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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Attitude towards anthropometric measurements&#46; Pie chart of variable percentages&#58; weight&#44; BMI&#44; AC&#44; data included in the MH&#44; obesity included in diagnoses&#44; obesity classified in degrees&#46;</p> <p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">AC&#58; abdominal circumference&#59; BMI&#58; body mass index&#59; MH&#58; medical history&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Obesity is a chronic&#44; complex&#44; and multifactorial metabolic disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Its prevalence has tripled in recent decades&#44; approaching 20&#37; of the global population&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> The rate in Spain is about 23&#37;&#44; similar to that seen in Internal Medicine departments &#40;23&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Most epidemiological studies use the body mass index &#40;BMI&#41; &#40;weight&#47;height<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41; to classify this entity&#59;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> individuals over the age of 18&#8239;years with a BMI&#8239;&#8805;&#8239;30&#8239;kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> are considered to have obesity&#46; However&#44; obesity is also defined as an excess of body fat greater than 25&#37; in men and 30&#37; in women that is significant enough to cause increased morbidity and mortality&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The current trend is to conceive of obesity as a clinical condition associated with other pathologies rather than a disease in and of itself&#44; which leads to it being under-diagnosed and under-treated&#46; Likewise&#44; obesity plays an essential role in the development of other noncommunicable chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus &#40;T2D&#41;&#44; dyslipidaemia&#44; high blood pressure &#40;HTN&#41;&#44; cardiovascular diseases &#40;CVDs&#41;&#44; and cancer&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All of the above&#44; together with advances in knowledge&#44; leads us to consider obesity a chronic disease that requires a comprehensive approach that is sustained over time&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a> Nevertheless&#44; as internists we encounter significant obstacles when dealing with this entity&#44; including a lack of knowledge of the complexity and chronic and recurrent nature of obesity&#59; lack of training and time&#59; or prioritising the management of other associated comorbid conditions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this scenario&#44; care for individuals with obesity needs to become an essential part of the comprehensive vision that internal medicine uses to view ill people&#46; The aim of this document is to present the level of understanding and sensitivity of internists towards obesity and to draft a consensus document from the Spanish Society of Internal Medicine &#40;SEMI&#41; with recommendations based on the available scientific evidence and the opinions of its members&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Material and methods</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With the aim of discovering the understanding and sensitivity of internists towards obesity&#44; we drafted and distributed an online survey to SEMI members&#46; After analysing the responses&#44; a SWOT analysis was performed that was later discussed by a panel of expert internists&#46; Lastly&#44; recommendations were drafted in a third round&#46;</p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Survey</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In September 2019&#44; an opinion survey with 31 close-ended questions was written&#46; The survey was divided into 4 parts &#40;see Appendix A Additional material&#41;&#58; the first part was related to the sociodemographic data of the respondents&#59; the second referred specifically to the availability of materials for evaluating obesity levels &#40;scale&#44; stadiometer&#44; body tape measure&#41; both in the clinic and ward&#59; the third addressed the internists&#8217; attitudes towards individuals with obesity and the role of internal medicine in managing obesity&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Internist opinions</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In October 2019&#44; the online survey was sent to SEMI members&#46; After analysing the responses&#44; a SWOT analysis was completed&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Panel of experts</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The discussion process was held throughout January 2020&#46; Fifteen expert internists from the SEMI Diabetes&#44; Obesity&#44; and Nutrition Workgroup were invited to participate&#46; The 15 experts were selected for their interest and experience in the field of obesity&#44; T2D&#44; and vascular risk &#40;VR&#41;&#44; in an attempt to ensure a wide range representing the diverse fields and types of clinical practice&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Seven expert internists accepted the offer to participate in the discussion&#59; eight did not respond and did not express interest in participating in the process or allege any conflicts of interest or ethics&#46; The panellists received the results of the survey and SWOT analysis in addition to the first version of the recommendations document&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As a consensus method&#44; in this case we used a &#8220;modified Delphi method&#8221; consensus tool known as the Nominal Group Technique &#40;NGT&#41; modified via the online discussion&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> This modified process allows for both expression of personal opinion and interaction and debate among the panel members&#58; it makes it possible to reach a consensus without forcing this and to identify areas of uncertainty with the goal of providing additional information on the regular clinical practice of each panellist in this clinical