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from the point of view of medical personnel at various healthcare levels &#40;primary care&#44; intensive care&#44; palliative care and emergency departments&#41; and patients &#40;elderly and chronically ill&#41;&#46; Although there seems to be a broad acceptance of advance directives and a favorable predisposition to granting them&#44; there is still a lack of practical knowledge on the use of advance directives and little involvement of physicians in this process&#46; Less than 10&#37; of patients with chronic diseases report having received information from their physician about advance directives&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Recently and thanks to the study conducted by Nebot et al&#46; in 2010 in the community of Valencia&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> a number of the actual characteristics of advance directives have been established&#44; although their usefulness and the degree to which they are subsequently considered in the healthcare process are still unknown&#46; The aim of the present study was to specifically address these 2 issues&#58; &#40;1&#41; determine the number and characteristics of patients who issued advance directives who were registered in our center from 2001 to 2011 and &#40;2&#41; determine how these directives influenced the subsequent care and whether they were considered in this care&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Patients and methods</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The present study had an observational&#44; retrospective&#44; descriptive-analytical design with no intervention and reviewed all advance directives delivered by patients from 2001 to 2011 to the Department of Customer Care of a tertiary urban university hospital&#46; This center has a reference population of 540&#44;000 and&#44; for a number of highly complex diseases&#44; acts as a reference center for all of Catalonia&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study population consisted of all individuals who contacted the Department of Customer Care to deliver their advance directives&#44; regardless of whether these directives would have been followed in any community in Spain&#46; This department is responsible for centralizing the receipt of all advance directives in the hospital&#46; For all cases&#44; the advance directives were then added to the medical records hard copy along with the other clinical documentation&#46; The document was also scanned and saved in portable document format &#40;PDF&#41; for inclusion in the electronic medical records&#44; thereby enabling its real-time online consultation when necessary&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To determine the study patients&#8217; clinical&#8211;demographic characteristics&#44; the following variables were assigned to the study patients at the time the advance directives were provided&#58; &#40;1&#41; the year the document was delivered to the Department of Customer Care&#44; &#40;2&#41; the year the advance directives were issued by the patient&#44; &#40;3&#41; age&#44; &#40;4&#41; gender&#44; &#40;5&#41; main known condition &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; cancer&#44; chronic disease&#41;&#44; &#40;6&#41; the Barthel functional independence index and &#40;7&#41; the Charlson comorbidity index&#46; Variables 1&#8211;7 were collected after reviewing the medical records and the advance directives&#44; which had been scanned and made available in the hospital&#39;s electronic medical records&#46; Subsequently&#44; an electronic review was conducted of each patient&#39;s hospital medical record and&#44; occasionally&#44; the Shared Medical History of Catalonia of the Department of Health of the government of Catalonia&#44; which offers access to all medical documentation generated by healthcare throughout the public health system of Catalonia&#46; To understand the influence&#44; use and reference of advance directives&#44; we analyzed the subsequent healthcare process of hospitalization or emergency department visits and collected the following variables&#58; &#40;8&#41; type of healthcare process &#40;hospitalization or emergency department visit&#41;&#59; &#40;9&#41; department involved in this process&#59; &#40;10&#41; whether the patient had the capacity to make decisions at that time&#59; &#40;11&#41; whether the advance directives were considered during the healthcare process&#44; i&#46;e&#46;&#44; whether the advance directives were expressly mentioned in the reviewed data&#59; &#40;12&#41; whether the actions taken were in line with the wishes expressed in the advance directives&#59; &#40;13&#41; whether&#44; in the event of controversy&#44; the intervention of the healthcare ethics committee was requested&#59; and&#44; if necessary&#44; &#40;14&#41; the year the patient died&#46; A bivariate study was performed on variables 2&#44; 3&#44; 5&#44; 6 and 7 based on the patient&#39;s gender to assess differences in these variables between the men and women&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Given the special sensitivity of the issues analyzed&#44; we adopted measures to ensure patient confidentiality and the various ethical aspects of the study&#46; The study was approved by the Ethics Committee for Clinical Research &#40;EC&#41; of Hospital Clinic of Barcelona &#40;Registration 2012&#47;7702&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The data were recorded in an Excel database and subsequently analyzed with the SPSS 18&#46;0 application&#46; The variables were expressed as mean &#40;standard deviation &#91;SD&#93;&#41; if they were quantitative and in absolute values and percentages if they were