &#40;49&#46;1&#37; vs&#46; 36&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#8239;&#60;&#8239;0&#46;001&#41; and less frequently by tachyarrhythmia &#40;11&#46;7&#37; vs&#46; 16&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#8239;&#60;&#8239;0&#46;001&#41;&#44; hypertensive crisis&#44; or acute coronary syndrome&#46; Although there were multiple differences in the clinical findings in the emergency department &#40;mainly greater presence of dyspnea at rest &#40;48&#46;1&#37; vs&#46; 42&#46;4&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#8239;&#60;&#8239;0&#46;001&#41;&#44; lower oxygen saturation &#40;93&#37;&#44; IQR 89&#37;&#8211;96&#37; vs&#46; 94 &#37;&#44; IQR&#58; 91&#37;&#8211;97&#37;&#41;&#44; and a higher respiratory rate in patients with COPD&#41;&#44; the severity estimated by the MEESSI-AHF Scale was similar in both groups &#40;high and very high risk&#58; 19&#46;8&#37; vs&#46; 20&#46;5&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;41&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The treatments administered in the emergency department are indicated in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#46; Patients with COPD received more oxygen therapy&#44; noninvasive ventilation &#40;NIV&#41; &#40;9&#37; vs 6&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#8239;&#60;&#8239;0&#46;001&#41;&#44; bronchodilators&#44; nebulized beta-agonists &#40;41&#37; vs 17&#46;6&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#8239;&#60;&#8239;0&#46;001&#41;&#44; nebulized anticholinergics &#40;31&#46;3&#37; vs&#46; 20&#46;8&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#60;0&#46;001&#41;&#44; systemic corticosteroids &#40;30&#46;6&#37; vs&#46; 14&#46;4&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#8239;&#60;&#8239;0&#46;001&#41;&#44; and antibiotics &#40;48&#46;6&#37; vs&#46; 22&#46;8&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#8239;&#60;&#8239;0&#46;001&#41;&#46; In contrast&#44; they received intravenous nitroglycerin less frequently&#46; Remarkably&#44; the frequency that AHF-related drugs &#40;diuretics&#44; vasoconstrictors and inotropes&#44; digoxin&#44; amiodarone&#44; morphine&#41; were used was similar in both groups&#46; Hospitalization was more common in patients with concomitant AHF and COPD &#40;77&#46;0&#37; vs&#46; 73&#46;7&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#8239;&#60;&#8239;0&#46;001&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In-hospital mortality &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>&#41; in patients with and without COPD was 8&#46;1&#37; and 7&#46;5&#37;&#44; respectively&#44; with no significant differences between the two groups &#40;OR&#8239;&#61;&#8239;1&#46;088&#44; 95&#37; CI&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;968&#8211;1&#46;224&#41;&#46; On the other hand&#44; 30-day mortality was 11&#46;0&#37; and 10&#46;0&#37;&#46; This higher crude mortality rate among patients with COPD was statistically significant &#40;OR&#8239;&#61;&#8239;1&#46;111&#44; 95&#37; CI&#8239;&#61;&#8239;1&#46;002&#8211;1&#46;231&#41;&#46; However&#44; after adjusting for clinical characteristics&#44; the decompensation episode&#44; and emergency department management&#44; no significant differences were observed for either of these two short-term outcome variables&#59; the ORs declined to 1&#46;040 &#40;0&#46;905&#8211;1&#46;195&#41; and 1&#46;080 &#40;0&#46;957&#8211;1&#46;219&#41;&#44; respectively&#44; in the fully adjusted model&#46; Analysis of 30-day mortality rate in the partially adjusted models showed that differences in the clinical presentation and management of AHF decompensation more ostensibly corrected for this increase in crude mortality than differences in baseline characteristics between patients with and without COPD &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Discussion</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study has revealed seven relevant findings in patients with COPD and AHF&#46; First&#44; they were younger&#59; more frequently male&#59; and had more comorbidities&#44; mainly of a cardiovascular nature&#46; Second&#44; they had a more advanced NYHA functional class&#46; Third&#44; the most common triggering factor of AHF was infections&#46; Fourth&#44; the severity of the AHF episode was similar in both groups&#46; Fifth&#44; in regard to treatment management&#44; there was greater use of NIV&#44; inhaled-nebulized beta2-adrenergic agonists and anticholinergics&#44; corticosteroids&#44; and antibiotics&#46; Sixth&#44; the administration of inhaled-nebulized beta2-adrenergic agonists and anticholinergics in patients without COPD occurred frequently&#46; Seventh&#44; hospital admission was more common in patients with COPD&#44; but short-term mortality was similar in both groups&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Among the patient-related factors&#44; it should be noted that COPD confers a worse functional class in patients with HF &#40;28&#46;7&#37; with NYHA functional class III-IV vs&#46; 22&#46;5&#37; in patients with HF without COPD&#41; with a greater degree of baseline dyspnea&#46; These results are in line with those obtained by Jacob et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> who found that in a population of 8&#44;089 patients with AHF attended to in the emergency department&#44; 29&#37; of patients with HF and COPD had NYHA functional class III-IV compared to 22&#46;9&#37; of patients with HF without COPD&#46; On the other hand&#44; in an analysis by Ehteshami-Afshar et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> of outpatients with chronic HF&#44; it was found that patients with both diseases had worse symptoms &#40;NYHA III-IV 37&#37; vs 23&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#8239;&#60;&#8239;0&#46;001&#41; and therefore worse quality of life&#44; despite having a similar ejection fraction&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There was also evidence of greater cardiovascular comorbidity &#40;chronic kidney disease&#44; peripheral artery disease&#44; previous heart failure&#44; atrial fibrillation&#41; similar to that published by other authors&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23&#8211;25</span></a> This is not surprising&#44; especially considering that these subjects are at increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality regardless of other factors&#44; including smoking&#46; In line with other series&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;26&#44;27</span></a> ischemic heart disease was also more frequent in patients with AHF and COPD &#40;29&#46;6&#37; vs&#46; 25&#46;8&#37; in AHF without COPD&#41;&#44; given that ischemic heart disease &#40;and not AHF&#41; is considered the main cause of death among patients with COPD&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Decompensation of HF in patients with COPD was more frequently triggered by infection and less frequently triggered by tachyarrhythmia&#44; hypertensive crisis&#44; or acute coronary syndrome&#46; COPD exacerbations are usually triggered by viral or bacterial respiratory infections&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> but environmental factors such as pollution and ambient temperature can aggravate symptoms&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> In the PAPRICA study&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> as in other studies&#44; the most frequent triggering factor was infection&#44; mainly respiratory infections&#46; Although not associated with lower mortality&#44; this triggering factor was associated with a lower crude percentage of reconsultations at 30 days&#46; In contrast&#44; tachyarrhythmias in this study were more frequent in patients with AHF without COPD &#40;16&#37; vs&#46; 11&#46;7&#37;&#41;&#46; It is known that arrhythmias are sometimes a consequence of other factors&#44; such as respiratory infections in patients with COPD or HF itself&#46; In fact&#44; 42&#37; of patients in the PAPRICA study<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> with infection as a triggering factor also had permanent atrial fibrillation&#46; Infection is thus a very important cause of decompensation and therefore&#44; prevention of infections such as influenza through vaccination is of the utmost importance&#44; as it has been shown to reduce the severity of decompensation and mortality&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a></p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although there were differences in clinical findings in the emergency department&#44; the severity estimated by the MEESSI-AHF Scale was similar in both groups&#46; This scale&#44; developed and validated in Spanish HEDs&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> allows for classifying the severity of decompensation as low&#44; medium&#44; high&#44; or very high risk&#44; assessing the risk of mortality 30 days after an emergency department evaluation&#46; It is possible that some variables that form part of this scale&#8212;such as the Barthel Index&#44; NYHA functional class&#44; or association with acute coronary syndrome or low cardiac output&#8212;are partially based on a subjective interpretation whose adjudication may vary between different observers and that severity may have been underestimated in the subgroup of patients with AHF and COPD&#46; On the other hand&#44; the scale does not take into account variables that have been shown to have an impact on outcomes&#44; such as prehospital management by emergency medical teams or the use of ventilatory therapy such as NIV or high-flow therapy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32&#8211;34</span></a></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding treatment in the emergency department&#44; more patients with COPD received oxygen therapy and NIV&#46; The generalization of indications for NIV has led to a progressive increase in its use&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35&#44;36</span></a> Clinical studies show a 50&#37;&#8211;60&#37; reduction in the risk of treatment failure&#44; need for tracheal intubation&#44; and mortality when severe exacerbations of COPD are treated with NIV&#44; especially when it presents with hypercapnic respiratory failure and