setting&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#8211;11</span></a></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Each expert received two documents&#58; one document with the survey and SWOT analysis results&#44; and a second document with ten main ideas based on the former for them to work on&#46; In the second round&#44; each expert sent their preferences &#40;agree&#44; unsure&#44; or disagree&#41; and an initial rough draft was created with the 13 recommendations&#46; In a third discussion&#44; each expert once again reviewed and provided their areas of agreement&#44; uncertainty&#44; and dissent&#46; Lastly&#44; the clinical recommendations were drafted with the panellists&#8217; consensus&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The quantitative variables are expressed in means and standard deviation&#46; The qualitative variables are expressed in absolute numbers and percentages&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The sample has been divided according to hospital size&#44; and the differences between the analysed variables&#44; all of which were qualitative&#44; were analysed using the Chi-squared test&#46; A <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> value of &#8239;&#60;&#8239;0&#46;05 was considered significant&#46; The R statistical program version 3&#46;6&#46;1 &#40;2019-07-05&#41; was used - Action of the Toes &#40;Copyright&#169;2019&#46; The R Foundation for Statistical Computing Platform&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Results</span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Survey</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 599 responses where obtained&#46; Mean participant age was 44&#46;4 &#40;11&#41; years&#59; 52&#46;1&#37; were women&#44; 151 &#40;252&#37;&#41; were resident medical interns &#40;MIR&#41;&#46; The mean number of years practising medicine was 17&#46;2 &#40;11&#41; years&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Some 67&#46;9&#37; of survey respondents worked in first and second-level hospitals &#40;30&#46;4&#37; and 37&#46;5&#37;&#44; respectively&#41;&#46; The preferred area of work was admissions &#40;77&#46;1&#37;&#41;&#44; followed by out-patient &#40;20&#37;&#41; and cross-consultation services &#40;2&#46;8&#37;&#41;&#46; A total of 38&#46;4&#37; &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;230&#41; of the respondents had a specialized consultation unit&#58; VR 74&#46;3&#37;&#44; T2D 17&#46;4&#37;&#44; and obesity 8&#46;3&#37;&#46; A total of 92&#46;8&#37; of the respondents had a scale in their clinic&#44; 85&#46;6&#37; a stadiometer&#44; and 59&#46;8&#37; a body tape measure&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a> details some results from the third part of the survey&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Once a diagnosis is made&#44; the majority of internists &#40;70&#46;9&#37;&#41; provided instructions on lifestyle modifications&#46; Of the rest&#44; 3&#46;6&#37; did not take any specific measurements&#59; 12&#37; provided the patient with a standard diet&#59; 3&#46;6&#37; sent the patients to an endocrinologist&#59; and 9&#46;6&#37; to a dietitian&#46; This attitude differed according to the respondent&#8217;s workplace &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Some 91&#46;8&#37; of the respondents evaluated patients to rule out comorbidities associated with obesity&#44; mainly those considered &#8220;metabolic&#8221;&#44; such as&#58; T2D &#40;96&#46;2&#37;&#41;&#44; CVD &#40;88&#46;9&#37;&#41;&#44; obesity hypoventilation syndrome &#40;OHS&#41; &#40;73&#37;&#41;&#44; non-alcoholic fatty liver disease &#40;65&#46;3&#37;&#41;&#44; kidney disease via albumin&#47;creatinine ratio &#40;UAR&#41; &#40;65&#46;3&#37;&#41;&#44; and others such as hypogonadism &#40;6&#46;9&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lastly&#44; in terms of the last part of the survey&#44; 64&#46;1&#37; of the internists were aware of the drugs that are currently indicated for obesity treatment &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41; and 39&#46;7&#37; had used them at some point&#46; A total of 74&#46;9&#37; were familiar with the indications for bariatric surgery &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46; Some 93&#46;8&#37; and 83&#37; of the respondents considered obesity and overweight to be&#44; respectively&#44; a chronic disease&#46; Some 88&#46;7&#37; thought that obesity is a disease proper to internists and they should play an active and leading role in treating it &#40;85&#46;3&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With these results&#44; a SWOT analysis was performed with the starting situation to draft our recommendations&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Among the weaknesses &#40;W&#41;&#44; we must highlight the sparse knowledge and use of anti-obesity drugs and the indications for bariatric surgery&#59; poor exclusive dedication &#40;&#60;20&#37;&#41; of internists to out-patient services and of these&#44; only 50&#37; to specialized consultation units&#59; in the same manner&#44; little interest in measuring abdominal circumference&#44; or in referring to endocrinology or dietetics&#46; In terms of hospitalised patients&#44; it is worth highlighting the little interest in knowing their BMI&#44; perhaps due to the limitations of mobilising patients admitted to internal medicine&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In terms of threats &#40;T&#41;&#44; we must highlight the high risk of internist&#39;s space in the health system being occupied by other specialties that are more exclusively dedicated to out-patient services&#44; particularly in hospitals offering first and second-level care&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As part of our strengths &#40;S&#41;&#44; a large majority of those surveyed recognise obesity and overweight as a disease and can understand and rule out associated comorbidities&#46; Of the responses&#44; the larger proportion was from first and second-level hospitals&#44; regional hospitals where internists play a central role in caring for admitted patients&#44; and out-patient services&#46; What&#8217;s more&#44; as can be seen