qualitative&#46; The comparison among groups was performed using Student&#39;s <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>-test for quantitative variables and by Pearson&#39;s chi-squared test or Fisher&#39;s exact test when the calculated values were less than 5&#46; To assess the delay between the issuing of advance directives and their use&#44; we performed an analysis using a survival curve where the event was the patient&#39;s death&#46; We considered variables in which the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-value was less than 0&#46;05 to be statistically significant&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Results</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From 2001 to 2011&#44; 130 patients delivered and registered an advance directive in the Department of Customer Care of Hospital Clinic of Barcelona&#59; these directives were analyzed in their entirety&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a> shows the annual distribution and evolution of these documents based on their issuance date&#46; Despite an increase in the number of directives &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#41;&#44; there has been no significant change in recent years in the number of documents produced annually&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The majority of advance directives were written using the structure of the guidance document provided by the government of Catalonia&#59; 54&#46;4&#37; of these directives were notarized&#46; There were no corrections or changes in the registered advance directives during their subsequent analysis&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The characteristics of the patients who issued advance directives &#40;at the time the patients issued the directives&#41; are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46; The patients&#8217; mean age was 61 &#40;12&#41; years&#59; 64&#37; were diagnosed with a neoplastic disease&#44; 33&#37; had a chronic disease &#40;heart failure&#44; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease&#44; diabetes&#44; renal failure or hepatic cirrhosis&#41; and 18&#37; presented no relevant condition&#46; The patients&#8217; comorbidity score&#44; measured by the Charlson index&#44; was high &#40;score &#8805;3&#41; for 33&#37; of the patients&#44; low &#40;score<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#41; for 30&#37; and absent &#40;score 0&#8211;1&#41; in 37&#37; of the cases&#46; Furthermore&#44; functional dependence&#44; as measured by the Barthel index&#44; was nonexistent for 73&#37; of the patients &#40;score 100&#41;&#44; minimal for 1&#46;6&#37; &#40;score 91&#8211;99&#41;&#44; moderate for 17&#46;8&#37; &#40;score 61&#8211;90&#41;&#44; severe for 6&#46;2&#37; &#40;score 21&#8211;60&#41; and total for 1&#46;6&#37; &#40;score 0&#8211;20&#41;&#46; Women&#44; in addition to issuing advance directives more often than men &#40;61&#46;5&#37; vs&#46; 38&#46;5&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;08&#41;&#44; had a slightly higher age &#40;63 &#91;&#177;12&#93; vs&#46; 60 &#91;&#177;12&#93; years&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;17&#41;&#44; a lower prevalence of neoplasms &#40;45&#37; vs&#46; 56&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#41; and chronic disease &#40;27&#37; vs&#46; 42&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#41; and lower comorbidity &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;01&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the progress follow-up of patients who had registered an advance directive&#44; we reviewed 361 related medical acts &#40;193 hospital admissions and 168 emergency department visits&#41;&#46; It is noteworthy that 30 patients underwent surgery&#44; and for 6 of these pateints&#44; the surgery consisted of transplantation&#46; At the time the study was completed &#40;last quarter of 2012&#41;&#44; we were able to establish that 74 &#40;57&#37;&#41; patients were still living and 37 &#40;28&#37;&#41; had died&#46; We were unable to establish whether the patients were still alive in 19 cases &#40;15&#37;&#41; due to a loss to follow-up&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In terms of the use of advance directives in the terminal phase of the patients who died&#44; 13 of the 37 &#40;35&#46;1&#37;&#41; were incapable of decision making in the final phase of their disease&#44; and there was an express reference to the existence and use of advance directives in 9 of these patients &#40;69&#37;&#41;&#46; None of the cases showed any controversy in the interpretation of the registered instructions&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a> shows how far ahead of time the advance directives were issued &#40;as measured from issuance to the patient&#39;s death&#41;&#59; the cumulative survival after the registration of the directives was 81&#37; at 1 year&#44; 71&#37; at 5 years and 51&#37; at 10 years&#46; Ultimately&#44; considering only those cases that were known to have ended in death&#44; the median time elapsed from the date the advance directives were issued to the death was 430 days &#40;1&#46;2 years&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Discussion</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is difficult to determine the number of advance directives issued in Spain because each community differs in their legislation and in the mandatory nature of their registration&#46; According to recent data published at the end of February 2013&#44; 146&#44;641 DVA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> were registered throughout Spain&#44; which represents 0&#46;31&#37; of the general population&#46; The community of Catalonia