respiratory acidosis and does not improve with conventional exacerbation treatment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a> These findings are consistent with other studies&#46; In a series of 11&#44;152 patients with AHF attended to in HEDs that studied the effect of NIV on short-term progress&#44; there was significant evidence that in the group of patients with COPD &#40;24&#46;1&#37;&#41;&#44; NIV was used more frequently&#58; 31&#37; compared to 23&#46;6&#37; in whom this respiratory support was not used&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a></p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients with COPD also received more bronchodilators &#40;41&#37; vs&#46; 17&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#46; This result is also in line with other studies&#46; In a study conducted in the United States of America that included 164&#44;494 patients hospitalized for AHF and in which 63&#44;690 &#40;39&#37;&#41; had COPD&#44; 37&#37; were treated with short-acting inhaled bronchodilators&#59; this percentage increased to 59&#37; in the subgroup of patients with AHF and COPD&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> This finding illustrates the complexity of AHF management in routine practice&#46; First&#44; the clinical presentation is often initially nonspecific&#44; as combined acute respiratory treatment &#40;inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonists&#44; anticholinergics&#44; corticosteroids&#44; and antibiotics&#41; is discontinued during admission in more than 20&#37; of hospitalizations&#44; presumably because the underlying diagnosis of AHF became more evident&#46; This difficulty in differentiating AHF from other conditions that cause respiratory symptoms is further evidenced by the fact that the rates of combined acute respiratory treatment were higher than 25&#37;&#46; In the same study by Dhamarajan K et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> it was found that up to 50&#37; of patients with AHF had received said combined treatment&#46; Future studies are needed to understand the benefits and harms of combined acute respiratory therapy in the population with AHF as it is unknown whether bronchodilators improve symptoms or may have positive hemodynamic effects in individuals with dyspnea arising solely from AHF&#44; as they may do in patients with chronic HF&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38&#44;39</span></a> These beneficial effects may be offset by an increased likelihood of arrhythmia&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a> ischemia&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span></a> or possible long-term adverse consequences of sympathetic nerve system stimulation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a> The BRONCH-AHF study showed that the addition of bronchodilators without a documented need in patients with a final diagnosis of AHF in HEDs does not modify survival compared to standard AHF treatment &#40;including diuretics&#41; and that the use of beta-2-adrenergic agonists &#40;alone or associated with anticholinergics&#41; could even increase adverse events&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">50</span></a></p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The use of corticosteroids and antibiotics was also higher in patients with COPD&#46; The study by Jacob et al&#46; described a greater use of corticosteroids &#40;27&#46;9&#37; vs&#46; 11&#46;1&#37;&#41; in patients with AHF and COPD&#46; Similarly&#44; in the work by Dhamarajan K et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> approximately one-third of the cohort received antibiotics and among patients hospitalized for AHF with COPD&#44; 42&#37; received antibiotics&#46; Furthermore&#44; although corticosteroids were the least used of all acute respiratory therapies studied&#44; the authors found that 17&#37; of patients hospitalized with COPD received high-dose corticosteroids&#46; In the CORT-AHF study&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> 11&#44;356 patients with AHF were analyzed&#59; 9&#46;7&#37; who did not have COPD and 27&#46;7&#37; who did were treated with systemic corticosteroids&#46; This study found no differences in 90-day mortality or readmission rate in patients with or without concomitant COPD&#46; This lack of difference could hypothetically be due to a certain beneficial anti-inflammatory effect of corticosteroids in patients with AHF and without COPD&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All these results are truly important in determining the correct treatment for these more complex patients who share both comorbidities&#46; The cohort study by Kostikas et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a> showed that out of a total of 12&#44;587 chronic patients with COPD and newly diagnosed HF &#40;mean age 75 years&#44; 60&#37; male&#41;&#44; 2&#44;251 &#40;18&#37;&#41; were prescribed adequate treatment for HF&#44; 5&#44;332 &#40;42&#37;&#41; were prescribed inadequate treatment&#44; and 5&#44;004 &#40;40&#37;&#41; received no treatment for HF&#46; These results support the need to improve equity in access to integrated care for patients who have both diseases&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding progress&#44; patients with COPD were admitted more frequently&#46; The presence of COPD has been reported to worsen the clinical presentation and progress of HF and is associated with a 20&#37;&#8211;30&#37; increase in the risk of hospitalization&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44&#44;45</span></a> The study by Ehteshami-Afshar et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> showed an increased risk of hospital admission in patients with HF and COPD&#44; both in hospitalization due to cardiovascular &#40;HR&#44; 1&#46;17&#59; 95 &#37; CI&#44; 1&#46;05&#8211;1&#46;31&#41; and noncardiovascular &#40;HR&#44; 1&#46;45&#59; 95 &#37; CI&#44; 1&#46;29&#8211;1&#46;64&#41; causes&#46; This shows that exacerbation of COPD with associated AHF may be responsible for some hospitalizations&#44; more so than AHF itself&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results of this work show that the presence of COPD in patients with AHF &#40;regardless of severity&#41; does not have a significant impact on in-hospital mortality&#44; but it is associated with an increase in 30-day crude mortality&#46; However&#44; this increase in mortality disappears when the results are adjusted for differences between groups&#44; especially differences in the characteristics of decompensation and emergency department management of patients with and without COPD&#46; This is in line with a recent study of 3&#44;515 patients&#44; 35&#37; with COPD&#44; in which the multivariate analysis did not show an increased risk of all-cause death in patients with COPD&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> All this contrasts with the statement in the current guidelines that the presence of COPD is associated with worse outcomes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a> Of all the studies that have demonstrated a significant association between the presence of COPD and an increased risk of adverse outcomes in patients with HF&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;23&#44;44&#44;46</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">47</span></a> only three defined COPD via spirometry and HF via echocardiography or natriuretic peptide levels&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44&#44;46&#44;47</span></a> The results of this study suggest that in patients with AHF&#44; it is the clinical and management characteristics of the AHF episode rather than the presence of COPD that actually increase the risk of adverse outcomes in patients with COPD&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Limitations</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study has various limitations&#46; First&#44; it is a prospective descriptive study&#44; so the results do not imply causality&#46; Second&#44; the results correspond to different HEDs in the Spanish public health system and cannot be extrapolated to other health systems&#44; so external validation of these results is necessary&#46; Third&#44; despite the undeniable association between HF and COPD&#44; an important diagnostic limitation should be highlighted that is present in almost all the studies that have addressed the coexistence of COPD in patients with HF&#8212;including this study&#46; The diagnosis of COPD was not primarily made using spirometric data&#44; but rather through the patient&#8217;s medical history in the previous hospital or health center medical record&#44; whose reliability for the detection of COPD is questionable&#46; Only one study was identified in which spirometry was systematically performed in all patients with HF and the prevalence was very high&#58; 35&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">49</span></a> This finding indicates that this medical problem&#44; COPD&#44; often goes unnoticed and that its true extent may be significantly greater than is generally believed&#46; On the other hand&#44; it should be noted that the prevalence of HF in patients with previous COPD is also high&#46; In addition&#44; their diagnosis is often complex due to the similarity between both diseases&#8217; clinical expression and the difficulty of obtaining echocardiographic images of sufficient quality&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;14</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Conclusion</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients with AHF and COPD have different clinical and emergency department management characteristics as well as higher admission rates&#46; Although the crude 30-day mortality rate was higher in patients with COPD&#44; this increased risk of death disappears when clinical differences in the decompensation episode and HED management are taken into account&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Funding</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This work was made possible in part thanks to grants from the Carlos III Institute of Health with funds from the <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs0005">Ministry of Health and FEDER</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleGrantNumber" refid="gs0005">PI18&#47;00393</span>&#41;&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "clase" => "keyword"