in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#44; more attention is dedicated to promoting a healthy lifestyle in these hospitals&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lastly&#44; regarding opportunities &#40;O&#41;&#44; we identified the perception of obesity as a chronic disease&#44; which falls within the internist&#39;s fields of work&#44; such as the care of people with chronic diseases&#46; As previously mentioned&#44; there was a large percentage of responses from first and second-level hospitals&#44; a significant point when increasing the presence of specialized consultation units in these types of hospitals&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Areas for improvement include the need for internists to receive patient-centred obesity training&#44; nutrition recommendations&#44; and the creation diets in first and second-level hospitals that lack dietitians&#47;nutritionists and anti-obesity pharmacology&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Discussion</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The consensus methods used in clinical research are aimed at problem-solving&#44; idea generation&#44; and the setting of priorities&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> One of the strengths of these consensus methods is the balanced participation of group members&#44; which controls and minimises the risk of one or some participants predominating over others&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a></p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Taking into consideration&#44; on the one hand&#44; the responses from the surveyed internists and&#44; on the other&#44; the points brought up through the expert discussion process&#44; the SEMI Diabetes&#44; Obesity&#44; and Nutrition Workgroup drafted a list of ten points with no other aim than to provide a positioning statement for a patient-centred approach to obesity &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Obesity is a complex chronic disease<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> that requires a multidisciplinary approach wherein internal medicine doctors play an important role&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Obesity is a pressing problem for public health and addressing this issue transcends the health setting&#44; requiring the involvement of political authorities and civil society&#46; Fighting against social&#44; economic&#44; and cultural inequalities is key to a successful approach&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;15</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Each individual with obesity is different&#46; Therefore&#44; we need a holistic and individualised approach that is centred around the patient&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">4</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Weighing&#44; calculating body mass index &#40;BMI&#41;&#44; and measuring abdominal circumference &#40;AC&#41; of all patients seen in out-patient services is recommended&#59; this is also recommended for hospitalised patients whenever possible &#40;either directly or using alternative formulas to this end&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#8211;19</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">5</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During patient diagnosis&#44; it is necessary to include overweight and obesity in their different degrees according to the World Health Organization &#40;WHO&#41; classification&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">6</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is important to ensure early detection of the main comorbidities associated with overweight and obesity&#44; both metabolic and non-metabolic&#44; that negatively impact quality of life&#58; type 2 diabetes&#44; cardiovascular disease&#44; sleep apnoea&#47;hypopnea syndrome&#44; chronic kidney disease&#47;albuminuria&#44; non-alcoholic fatty liver disease&#44; osteoarthritis&#44; infertility or hypogonadism&#44; gastroesophageal reflux disease&#44; and depression syndrome&#44; among others&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21&#8211;28</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0035"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">7</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Modifying eating habits and encouraging a healthy lifestyle that includes regular physical exercise should be the central pillar around which treatment for overweight and obesity revolves&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29&#44;30</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0040"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">8</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All patients diagnosed with overweight&#44; particularly those with multiple cardiovascular or obesity risk factors&#44; need to receive quality information about eating habit modification and healthy lifestyle&#44; including professional nutrition counselling depending on their motivation and the available options in each health area&#44; thereby establishing the necessary course of action for referral to a qualified professional&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0045"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">9</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All internists&#44; particularly those working in out-patient services and who treat patients with obesity&#44; must be familiar with the drugs that are currently available for treating obesity and their indications&#44; as well as the indication criteria for bariatric surgery or metabolic surgery&#46; Additionally&#44; they should provide patients with information about these therapeutic options when indicated<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tbl0010">Tables 2 and 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0050"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">10</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Given the significance of obesity as one of the top health concerns&#44; the SEMI believes that the pharmacological treatments currently authorised for use against this entity should be funded according to