has one of the highest penetration rates for this type of document&#44; with 46&#44;471 &#40;0&#46;61&#37; of population&#44; 31&#46;7&#37; of the total number of advance directives registered in Spain&#41;&#46; These data differ significantly from the U&#46;S&#46; figures&#44; where these documents are signed by between 29&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> and 41&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> of the adult population&#46; In our study&#44; there is a notable scarcity of advance directives &#40;130&#41; registered in the hospital&#44; despite being located in Catalonia and caring for a high proportion of patients with complex conditions and chronic diseases&#44; a population for which we would expect greater sensitization on this issue&#46; The Catalan legislation leaves the initiative for communicating advance directives up to the patients&#44; relatives or close friends&#44; who must provide the documents to the healthcare centers&#46; These centers&#44; however&#44; do have to include the directives in the medical history and consider them in the decision-making process&#46; Additionally&#44; the legislation recommends but does not require the registration of issued advance directives&#59; therefore&#44; the actual number of issued advance directives should undoubtedly be higher than the number of advance directives registered in our center and that have been considered in this study&#46; Moreover&#44; we do not know whether our situation is shared by other centers&#44; because we have found no studies on this issue&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our study shows stabilization in recent years in the number of advance directives registered in our center&#46; Various authors<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21&#44;22</span></a> argue that certain variables such as informed status&#44; education&#44; age&#44; values and personal experiences can influence the process starting from awareness of the existence of advance directives&#44; to their preparation and ultimate issuance&#46; Additionally&#44; outreach campaigns and the media&#39;s treatment of the ethical issues related to the end of life can place these issues at the forefront and thereby increase sensitivity&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Information on the actual characteristics of the issued advance directives and their issuers is&#44; at present&#44; scare&#46; The study by Nebot et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> in the community of Valencia and news published in the press<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> indicate a greater issuance of these directives by women and a mean age of 54&#8211;60 years&#46; It is postulated that this is due to the fact that women are the main caretakers of patients and the ones who have witnessed experiences that they do not wish to have repeated&#46; Our study confirms this greater issuance by women &#40;61&#46;5&#37;&#41;&#44; with a slightly higher mean age &#40;61 years&#41;&#44; probably due to the fact that the analyzed population is derived exclusively from a hospital setting&#46; Among other characteristics is the fact that 54&#46;4&#37; of the advance directives were prepared before a notary&#46; The legislative differences between the communities and the lack of published data on this issue preclude us from making comparisons&#46; Finally&#44; in our series&#44; neoplastic and chronic disease were present at the start in 64&#37; and 33&#37; of the cases&#44; respectively&#44; which is in line with other studies that indicate these population subgroups as being more sensitized to the drafting of advance directives&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;23</span></a> Nevertheless&#44; functional dependence as measured by the Barthel index and comorbidity measured by the Charlson index describe a patient who is still far from incapacitating functional impairment and who probably&#44; despite it being a subjective concept&#44; has an acceptable quality of life&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our study indicates that the issuance of advance directives does not represent a restriction in subsequent care or limit the therapeutic possibilities offered&#46; In our series&#44; 30 patients underwent surgery and 6 underwent transplantation&#46; However&#44; we found no mention of the use of advance directives in emergency situations for the analyzed patients&#46; In these conditions&#44; in which the severity of the process and the need for quick decision making converge&#44; where the patient&#39;s ability to decide is impaired and where there is a lack of family support&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24&#8211;26</span></a> advance directives could be of considerable use&#46; Our information seems to indicate that the registration of advance directives is undertaken well in advance of the patient&#39;s death&#44; as shown by the cumulative survival data listed in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#46; In the U&#46;S&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> a study on patients who died revealed that the median time between the date on which the advance directives were completed and the date of death was 1&#46;2 years&#59; on this issue&#44; our study shows the same result&#46; All of these suggest that planning is performed in an acceptable manner before a life crisis&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The issues that impede advance directives from reaching the expected initial success include the following<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#8211;8&#44;28&#44;29</span></a>&#58; suboptimal understanding by the population and