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          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1892747"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Acute heart failure"
            1 => "Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease"
            2 => "Mortality"
            3 => "Emergencies"
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          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Insuficiencia card&#237;aca aguda"
            1 => "Enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva cr&#243;nica"
            2 => "Mortalidad"
            3 => "Urgencias"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objectives</span><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This study aims to analyse differences in clinical and therapeutic management for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease &#40;COPD&#41; who present to the emergency department with acute heart failure &#40;AHF&#41;&#46; Additionally&#44; it examines mortality rates during such episodes&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We included patients diagnosed with AHF at 50 Spanish emergency departments from 2012 to 2022 who also had COPD&#46; We compared their baseline characteristics&#44; decompensation episodes&#44; and emergency department management with those of AHF patients without COPD during the same period&#46; We collected data on in-hospital and 30-day all-cause mortality&#44; investigating differences between the two groups using crude and adjusted logistic regression models&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A total of 21&#44;694 AHF patients were analysed &#40;median age&#8239;&#61;&#8239;83 years&#44; 56&#37; female&#41;&#44; including 4&#44;942 &#40;23&#37;&#41; with COPD&#46; COPD patients were generally younger and more frequently male&#44; with a higher prevalence of comorbidities &#40;excluding valve disease and dementia&#44; which were more common in non-COPD patients&#41;&#46; They exhibited a worse respiratory functional class &#40;NYHA&#41; but a better overall functional capacity &#40;Barthel Index&#41;&#46; Decompensation in COPD patients was more often triggered by infection and less frequently by tachyarrhythmia&#44; hypertensive crisis&#44; or acute coronary syndrome&#46; While there were differences in clinical findings in the emergency department&#44; the severity assessed by the MEESSI-AHF Scale was similar across both groups&#46; In terms of emergency department management&#44; a higher proportion of COPD patients received oxygen therapy&#44; non-invasive ventilation&#44; bronchodilators&#44; corticosteroids&#44; and antibiotics&#44; while fewer received intravenous nitroglycerin&#44; and they were hospitalized more frequently&#46; In-hospital mortality rates were 8&#46;1&#37; for patients with COPD and 7&#46;5&#37; for those without &#40;OR&#8239;&#61;&#8239;1&#46;088&#44; 95&#37; CI&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;968&#8211;1&#46;224&#41;&#44; with 30-day mortality rates of 11&#46;0&#37; and 10&#46;0&#37;&#44; respectively &#40;OR&#8239;&#61;&#8239;1&#46;111&#44; 95&#37; CI&#8239;&#61;&#8239;1&#46;002&#8211;1&#46;231&#41;&#46; After adjusting for clinical characteristics&#44; decompensation episodes&#44; and emergency department management&#44; these odds ratios decreased to 1&#46;040 &#40;95&#37; CI&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;905&#8211;1&#46;195&#41; and 1&#46;080 &#40;95&#37; CI&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;957&#8211;1&#46;219&#41;&#44; respectively&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Patients with AHF and COPD exhibit distinct clinical and therapeutic management characteristics in the emergency department and require more frequent hospitalization&#46; Although they show higher crude 30-day mortality&#44; this is attributable to their differing clinical profiles rather than the presence of COPD itself&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
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            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Objectives"
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          1 => array:2 [
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            "titulo" => "Methods"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivos</span><p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Analizar si los pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva cr&#243;nica &#40;EPOC&#41; presentan diferencias cl&#237;nicas y de manejo terap&#233;utico en urgencias cuando desarrollan un episodio de insuficiencia cardiaca aguda &#40;ICA&#41; y analizar la mortalidad durante dicha descompensaci&#243;n&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todo</span><p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se incluyeron pacientes diagnosticados de ICA en 50 servicios de urgencias espa&#241;oles entre 2012 y 2022 y que tambi&#233;n padec&#237;an EPOC&#44; y se compararon sus caracter&#237;sticas basales&#44; del episodio de descompensaci&#243;n y de manejo terap&#233;utico en urgencias con las de pacientes con ICA sin EPOC diagnosticados durante dicho periodo&#46; Se recogi&#243; la mortalidad por cualquier causa intrahospitalaria y a los 30 d&#237;as&#44; y se investig&#243; si exist&#237;an diferencias entre pacientes con y sin EPOC en modelos de regresi&#243;n log&#237;stica crudos y ajustados&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se analizaron 21&#46;694 pacientes con ICA &#40;mediana&#8239;&#61;&#8239;83 a&#241;os&#44; mujeres&#8239;&#61;&#8239;56&#37;&#41;&#44; 4&#46;942 &#40;23&#37;&#41; con EPOC&#46; Estos eran m&#225;s j&#243;venes&#44; m&#225;s frecuentemente varones&#44; con m&#225;s comorbilidades &#40;con excepci&#243;n de valvulopat&#237;a y demencia&#44; m&#225;s frecuentes en pacientes no EPOC&#41;&#44; peor clase funcional respiratoria &#40;NYHA&#41; y mejor capacidad funcional global &#40;&#237;ndice de Barthel&#41;&#46; La descompensaci&#243;n de los pacientes EPOC estuvo m&#225;s frecuentemente desencadenada por una infecci&#243;n y menos por taquiarritmia&#44; crisis hipertensiva o s&#237;ndrome coronario agudo y&#44; aunque hubo diferencias en los hallazgos cl&#237;nicos en urgencias&#44; la gravedad estimada mediante la Escala MEESSI-AHF fue similar en ambos grupos&#46; Respecto al manejo en urgencias&#44; m&#225;s pacientes EPOC recibieron oxigenoterapia&#44; ventilaci&#243;n no invasiva&#44; broncodilatadores&#44; corticoides y antibi&#243;ticos y menos nitroglicerina endovenosa&#44; y hospitalizaron m&#225;s frecuentemente&#46; La mortalidad intrahospitalaria en pacientes con y sin EPOC fue del 8&#44;1&#37; y del 7&#44;5&#37;&#44; respectivamente &#40;OR&#8239;&#61;&#8239;1&#44;088&#44; IC95&#37;&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#44;968&#8722;1&#44;224&#41; y a 30 d&#237;as fue del 11&#44;0&#37; y del 10&#44;0&#37; &#40;OR&#8239;&#61;&#8239;1&#44;111&#44; IC95&#37;&#8239;&#61;&#8239;1&#44;002&#8722;1&#44;231&#41;&#46; Tras ajustar por las caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas&#44; del episodio de descompensaci&#243;n y del manejo en urgencias&#44; estas OR descendieron a 1&#44;040 &#40;0&#44;905&#8722;1&#44;195&#41; y 1&#44;080 &#40;0&#44;957&#8722;1&#44;219&#41;&#44; respectivamente&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusi&#243;n</span><p id="spar0100" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los pacientes con ICA y EPOC tienen caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas y de manejo terap&#233;utico en urgencias diferenciales&#44; y precisan mayor hospitalizaci&#243;n&#46; Si bien presentan una mayor mortalidad cruda a los 30 d&#237;as&#44; esto se explica por este diferente perfil cl&#237;nico m&#225;s que por la propia existencia de la EPOC&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0020">The names of the components of the ICA-SEMES research group are listed in the Annex&#46;</p>"
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            "apendice" => "<p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Marta Fuentes&#44; Aitor D&#225;vila&#44; Sonia del Amo &#40;Hospital Universitario de Salamanca&#41;&#44; H&#233;ctor Alonso&#44; Enrique P&#233;rez-Llantada &#40;Hospital Marqu&#233;s de Valdecilla de Santander&#41;&#44; Francisco Javier Mart&#237;n-S&#225;nchez &#40;Hospital Cl&#237;nico San Carlos de Madrid&#41;&#44; &#210;scar Mir&#243;&#44; V&#237;ctor Gil&#44; Rosa Escoda&#44; Carolina S&#225;nchez&#44; Daniel Repullo&#44; Marta Mass&#243; &#40;Hospital Cl&#237;nic de Barcelona&#41;&#44; Javier Mill&#225;n&#44; Leticia Serrano &#40;Hospital Polit&#233;nic La Fe de Valencia&#41;&#44; Jos&#233; Pav&#243;n&#44; Nayra Cabrera Gonz&#225;lez &#40;Hospital Dr&#46; Negr&#237;n de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria&#41;&#44; Rafael Calvo Rodr&#237;guez&#44; Juan Antonio Vega Reyes &#40;Hospital Reina Sof&#237;a de C&#243;rdoba&#41;&#44; Mar&#237;a Luisa L&#243;pez-Grima&#44; Amparo Valero&#44; Mar&#237;a &#193;ngeles Juan &#40;Hospital Dr&#46; Peset de Valencia&#41;&#44; Alfons Aguirre&#44; Silvia M&#237;nguez Mas&#243; &#40;Hospital del Mar de Barcelona&#41;&#44; Virginia Fern&#225;ndez-T&#225;vora P&#233;rez &#40;Hospital de Valme de Sevilla&#41;&#44; Ana Bel&#233;n Mecina &#40;Hospital de Alcorc&#243;n de Madrid&#41;&#44; Josep Tost &#40;Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa&#41;&#44; Susana S&#225;nchez Ram&#243;n&#44; Virginia Carbajosa Rodr&#237;guez &#40;Hospital Universitario Rio Hortega de Valladolid&#41;&#44; Pascual Pi&#241;era&#44; Jos&#233; Andr&#233;s S&#225;nchez Nicol&#225;s&#44; Paula L&#225;zaro Arag&#252;&#233;s &#40;Hospital Reina Sof&#237;a de Murcia&#41;&#44; Raquel Torres Garate&#44; Esther &#193;lvarez Rodr&#237;guez&#44; Pilar Paz Arias&#40;Hospital Severo Ochoa de Madrid&#41;&#44; Aitor Alqu&#233;zar-Arb&#233;&#44; Sergio Herrera&#44; Carlos Jos&#233; Romero Carrete &#40;Hospital de la Santa Creu y Sant Pau de Barcelona&#41;&#44; Javier Jacob&#44; Alex Roset&#44; Irene Cabello&#44; Antonio Haro&#44; Lidia