the instructions agreed on by the various scientific societies and the Ministry of Health&#44; Consumer Affairs&#44; and Social Welfare based on the available scientific evidence&#46;</p></li></ul></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Conclusion</span><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Obesity is a chronic&#44; complex&#44; and multifactorial metabolic disease of epidemic scale around the globe&#46; The perspective of obesity as a clinical condition associated with other comorbidities rather than being the actual cause leads it to be frequently underdiagnosed and undertreated&#46; Obesity is the main risk factor for developing non-communicable diseases&#44; which determines increased multimorbidity of individuals and a decline in quality of life&#46;</p><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As a specialty with a comprehensive vision&#44; Internal Medicine cannot be indifferent to this reality&#46; The aim of this document is to present the level of understanding and sensitivity of internists towards obesity and to draft a consensus document from the SEMI with recommendations based on the available scientific evidence and the opinions of its members&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The content and recommendations in this document have been drafted according to the opinions of its authors and with the participation of a panel of experts without any intervention from the sponsoring institution&#44; the Spanish Society for Internal Medicine &#40;SEMI&#41;&#46; Said entity has not participated in any of the phases of the design&#44; decision-making&#44; drafting of materials&#44; analysis of the online survey for internists&#44; selection of the panel members&#44; dynamics&#44; nor in the creation of the final consensus report&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "titulo" => "References"
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    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2020-04-19"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2020-06-11"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
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        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
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          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1466589"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Obesity"
            1 => "Internal medicine"
            2 => "Chronic disease"
            3 => "Comorbidities"
          ]
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          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1466590"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Obesidad"
            1 => "Medicina interna"
            2 => "Enfermedad cr&#243;nica"
            3 => "Comorbilidades"
          ]
        ]
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    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Background</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Obesity is a chronic&#44; complex and multifactorial metabolic disease involved in the development of chronic noncommunicable diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus&#44; cardiovascular disease and cancer&#46; The care of individuals with obesity is an essential part of the holistic approach provided by internal medicine to patients&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Material and methods</span><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Between September 2019 and January 2020&#44; we distributed an online survey to the members of the Spanish Society of Internal Medicine&#46; We prepared a Strengths&#44; Weaknesses&#44; Opportunities&#44; and Threats analysis using the responses and&#44; using the nominal group technique&#44; developed the recommendations&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We obtained 599 responses&#46; The respondents mean age was 44&#46;4&#8239;&#177;&#8239;11 years&#44; and 52&#46;1&#37; were women&#46; Some 91&#46;8&#37; of the internists evaluate their patients to rule out the comorbidities associated with obesity&#44; mainly type 2 diabetes mellitus &#40;96&#46;2&#37;&#41;&#44; cardiovascular disease &#40;88&#46;9&#37;&#41; and obesity-associated hypoventilation syndrome &#40;73&#37;&#41;&#44; among others&#46; Some 79&#46;9&#37; provided indications on lifestyle changes&#46; Some 64&#46;1&#37; and 74&#46;9&#37; of the respondents knew the indications for the drugs and bariatric surgery&#44; respectively&#46; Some 93&#46;8&#37; and 83&#37; of the respondents considered obesity and excess weight a chronic disease&#44; and 88&#46;7&#37; considered it a disease of specific interest to internists&#44; who should take an active and leading role in its treatment &#40;85&#46;3&#37;&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The objective of the present document is to determine the degree of understanding and sensitivity of internists regarding the management of obesity and to develop a consensus of recommendations for the Spanish Society of Internal Medicine based on the scientific evidence and the opinion of its members&#46;</p></span>"
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          0 => array:2 [
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            "titulo" => "Background"