medical personnel&#59; a fear of discussing death&#59; the traditionally passive role assumed by the patient vs&#46; the treatment decisions&#59; the persistence of a traditionally paternalistic doctor&#8211;patient relationship&#59; deficient doctor&#8211;patient communication&#59; a lack of skill and time&#59; the legislative differences and bureaucratic issues of issuing&#44; registering and accessing the directives&#59; the difficulty in interpreting and validating the advance directives at the time of their use&#44; when their terms are vague&#59; the known change in the patients&#8217; wishes and attitudes as the disease progresses&#59; questions about whether the patient was well informed about the progressive nature of the disease and the various therapeutic alternatives at any time&#59; the emotional burden for the patient&#44; close friends and medical personnel when actually facing the time when final decisions are made&#59; and&#44; lastly&#44; the not uncommon discrepancy between the patients&#8217; perception and that of their companion&#44; with the difficulty that entails when having to act as a representative&#46; Various studies&#44; especially in the U&#46;S&#46;&#44; have assessed the usefulness of advance directives and have shown deviations&#46; While Silveira et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> stated in a longitudinal study of a cohort of 3746 American adults that advance directives are important tools for medical care according to the wishes of the patients&#46; The editorial comment that accompanied this article<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> was skeptical of this conclusion and reflected on advance directives and the broader concept of advance care planning&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> In our series&#44; we observed the usefulness of advance directives in decision making at the end of life&#46; This was evident given that among the patients who died and were unable to decide for themselves in the final stage of their disease&#44; 69&#37; of the cases expressly referred to these documents in the medical history&#46; None of the cases showed controversy in the interpretation of the instructions recorded in the directives&#46; The presence of healthcare processes in which there was no express reference to advance directives should be noted&#46; We cannot therefore ensure that the advance directives were considered in these cases&#46; Additionally&#44; the comments were generic&#44; and we could not verify detailed compliance with the various instructions contained in the documents compared with the measures ultimately applied&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The limitations of the present study include its moderate size and its implementation in a single center&#44; as well as the inability to verify in detail the measures applied with the instructions reflected in the advance directives&#46; Therefore&#44; these results should not be generalized without due caution&#46; Broader studies are warranted to investigate these issues in greater depth&#46; In any case&#44; the study represents a local overview of advance directives&#44; the characteristics of the patients who issued them&#44; the subsequent evolution of the healthcare processes and the use of the directives in decision making at the end of life&#46; However&#44; we are far from expectations&#59; we therefore need to move forward in the advance planning of healthcare decisions of which advance directives are only a part&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        4 => array:2 [
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          "titulo" => "Background"
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        5 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0020"
          "titulo" => "Patients and methods"
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        6 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0025"
          "titulo" => "Results"
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          "identificador" => "sec0030"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2013-10-10"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2014-02-20"
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          "clase" => "keyword"
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          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Advance directives"
            1 => "Prior instructions"
            2 => "Bioethics"
            3 => "End of life"
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          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
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          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Voluntades anticipadas"
            1 => "Instrucciones previas"
            2 => "Bio&#233;tica"
            3 => "Final de la vida"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To evaluate the characteristics of patients who provide written advance directives and the use of the documents in healthcare practice&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methodology</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">An observational&#44; descriptive&#44; retrospective study of all written advance directives registered at a university hospital between 2001 and 2011&#46; The clinical&#8211;demographic characteristics of the patients at the time they provided the documents were studied&#44; as was the later use of the documents through an electronic medical history analysis&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A total of 130 advance directive documents were registered&#46; At the time of their provision&#44; the average patient