Fuentes &#40;Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge de Barcelona&#41;&#44; Fernando Richard&#44; Elisa Fern&#225;ndez&#44; Mar&#237;a Pilar L&#243;pez Diez &#40;Hospital Universitario de Burgos&#41;&#44; Pablo Herrero Puente&#44; Joaqu&#237;n V&#225;zquez &#193;lvarez&#44; Bel&#233;n Prieto Garc&#237;a&#44; Alejandra Fern&#225;ndez Fern&#225;ndez&#44; Bel&#233;n &#193;lvarez Ramos&#44; Natalia Fern&#225;ndez Miranda &#40;Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias de Oviedo&#41;&#44; Pere Llorens&#44; Bego&#241;a Espinosa&#44; Sergio Guzm&#225;n&#44; Gema Jara&#44; Alba Felipe&#44; Adriana Gil &#40;Hospital General Universitario Dr&#46; Balmis de Alicante&#41;&#44; Juan Antonio Andueza &#40;Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Mara&#241;&#243;n de Madrid&#41;&#44; Rodolfo Romero&#44; Mariella Luengo L&#243;pez &#40;Hospital Universitario de Getafe de Madrid&#41;&#44; Gema Dom&#237;nguez&#44; Mart&#237;n Ru&#237;z &#40;Hospital de Henares de Madrid&#41;&#44; Beatriz Amores Arriaga&#44; Beatriz Sierra Bergua &#40;Hospital Cl&#237;nico Lozano Blesa de Zaragoza&#41;&#44; Enrique Mart&#237;n Mojarro&#44; Lidia Cuevas Jim&#233;nez &#40;Hospital Sant Pau i Santa Tecla de Tarragona&#41;&#44; Lisette Traver&#237;a B&#233;cquer&#44; Guillermo Burillo &#40;Hospital Universitario de Canarias de Tenerife&#41;&#44; Llu&#237;s Llauger Garc&#237;a &#40;Althaia Xarxa Assistencial Universitaria de Manresa&#41;&#44; Mar&#237;a de los &#193;ngeles Gonz&#225;lez de la Torre&#44; Carmen Esmeralda Romero Jim&#233;nez &#40;Hospital Costa del Sol de Marbella de M&#225;laga&#41;&#44; Ester Soy Ferrer&#44; Mar&#237;a Adroher M&#250;&#241;oz &#40;Hospital Josep Trueta de Girona&#41;&#46; Jos&#233; Manuel Garrido &#40;Hospital Virgen Macarena de Sevilla&#41;&#44; Francisco Javier Lucas-Imbern&#243;n &#40;Hospital General Universitario de Albacete&#41;&#44; Rut Gaya &#40;Hospital Juan XXIII de Tarragona&#41;&#44; Carlos Bibiano&#44; Mar&#237;a Mir&#44; Beatriz Rodr&#237;guez&#44; Monika Vicente Mart&#237;n&#44; Esther Rodr&#237;guez Adrada &#40;Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor de Madrid&#41;&#46; Eva Domingo Baldrich&#44; Marianela Guzm&#225;n Carvajal &#40;Hospital Vall d&#8217;Hebron de Barcelona&#41;&#44; Mar&#237;a Jos&#233; Fortuny &#40;Hospital Francesc de Borja de Gandia&#41;&#44; Yelenis G&#243;mez Garc&#237;a&#44; Ver&#243;nica de las Nieves Segura Coronill &#40;Hospital de Manacor de Mallorca&#41;&#44; Marco Antonio Esquivias&#44; Mar&#237;a del Carmen Mart&#237;nez Pic&#243;n&#44; Marina Borox Callejas &#40;Hospital la Mancha de Ciudad Real&#41;&#44; Roc&#237;o Moyano Garc&#237;a &#40;Hospital Comarcal Valle de los Pedroches de C&#243;rdoba&#41;&#44; Pablo Rodr&#237;guez&#44; Mar&#237;a Mart&#237;nez Cuevas &#40;Hospital Universitario de la Paz de Madrid&#41;&#44; Jos&#233; Noceda&#44; Santiago Harris Blasco &#40;Hospital Cl&#237;nico de Valencia&#41;&#44; Marta Romero &#40;Hospital Universitario de M&#243;stoles de Madrid&#41;&#46; Oriol Aguil&#243; Pedret &#40;Hospital de Olot i Comarcal de la Garrotxa&#41;&#44; Jordi Estop&#225; Valladares &#40;Cl&#237;nica Universidad de Navarra de Madrid&#41;&#44; Natalia Ramos Gonz&#225;lez &#40;Hospital do Saln&#233;s de Pontevedra&#41;&#44; Rocio Lorenzo &#40;Hospital de la Axarqu&#237;a de M&#225;laga&#41;&#44; Juan Bautista Valencia &#40;Hospital Parc Taul&#237; de Sabadell&#41;&#44; Lorena Bembibre &#40;Hospital de A Coru&#241;a&#41;&#46; In&#233;s Fern&#225;ndez Guerrero &#40;Hospital Virgen de las nieves de Granada&#41;&#46;</p>"
            "titulo" => "Annex&#58; Researchers of the ICA-SEMES group &#40;complete list&#41;"
            "identificador" => "sec0065"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Inclusion and classification flowchart of patients with acute heart failure according to whether or not they had a previous diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Female sex&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">12062 &#40;55&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1786 &#40;36&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">COMORBIDITIES</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hypertension&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4159 &#40;84&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;69&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Previous acute heart failure episodes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">12752 &#40;63&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Atrial fibrillation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Dyslipidemia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2396 &#40;48&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7768 &#40;46&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;014</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Diabetes mellitus&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">8984 &#40;41&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2103 &#40;42&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">6881 &#40;41&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Active smoker&#47;Former smoker&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">6468 &#40;39&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2647 &#40;65&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3811 &#40;30&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#60;0&#46;001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Chronic kidney disease &#40;creatinine &#62;2&#8239;mg&#47;dL&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">6144 &#40;28&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1478 &#40;29&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4666 &#40;27&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;007</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ischemic heart disease&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5776 &#40;26&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">100&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1465 &#40;29&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4311 &#40;25&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#60;0&#46;001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Valvular heart disease&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5562 &#40;25&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">100&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1086 &#40;21&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;476 &#40;26&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#60;0&#46;001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Neoplasm&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3113 &#40;14&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">100&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">820 &#40;16&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2293 &#40;13&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#60;0&#46;001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cerebrovascular disease&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2756 &#40;12&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">593 &#40;12&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2163 &#40;12&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Dementia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2459 &#40;11&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">100&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">485 &#40;9&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1974 &#40;11&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#60;0&#46;001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Peripheral artery disease&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1972 &#40;9&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">100&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">567 &#40;11&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1405 &#40;8&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#60;0&#46;001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hepatic cirrhosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">95 &#40;1&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">BASELINE FUNCTIONAL STATUS</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>NYHA Functional Class&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#60;0&#46;001</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>I&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4912 &#40;24&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">781 &#40;16&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4131 &#40;26&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>II&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">10379 &#40;51&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2548 &#40;54&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7831 &#40;50&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>III&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4493 &#40;22&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1244 &#40;26&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;249 &#40;21&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">319 &#40;1&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">91 &#40;2&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">228 &#40;1&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Left ventricular dysfunction type&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">58&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;96<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Reduced&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1203 &#40;9&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">297 &#40;9&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">906 &#40;9&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Moderately reduced&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2671 &#40;21&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">666 &#40;21&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2005 &#40;21&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Preserved&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8791 &#40;69&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2176 &#40;69&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6615 &#40;69&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Functional capacity &#40;according to Barthel Index&#41; &#40;IQR&#41;&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">90&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;003</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Independent &#40;100 points&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6912 &#40;35&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1549 &#40;34&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5363 &#40;35&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mild dependency &#40;60&#8211;99 points&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8875 &#40;45&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2221 &#40;49&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6654 &#40;44&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Moderate dependency &#40;40&#8211;59 points&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2024 &#40;10&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">434 &#40;9&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1590 &#40;10&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Severe or total dependency &#40;&#60;40 points&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1705 &#40;8&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">308 &#40;6&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1397 &#40;9&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">IQR&#58; interquartile range&#59; COPD&#58; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease&#59; NYHA&#58; New York Heart Association&#59; MEESSI-AHF&#58; Multiple Estimation of risk based on the Emergency department Spanish Score in Acute Heart Failure&#46;</p><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Values in bold indicate statistical significance &#40;p&#8239;&#60;&#8239;0&#46;05&#41;&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">All N&#8239;&#61;&#8239;21694 n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Data available &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">With COPD N&#8239;&#61;&#8239;4952 n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No COPD N&#8239;&#61;&#8239;16742 n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">TRIGGERING FACTORS OF THE DECOMPENSATION</span></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Infection&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8109 &#40;39&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">95&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2355 &#40;49&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5754 &#40;36&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#60;0&#46;001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Rapid atrial fibrillation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3119 &#40;15&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">95&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">563 &#40;11&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2556 &#40;16&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#60;0&#46;001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Anemia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1579 &#40;7&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">95&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">370 &#40;7&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1209 &#40;7&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;73&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hypertensive crisis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1044 &#40;5&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">95&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">153 &#40;3&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">891 &#40;5&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#60;0&#46;001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Dietary-therapeutic noncompliance&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">767 &#40;3&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">95&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">179 &#40;3&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">588 &#40;3&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;86&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Acute coronary syndrome&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">495 &#40;2&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">99&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">79 &#40;1&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">416 &#40;2&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#60;0&#46;001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">FINDINGS IN THE EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Heart rate &#40;bpm&#41; &#91;median &#40;IQR&#41;&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">84 &#40;71&#8211;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">97&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">85 &#40;72&#8211;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">84 &#40;70&#8211;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;26&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Systolic blood pressure &#40;mmHg&#41; &#91;median &#40;IQR&#41;&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">138 &#40;120&#8211;156&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">98&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">136 &#40;120&#8211;154&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">139 &#40;121&#8211;157&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#60;0&#46;001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Respiratory rate &#40;brpm&#41; &#91;median &#40;IQR&#41;&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20 &#40;18&#8211;26&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">68&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">22 &#40;18&#8211;26&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20 &#40;18&#8211;26&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#60;0&#46;001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Basal oxygen saturation &#40;&#37;&#41; &#91;median &#40;IQR&#41;&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">94 &#40;90&#8211;97&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">97&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">93 &#40;89&#8211;96&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">94 &#40;91&#8211;97&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#60;0&#46;001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Barthel Index in the emergency department &#40;points&#41; &#91;median &#40;IQR&#41;&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">70 &#40;45&#8211;90&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">78&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">70 &#40;45&#8211;90&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">70 &#40;45&#8211;90&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;99&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>NYHA-IV in the emergency department&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8930 &#40;43&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">94&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2281 &#40;48&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6649 &#40;42&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#60;0&#46;001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Signs of low output&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3084 &#40;14&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">99&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">711 &#40;14&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2373 &#40;14&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Left ventricular hypertrophy on the ECG&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">608 &#40;2&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">96&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">136 &#40;2&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">472 &#40;2&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;76&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Troponin above the 99th percentile&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6370 &#40;53&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">55&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1381 &#40;53&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4989 &#40;53&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;70&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Creatinine &#40;mg&#47;dL&#41; &#91;median &#40;IQR&#41;&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;16 &#40;0&#46;88&#8211;1&#46;59&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">98&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;17 &#40;0&#46;89&#8211;1&#46;60&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;15 &#40;0&#46;88&#8211;1&#46;58&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Potassium &#40;mmol&#47;L&#41; &#91;median &#40;IQR&#41;&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;4 &#40;4&#46;0&#8211;4&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">94&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;4 &#40;4&#46;0&#8211;4&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;4 &#40;4&#46;0&#8211;4&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;037</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>NT-proBNP &#40;pg&#47;mL&#41; &#91;median &#40;IQR&#41;&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4&#44;017 &#40;1&#44;954&#8211;8&#44;853&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">60&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3&#44;564 &#40;1&#44;712&#8211;7&#46;757&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4&#44;137 &#40;2&#44;016&#8211;9&#44;127&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#60;0&#46;001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;41&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">58&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4935 &#40;39&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1122 &#40;37&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3813 &#40;39&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Intermediate