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        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La obesidad es una enfermedad metab&#243;lica cr&#243;nica&#44; compleja y multifactorial&#44; implicada en el desarrollo de enfermedades cr&#243;nicas no transmisibles como la diabetes mellitus tipo 2&#44; las enfermedades cardiovasculares y el c&#225;ncer&#46; Es necesario que la atenci&#243;n a las personas con obesidad sea una parte esencial de la visi&#243;n integral que la medicina interna aporta a la persona enferma&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Material y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Entre septiembre de 2019 y enero de 2020 se difundi&#243; una encuesta en l&#237;nea a los socios de la Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Medicina Interna&#59; se elabor&#243; un an&#225;lisis DAFO con las respuestas y&#44; mediante la t&#233;cnica de Grupo Nominal&#44; se elaboraron las recomendaciones&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Obtuvimos 599 respuestas&#46; Edad media 44&#44;4&#8239;&#43;&#8239;11 a&#241;os&#44; 52&#44;1&#37; mujeres&#46; El 91&#44;8&#37; de los internistas eval&#250;a a los pacientes para descartar las comorbilidades asociadas a la obesidad&#44; principalmente la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 &#40;96&#44;2&#37;&#41;&#44; la enfermedad cardiovascular &#40;88&#44;9&#37;&#41; o el s&#237;ndrome de hipoventilaci&#243;n asociada a obesidad &#40;73&#37;&#41;&#44; entre otros&#46; El 79&#44;9&#37; proporciona indicaciones sobre modificaci&#243;n del estilo de vida&#46; El 64&#44;1&#37; y el 74&#44;9&#37; conoce las indicaciones de los f&#225;rmacos y de la cirug&#237;a bariatrica respectivamente&#46; El 93&#44;8&#37; y el 83&#37; considera la obesidad y el sobrepeso una enfermedad cr&#243;nica y el 88&#44;7&#37; una patolog&#237;a propia del internista&#44; debiendo tener un papel activo y protagonista en su tratamiento &#40;85&#44;3&#37;&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El objetivo del presente documento es dar a conocer el grado de conocimiento y de sensibilidad de los internistas frente al manejo de la obesidad y elaborar un consenso de recomendaciones de la Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Medicina Interna basadas en la evidencia cient&#237;fica y en la opini&#243;n de sus miembros&#46;</p></span>"
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            "titulo" => "Material y m&#233;todos"
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        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Carretero G&#243;mez J&#44; Ena J&#44; Ar&#233;valo Lorido JC&#44; Segu&#237; Ripoll JM&#44; Carrasco-S&#225;nchez FJ&#44; G&#243;mez-Huelgas R&#44; et al&#46; La obesidad es una enfermedad cr&#243;nica&#46; Posicionamiento del grupo de trabajo de Diabetes&#44; Obesidad y Nutrici&#243;n de la Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Medicina Interna &#40;SEMI&#41; por un abordaje centrado en la persona con obesidad&#46; Rev Clin Esp&#46; 2021&#59;221&#58;509&#8211;516&#46;</p>"
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            "apendice" => "<p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following is Supplementary data to this article&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p>"
            "etiqueta" => "Appendix A"
            "titulo" => "Supplementary data"
            "identificador" => "sec0065"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Attitude towards anthropometric measurements&#46; Pie chart of variable percentages&#58; weight&#44; BMI&#44; AC&#44; data included in the MH&#44; obesity included in diagnoses&#44; obesity classified in degrees&#46;</p> <p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">AC&#58; abdominal circumference&#59; BMI&#58; body mass index&#59; MH&#58; medical history&#46;</p>"
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        "etiqueta" => "Figure 2"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ten points positioning statement from the SEMI for a patient-centred approach to obesity&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t">N&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">56 &#40;100&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;0022&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Standard diet indicated&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17 &#40;9&#46;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;0022&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Referral to endocrinology&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;5&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;2&#46;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11 &#40;4&#46;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;2&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;0022&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Referral to dietitian&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;7&#46;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;17&#46;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17 &#40;7&#46;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">29 &#40;16&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;0022&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Attitude towards obesity according to hospital type &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;0022&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
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      3 => array:8 [
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Pharmacological treatment is indicated in patients with BMI&#8239;&#8805;&#8239;30&#8239;kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> or &#8805;&#8239;27&#8239;kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> associated with major comorbidities &#40;among others&#58; high blood pressure&#44; type 2 diabetes mellitus&#44; obesity hypoventilation syndrome&#44; non-alcoholic fatty liver disease&#41;&#46;</p><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">MEN&#58; multiple endocrine neoplasia&#46;</p>"
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            0 => array:2 [