age was 61 years&#59; about 64&#37; were diagnosed with a neoplastic illness&#59; 73&#37; were completely independent &#40;Barthel&#41;&#44; and 36&#46;4&#37; presented no comorbidities &#40;Charlson&#41;&#46; The women were slightly older than the men &#40;63 vs&#46; 60&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;17&#41; and they were more likely to provide advance directives &#40;61&#46;5&#37; vs&#46; 31&#46;5&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01&#41; than men&#59; the women&#39;s illnesses were less relevant &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; and they presented less comorbidity &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01&#41;&#46; A total of 361 medical acts were reviewed &#40;193 hospital admissions and 168 emergency visits&#41;&#46; At the end of the study&#44; 74 patients were alive &#40;57&#37;&#41;&#44; 37 had died &#40;28&#37;&#41;&#44; and in 19 cases &#40;15&#37;&#41;&#44; their evolution was lost&#46; Of those who died&#44; 13 &#40;35&#46;1&#37;&#41; were functionally incapacitated in the terminal phase of their illness&#44; and in 9 &#40;69&#37;&#41;&#44; the advance directives were applied in the final phase of their illness&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The number of registered advance directives is low&#59; they do not interfere in the care process&#44; and the documents are considered in the final decisions of life&#46;</p>"
      ]
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        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Evaluar las caracter&#237;sticas de los pacientes que otorgan documentos de voluntades anticipadas &#40;DVA&#41; y su uso en la pr&#225;ctica asistencial&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Metodolog&#237;a</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio observacional&#44; descriptivo&#44; retrospectivo&#44; de todos los DVA registrados en un hospital universitario en el periodo 2001-2011&#46; Se investigaron las caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nico-demogr&#225;ficas de los pacientes en el momento de su otorgamiento y&#44; mediante el an&#225;lisis de la historia cl&#237;nica &#40;HC&#41; electr&#243;nica&#44; el uso posterior de los DVA&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se registraron 130 DVA&#46; En el momento de su otorgamiento&#44; la edad media era 61 a&#241;os&#44; un 64&#37; estaba diagnosticado de enfermedad neopl&#225;sica&#44; un 73&#37; era totalmente independiente &#40;Barthel&#41; y un 36&#44;4&#37; no presentaba comorbilidad &#40;Charlson&#41;&#46; Las mujeres ten&#237;an&#44; respecto a los hombres&#44; una edad ligeramente superior &#40;63 vs&#46; 60&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;17&#41;&#44; otorgaban en mayor medida &#40;61&#44;5&#37; vs&#46; 31&#44;5&#37;&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;08&#41;&#44; su enfermedad era menos relevante &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41; y presentaban una menor comorbilidad &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;01&#41;&#46; Se revisaron 361 actos m&#233;dicos &#40;193 ingresos hospitalarios y 168 visitas a urgencias&#41;&#46; Al finalizar el estudio&#44; 74 pacientes estaban vivos &#40;57&#37;&#41;&#44; 37 hab&#237;an fallecido &#40;28&#37;&#41; y en 19 casos &#40;15&#37;&#41; se hab&#237;a perdido su evoluci&#243;n&#46; De los fallecidos&#44; 13 &#40;35&#44;1&#37;&#41; presentaban incapacidad de decisi&#243;n en la fase terminal de su enfermedad y en 9 &#40;69&#37;&#41; se realizaron uso y referencia expresa a los DVA en la fase final de su enfermedad&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El n&#250;mero de DVA registrados es escaso&#59; no interfieren en la pr&#225;ctica asistencial y los mismos son considerados en la toma de decisiones al final de la vida&#46;</p>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Antol&#237;n A&#44; Jim&#233;nez S&#44; Gonz&#225;lez M&#44; G&#243;mez E&#44; S&#225;nchez M&#44; Mir&#243; O&#46; Caracter&#237;sticas y uso del documento de voluntades anticipadas en un hospital terciario&#46; Rev Clin Esp&#46; 2014&#59;214&#58;296&#8211;302&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Women&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Men&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">130&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">80 &#40;61&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">50 &#40;38&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">61 &#40;12&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">63 &#40;12&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">60 &#40;12&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Primary disease</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cancer&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">64 &#40;49&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">36 &#40;45&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">28 &#40;56&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Chronic disease&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">43 &#40;33&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">22 &#40;27&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">21 &#40;42&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Other&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">23 &#40;17&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">22 &#40;27&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;2&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Comorbidity &#40;Charlson&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Absent &#40;0&#8211;1 points&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">47 &#40;36&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">35 &#40;44&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12 &#40;24&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Low &#40;2 points&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">39 &#40;30&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">23 &#40;29&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">16 &#40;32&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>High &#40;&#8805;3 points&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">43 &#40;33&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">21 &#40;26&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">22 &#40;44&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Functional dependence &#40;Barthel&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;063&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Total dependence &#40;0&#8211;20 points&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;1&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;1&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;2&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Severe dependence &#40;21&#8211;60 points&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8 &#40;6&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;3&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;10&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Moderate Dependence &#40;61&#8211;90 points&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">23 &#40;17&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12 &#40;15&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11 &#40;22&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;1&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;2&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0 &#40;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Independent &#40;100 points&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">94 &#40;72&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">61 &#40;77&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">33 &#40;66&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Current situation</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Survived&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">74 &#40;56&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">52 &#40;65&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">22 &#40;44&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Dead&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">37 &#40;28&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">18 &#40;22&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">19 &#40;38&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Unknown&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Characteristics of patients who issued advance directives in the period 2001&#8211;2011 at the Hospital Clinic of Barcelona&#46;</p>"
        ]
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        "texto" => array:1 [
          "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">What we know&#63;</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Advance directives have been regulated since 2000 and have a central registry&#46; Although a number of studies have analyzed the degree of awareness of these directives by patients and physicians&#44; there are few studies that examine their degree of penetration and the characteristics of patients who use them&#46; We also do not know how they are used in clinical practice&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">What this article provides&#63;</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study reports on the experience of a large Catalan hospital with advance directives issued by patients cared for over the course of 10 years&#46; In general&#44; the number of advance directives registered was low&#59; women issued these directives more often and had lower morbidity&#46; The patients who ultimately died and were unable to make decisions at the end of their life were those who best used these documents&#46; Although this study has limitations due to the sample characteristics and methodology&#44; the study helps shed light on the role of this type of document in the medical practice&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Editors</p></span></span>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:30 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0005"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Convenio sobre los Derechos Humanos y la Biomedicina&#46; Convenio para la protecci&#243;n de los Derechos Humanos y la dignidad del ser humano con respecto a las aplicaciones de la Biolog&#237;a y la Medicina&#46; Oviedo &#40;Asturias&#41;&#44; el 4 de abril de 1997&#46; Archivos del Consejo de Europa &#91;consultado 22&#46;06&#46;08&#93;&#46; Disponible en&#58; <a id="intr0010" class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="http://www.unav.es/cdb/coeconvencion.html">http&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;unav&#46;es&#47;cdb&#47;coeconvencion&#46;html</a>&#46;"
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              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0010"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Ley 21&#47;2000&#44; de 29 de diciembre de 2000&#46; Derechos de informaci&#243;n concernientes a la salud&#44; a la autonom&#237;a del paciente y a la documentaci&#243;n cl&#237;nica&#46; DOGC N&#46;o 3303&#47;2001 de 11 enero del 2001&#46;"
                ]
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0015"