risk&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5081 &#40;40&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3793 &#40;39&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>High risk&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1356 &#40;10&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">312 &#40;10&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1044 &#40;10&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Very high risk&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1202 &#40;9&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">283 &#40;9&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">919 &#40;9&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Data available &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">With COPD N&#8239;&#61;&#8239;4952 n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No COPD N&#8239;&#61;&#8239;16742 n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">TREATMENT IN THE EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Intravenous furosemide&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17851 &#40;84&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">97&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4071 &#40;84&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13780 &#40;84&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Oxygen therapy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14612 &#40;69&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">97&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3598 &#40;74&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11014 &#40;68&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#60;0&#46;001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Intravenous antibiotic&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6032 &#40;28&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">96&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2344 &#40;48&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3688 &#40;22&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#60;0&#46;001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Nebulized anticholinergics&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4865 &#40;23&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">96&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1510 &#40;31&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3355 &#40;20&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#60;0&#46;001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Nebulized beta2-adrenergic agonists&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4814 &#40;22&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">96&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1976 &#40;41&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2838 &#40;17&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#60;0&#46;001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Systemic corticosteroids&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3807 &#40;18&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">96&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1474 &#40;30&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2333 &#40;14&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#60;0&#46;001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Digoxin&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2452 &#40;11&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">96&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">558 &#40;11&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1894 &#40;11&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;77&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Intravenous nitrates&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2211 &#40;10&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">96&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">446 &#40;9&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1765 &#40;10&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#60;0&#46;001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Noninvasive ventilation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1411 &#40;6&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">96&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">434 &#40;9&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">977 &#40;6&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#60;0&#46;001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Morphine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1205 &#40;5&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">96&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">268 &#40;5&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">937 &#40;5&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;53&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Amiodarone&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">728 &#40;3&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">96&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">178 &#40;3&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">550 &#40;3&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;34&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Invasive mechanical ventilation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">385 &#40;1&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">96&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">103 &#40;2&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">282 &#40;1&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Inotropic agents&#47;Vasopressors&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">271 &#40;1&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">96&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">72 &#40;1&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">199 &#40;1&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">DESTINATION AFTER EMERGENCY CARE</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hospitalization&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">16144 &#40;74&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">99&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3812 &#40;77&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12332 &#40;73&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#60;0&#46;001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Intensive care unit hospitalization&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">270 &#40;1&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">94&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">48 &#40;1&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">222 &#40;1&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;036</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">OR&#58; odds ratio&#59; CI&#58; confidence interval&#59; COPD&#58; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease&#59; MEESSI-AHF&#58; Multiple Estimation of risk based on the Emergency department Spanish Score in Acute Heart Failure&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">In-hospital mortality&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mortality at 30 days<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">All COPD patients &#40;N&#8239;&#61;&#8239;21&#44;694&#41;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>N events &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1655 &#40;7&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2209 &#40;10&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">COPD &#40;N&#8239;&#61;&#8239;4&#44;952&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>N events &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">401 &#40;8&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">542 &#40;11&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Patients without COPD &#40;N&#8239;&#61;&#8239;16&#44;742&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>N events &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1254 &#40;7&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1667 &#40;10&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Odds ratio &#40;95&#37; CI&#41; for COPD patients &#40;N&#8239;&#61;&#8239;21&#44;694&#41;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Crude&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;088 &#40;0&#46;968&#8211;1&#46;224&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">1&#46;111 &#40;1&#46;007&#8211;1&#46;261&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Adjusted for baseline characteristics&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;098 &#40;0&#46;966&#8211;1&#46;247&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">1&#46;127 &#40;1&#46;053&#8211;1&#46;313&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Adjusted for episode characteristics&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;017 &#40;0&#46;898&#8211;1&#46;153&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;041 &#40;0&#46;933&#8211;1&#46;162&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Adjusted for emergency department management&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;966 &#40;0&#46;852&#8211;1&#46;094&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;009 &#40;0&#46;905&#8211;1&#46;125&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Total adjustment&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In-hospital mortality and mortality at 30 days after emergency department consultation in patients with acute heart failure included in this study and comparison according to whether there was a previous diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease&#46;</p>"
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Original article
Uncorrected Proof. Available online 14 October 2024
Clinical features, management in the emergency department and mortality of acute heart failure episodes in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Características clínicas, manejo en urgencias y mortalidad de los episodios de insuficiencia cardíaca aguda en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica
N. Ivarsa,1, Pere Llorensa,1, A. Alquézarc, J. Jacobd, B. Rodrígueze, M. Guzmánf, L. Serrano Lázarog, M.C. Martínez Picónh, L. Cuevas Jiménezi, Ò. Mirób,
Corresponding author
omiro@clinic.cat