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Drugs&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Formulation and maximum dose&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Weight loss &#40;1&#8239;year&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Adverse events&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Safety precautions and contraindications&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Orlistat&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Oral60&#8722;120&#8239;mg&#47;8&#8239;h&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;5&#8722;3&#46;4&#8239;kg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8594;Abdominal pain&#44; nausea&#44; constipation&#44; diarrhoea&#44; faecal urgency&#8594;Headache&#8594;Malabsorption of fat-soluble vitamins &#40;A&#44; D&#44; E&#44; K&#41;&#8594;Liver failure and kidney disease due to oxalates&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8594;Chronic malabsorption syndromes&#8594;Cholestasis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Liraglutide&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Subcutaneous3&#8239;mg&#47;24&#8239;h&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;8&#8722;5&#46;9&#8239;kg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8594;Nausea&#44; constipation&#44; diarrhoea&#44; vomiting&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8594;History of medullary thyroid cancer or MEN-2&#8594;History of pancreatitis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Bupropion&#47;naltrexone&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Oral32&#47;360&#8239;mg&#47;24&#8239;h2&#8239;tablets&#47;12&#8239;h&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;0&#8722;4&#46;1&#8239;kg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8594;Nausea&#44; constipation&#44; vomiting&#8594;Headache&#8594;Insomnia&#44; anxiety&#8594;Tachycardia&#44; increased blood pressure&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8594;Suicidal ideation&#8594;Uncontrolled depression syndrome&#8594;Use of barbiturates&#44; benzodiazepines or anti-seizure drugs&#8594;Eating disorders&#8594;Poorly controlled arterial hypertension&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Currently proven drugs for treating obesity&#46;</p>"
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        "identificador" => "tbl0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
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            "identificador" => "at0025"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Indications for bariatric surgery&#58; BMI&#8239;&#8805;&#8239;40&#8239;kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> or &#8805;&#8239;35&#8239;kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> with major comorbidities &#40;among others&#58; high blood pressure&#44; type 2 diabetes mellitus&#44; obesity hypoventilation syndrome&#44; non-alcoholic fatty liver disease&#41;&#46;</p>"
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            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Procedure&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Weight loss1&#8239;year&#47;6&#8239;years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Pros&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Contras&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Roux-en-Y gastric bypass&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14&#8722;30&#37;&#47;13&#8722;14&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8594;Significant and sustained weight loss&#8594;High rates of type 2 diabetes mellitus remission&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8594;Complex procedure&#8594;Higher incidence of perioperative complications&#8594;Higher incidence of delayed complications&#58; marginal ulcer&#44; small bowel obstruction&#44; dumping syndrome&#8594;Indefinite vitamin and mineral supplementation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Vertical sleeve gastrectomy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20&#8211;28&#37;&#47;22&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8594;Significant and sustained weight loss&#8594;Less complex surgery&#8594;Option to reconvert into bypass&#8594;Lower risk of vitamin and mineral deficits&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8594;Higher likelihood of regaining weight compared to bypass&#8594;Obstructive syndromes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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                0 => "xTab2802993.png"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Main bariatric surgery techniques&#46;</p>"
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        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAECOMPONENTE"
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        "mostrarDisplay" => true
        "Ecomponente" => array:2 [
          "fichero" => "mmc1.pdf"
          "ficheroTamanyo" => 90896
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    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:32 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0005"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists&#8217; position statement on obesity and obesity medicine"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "J&#46;I&#46; Mechanick"
                            1 => "A&#46;J&#46; Garber"
                            2 => "Y&#46; Handelsman"
                            3 => "W&#46;T&#46; Garvey"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.4158/EP12160.PS"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Endocr Pract&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2012"
                        "volumen" => "18"
                        "paginaInicial" => "642"
                        "paginaFinal" => "648"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23047927"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
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            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0010"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Obesity Management Task Force of the European Association for the Study of Obesity&#46; European guidelines for obesity management in adults"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "V&#46; Yumuk"
                            1 => "C&#46; Tsigos"
                            2 => "M&#46; Fried"
                            3 => "K&#46; Schindler"
                            4 => "L&#46; Busetto"
                            5 => "D&#46; Micic"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1159/000442721"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Obesity Facts&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2015"
                        "volumen" => "8"
                        "paginaInicial" => "402"
                        "paginaFinal" => "424"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26641646"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
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Vol. 221. Issue 9.