              "etiqueta" => "3"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Ley 41&#47;2002&#44; de 14 de noviembre&#44; b&#225;sica reguladora de la autonom&#237;a del paciente y de derechos y obligaciones en materia de informaci&#243;n y documentaci&#243;n cl&#237;nica&#46; BOE N&#46;o 274&#47;2002 de 15 de noviembre del 2002&#46;"
                ]
              ]
            ]
            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0020"
              "etiqueta" => "4"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Real Decreto 124&#47;2007&#44; de 2 de febrero&#44; por el que se regula el Registro Nacional de Instrucciones Previas y el correspondiente fichero automatizado de datos de car&#225;cter personal&#46; BOE 40&#47;2007 de 15 de febrero del 2007&#46;"
                ]
              ]
            ]
            4 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0025"
              "etiqueta" => "5"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Controlling death&#58; the false promise of advance directives"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "H&#46;S&#46; Perkins"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Ann Intern Med"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "147"
                        "paginaInicial" => "51"
                        "paginaFinal" => "57"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17606961"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            5 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0030"
              "etiqueta" => "6"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Advance directives and outcomes of surrogate decision making before death"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "M&#46;J&#46; Silveira"
                            1 => "S&#46;Y&#46;H&#46; Kim"
                            2 => "K&#46;M&#46; Langa"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1056/NEJMsa0907901"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "N Engl J Med"
                        "fecha" => "2010"
                        "volumen" => "362"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1211"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1218"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20357283"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            6 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0035"
              "etiqueta" => "7"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Reversing the code status of advanced directives&#63; &#91;editorial&#93;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "M&#46;R&#46; Gillick"
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                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1056/NEJMe1000136"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "N Engl J Med"
                        "fecha" => "2010"
                        "volumen" => "362"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1239"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1240"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20357288"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
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            7 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0040"
              "etiqueta" => "8"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Hickman SE&#44; Hammes BJ&#44; Moss AH&#44; Tolle SW&#46; &#8220;Hope for the future&#58; achieving the original intent of advance directives&#8221;&#46; Improving end of life care&#58; why has it been so difficult&#63; Hastings Center Report Special Report&#46; 2005&#59;35&#58;S26&#8211;S30&#46; The Hastings Center&#46; New York&#58; Garrison 10524-5555&#46; &#91;consultado 15&#46;09&#46;08&#93;&#46; Disponible en&#58; <a id="intr0015" class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="http://www.thehastingscenter.org/Publications/SpecialReports/Detail.aspx%3Fid=1344">http&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;thehastingscenter&#46;org&#47;Publications&#47;SpecialReports&#47;Detail&#46;aspx&#63;id&#61;1344</a>&#46;"
                ]
              ]
            ]
            8 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0045"
              "etiqueta" => "9"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Conocimientos y actitudes de los mayores hacia el documento de voluntades anticipadas"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "F&#46; Andr&#233;s-Pretel"
                            1 => "B&#46; Navarro Bravo"
                            2 => "I&#46; P&#225;rraga Martinez"
                            3 => "M&#46;A&#46; De la Torre Garc&#237;a"
                            4 => "M&#46;D&#46; Jim&#233;nez del Vale"
                            5 => "J&#46; L&#243;pez-Torres Hidalgo"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.gaceta.2011.12.007"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Gac Sanit"
                        "fecha" => "2012"
                        "volumen" => "26"
                        "paginaInicial" => "570"
                        "paginaFinal" => "573"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22444520"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
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                    ]
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                ]
              ]
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Journal Information
Vol. 214. Issue 6.
Pages 296-302 (August - September 2014)
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Vol. 214. Issue 6.
Pages 296-302 (August - September 2014)
Original article
Characteristics and use of advance directives in a tertiary hospital.
Características y uso del documento de voluntades anticipadas en un hospital terciario
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A. Antolína,
Corresponding author
antolin@clinic.ub.es