Corresponding author.
, en representación del grupo de investigación ICA-SEMES) 2
a Servicio de Urgencias, Corta Estancia y Hospitalización a Domicilio, Hospital General Dr. Balmis, ISABIAL, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain
b Servicio de Urgencias, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
c Servicio de Urgencias, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
d Servicio de Urgencias, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, l’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
e Servicio de Urgencias, Hospital Infanta Leonor, Madrid, Spain
f Servicio de Urgencias, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
g Servicio de Urgencias, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain
h Servicio de Urgencias, Hospital La Mancha Centro, Ciudad Real, Spain
i Servicio de Urgencias, Hospital Sant Pau i Santa Tecla, Tarragona, Spain
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Table 1. Baseline characteristics of patients with acute heart failure included in the study and comparison according to whether there was a previous diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Table 2. Characteristics of the acute heart failure decompensation episode in the patients included in this study and comparison according to whether there is a previous diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Table 3. Emergency department management of patients with acute heart failure included in this study and comparison according to previous diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Table 4. In-hospital mortality and mortality at 30 days after emergency department consultation in patients with acute heart failure included in this study and comparison according to whether there was a previous diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Abstract
Objectives

This study aims to analyse differences in clinical and therapeutic management for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who present to the emergency department with acute heart failure (AHF). Additionally, it examines mortality rates during such episodes.