Corresponding author.
, S. Jiméneza, M. Gonzáleza,b, E. Gómeza, M. Sáncheza, O. Miróa
a Área Urgencias, Hospital Clínic, Grupo Investigación «Urgencias: procesos y patologías», Fundació Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
b Servicio de Atención al Usuario, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
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Table 1. Characteristics of patients who issued advance directives in the period 2001–2011 at the Hospital Clinic of Barcelona.
Abstract
Objective

To evaluate the characteristics of patients who provide written advance directives and the use of the documents in healthcare practice.

Methodology

An observational, descriptive, retrospective study of all written advance directives registered at a university hospital between 2001 and 2011. The clinical–demographic characteristics of the patients at the time they provided the documents were studied, as was the later use of the documents through an electronic medical history analysis.

Results

A total of 130 advance directive documents were registered. At the time of their provision, the average patient age was 61 years; about 64% were diagnosed with a neoplastic illness; 73% were completely independent (Barthel), and 36.4% presented no comorbidities (Charlson). The women were slightly older than the men (63 vs. 60, p=0.17) and they were more likely to provide advance directives (61.5% vs. 31.5%, p=0.01) than men; the women's illnesses were less relevant (p=0.001) and they presented less comorbidity (p=0.01). A total of 361 medical acts were reviewed (193 hospital admissions and 168 emergency visits). At the end of the study, 74 patients were alive (57%), 37 had died (28%), and in 19 cases (15%), their evolution was lost. Of those who died, 13 (35.1%) were functionally incapacitated in the terminal phase of their illness, and in 9 (69%), the advance directives were applied in the final phase of their illness.

Conclusions

The number of registered advance directives is low; they do not interfere in the care process, and the documents are considered in the final decisions of life.

Keywords:
Advance directives
Prior instructions
Bioethics
End of life
Resumen
Objetivo

Evaluar las características de los pacientes que otorgan documentos de voluntades anticipadas (DVA) y su uso en la práctica asistencial.

Metodología

Estudio observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo, de todos los DVA registrados en un hospital universitario en el periodo 2001-2011. Se investigaron las características clínico-demográficas de los pacientes en el momento de su otorgamiento y, mediante el análisis de la historia clínica (HC) electrónica, el uso posterior de los DVA.

Resultados

Se registraron 130 DVA. En el momento de su otorgamiento, la edad media era 61 años, un 64% estaba diagnosticado de enfermedad neoplásica, un 73% era totalmente independiente (Barthel) y un 36,4% no presentaba comorbilidad (Charlson). Las mujeres tenían, respecto a los hombres, una edad ligeramente superior (63 vs. 60, p=0,17), otorgaban en mayor medida (61,5% vs. 31,5%, p=0,08), su enfermedad era menos relevante (p=0,001) y presentaban una menor comorbilidad (p=0,01). Se revisaron 361 actos médicos (193 ingresos hospitalarios y 168 visitas a urgencias). Al finalizar el estudio, 74 pacientes estaban vivos (57%), 37 habían fallecido (28%) y en 19 casos (15%) se había perdido su evolución. De los fallecidos, 13 (35,1%) presentaban incapacidad de decisión en la fase terminal de su enfermedad y en 9 (69%) se realizaron uso y referencia expresa a los DVA en la fase final de su enfermedad.

Conclusiones

El número de DVA registrados es escaso; no interfieren en la práctica asistencial y los mismos son considerados en la toma de decisiones al final de la vida.

Palabras clave:
Voluntades anticipadas
Instrucciones previas
Bioética
Final de la vida

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