Methods

We included patients diagnosed with AHF at 50 Spanish emergency departments from 2012 to 2022 who also had COPD. We compared their baseline characteristics, decompensation episodes, and emergency department management with those of AHF patients without COPD during the same period. We collected data on in-hospital and 30-day all-cause mortality, investigating differences between the two groups using crude and adjusted logistic regression models.

Results

A total of 21,694 AHF patients were analysed (median age = 83 years, 56% female), including 4,942 (23%) with COPD. COPD patients were generally younger and more frequently male, with a higher prevalence of comorbidities (excluding valve disease and dementia, which were more common in non-COPD patients). They exhibited a worse respiratory functional class (NYHA) but a better overall functional capacity (Barthel Index). Decompensation in COPD patients was more often triggered by infection and less frequently by tachyarrhythmia, hypertensive crisis, or acute coronary syndrome. While there were differences in clinical findings in the emergency department, the severity assessed by the MEESSI-AHF Scale was similar across both groups. In terms of emergency department management, a higher proportion of COPD patients received oxygen therapy, non-invasive ventilation, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and antibiotics, while fewer received intravenous nitroglycerin, and they were hospitalized more frequently. In-hospital mortality rates were 8.1% for patients with COPD and 7.5% for those without (OR = 1.088, 95% CI = 0.968–1.224), with 30-day mortality rates of 11.0% and 10.0%, respectively (OR = 1.111, 95% CI = 1.002–1.231). After adjusting for clinical characteristics, decompensation episodes, and emergency department management, these odds ratios decreased to 1.040 (95% CI = 0.905–1.195) and 1.080 (95% CI = 0.957–1.219), respectively.

Conclusion

Patients with AHF and COPD exhibit distinct clinical and therapeutic management characteristics in the emergency department and require more frequent hospitalization. Although they show higher crude 30-day mortality, this is attributable to their differing clinical profiles rather than the presence of COPD itself.

Keywords:
Acute heart failure
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Mortality
Emergencies
Resumen
Objetivos

Analizar si los pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) presentan diferencias clínicas y de manejo terapéutico en urgencias cuando desarrollan un episodio de insuficiencia cardiaca aguda (ICA) y analizar la mortalidad durante dicha descompensación.

Método

Se incluyeron pacientes diagnosticados de ICA en 50 servicios de urgencias españoles entre 2012 y 2022 y que también padecían EPOC, y se compararon sus características basales, del episodio de descompensación y de manejo terapéutico en urgencias con las de pacientes con ICA sin EPOC diagnosticados durante dicho periodo. Se recogió la mortalidad por cualquier causa intrahospitalaria y a los 30 días, y se investigó si existían diferencias entre pacientes con y sin EPOC en modelos de regresión logística crudos y ajustados.

Resultados

Se analizaron 21.694 pacientes con ICA (mediana = 83 años, mujeres = 56%), 4.942 (23%) con EPOC. Estos eran más jóvenes, más frecuentemente varones, con más comorbilidades (con excepción de valvulopatía y demencia, más frecuentes en pacientes no EPOC), peor clase funcional respiratoria (NYHA) y mejor capacidad funcional global (índice de Barthel). La descompensación de los pacientes EPOC estuvo más frecuentemente desencadenada por una infección y menos por taquiarritmia, crisis hipertensiva o síndrome coronario agudo y, aunque hubo diferencias en los hallazgos clínicos en urgencias, la gravedad estimada mediante la Escala MEESSI-AHF fue similar en ambos grupos. Respecto al manejo en urgencias, más pacientes EPOC recibieron oxigenoterapia, ventilación no invasiva, broncodilatadores, corticoides y antibióticos y menos nitroglicerina endovenosa, y hospitalizaron más frecuentemente. La mortalidad intrahospitalaria en pacientes con y sin EPOC fue del 8,1% y del 7,5%, respectivamente (OR = 1,088, IC95% = 0,968−1,224) y a 30 días fue del 11,0% y del 10,0% (OR = 1,111, IC95% = 1,002−1,231). Tras ajustar por las características clínicas, del episodio de descompensación y del manejo en urgencias, estas OR descendieron a 1,040 (0,905−1,195) y 1,080 (0,957−1,219), respectivamente.

Conclusión

Los pacientes con ICA y EPOC tienen características clínicas y de manejo terapéutico en urgencias diferenciales, y precisan mayor hospitalización. Si bien presentan una mayor mortalidad cruda a los 30 días, esto se explica por este diferente perfil clínico más que por la propia existencia de la EPOC.

Palabras clave:
Insuficiencia cardíaca aguda
Enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica
Mortalidad
Urgencias

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