Pages 509-516 (November 2021)
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Vol. 221. Issue 9.
Pages 509-516 (November 2021)
Original article
Obesity is a chronic disease. Positioning statement of the Diabetes, Obesity and Nutrition Workgroup of the Spanish Society of Internal Medicine (SEMI) for an approach centred on individuals with obesity
La obesidad es una enfermedad crónica. Posicionamiento del grupo de trabajo de Diabetes, Obesidad y Nutrición de la Sociedad Española de Medicina Interna (SEMI) por un abordaje centrado en la persona con obesidad
J. Carretero Gómeza,
Corresponding author
juanicarretero@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, J. Enab, J.C. Arévalo Loridoa, J.M. Seguí Ripollc, F.J. Carrasco-Sánchezd, R. Gómez-Huelgase, M.I. Pérez Sotof, J. Delgado Listag, P. Pérez Martínezh, on behalf of the Diabetes, Obesity and Nutrition Workgroup of the Spanish Society of Internal Medicine
a Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital de Zafra, Badajoz, Spain
b Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital de la Marina Baixa, Alicante, Spain
c Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
d Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Juan Ramón Jiménez, Huelva, Spain
e Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga. Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga Institute of Biomedical (IBIMA), CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition – CIBERobn
f Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario de Vinalopó, Elche, Alicante, Spain
g Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía/Universidad de Córdoba/Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
h Unidad de Lípidos y Arterioesclerosis, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía/Universidad de Córdoba/Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba. CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Figures (2)
Tables (3)
Table 1. Attitude towards obesity according to hospital type (p = 0.0022).
Table 2. Currently proven drugs for treating obesity.
Table 3. Main bariatric surgery techniques.
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Additional material (1)
Abstract
Background

Obesity is a chronic, complex and multifactorial metabolic disease involved in the development of chronic noncommunicable diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease and cancer. The care of individuals with obesity is an essential part of the holistic approach provided by internal medicine to patients.

Material and methods

Between September 2019 and January 2020, we distributed an online survey to the members of the Spanish Society of Internal Medicine. We prepared a Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats analysis using the responses and, using the nominal group technique, developed the recommendations.

Results

We obtained 599 responses. The respondents mean age was 44.4 ± 11 years, and 52.1% were women. Some 91.8% of the internists evaluate their patients to rule out the comorbidities associated with obesity, mainly type 2 diabetes mellitus (96.2%), cardiovascular disease (88.9%) and obesity-associated hypoventilation syndrome (73%), among others. Some 79.9% provided indications on lifestyle changes. Some 64.1% and 74.9% of the respondents knew the indications for the drugs and bariatric surgery, respectively. Some 93.8% and 83% of the respondents considered obesity and excess weight a chronic disease, and 88.7% considered it a disease of specific interest to internists, who should take an active and leading role in its treatment (85.3%).

Conclusions

The objective of the present document is to determine the degree of understanding and sensitivity of internists regarding the management of obesity and to develop a consensus of recommendations for the Spanish Society of Internal Medicine based on the scientific evidence and the opinion of its members.

Keywords:
Obesity
Internal medicine
Chronic disease
Comorbidities
Resumen
Introducción

La obesidad es una enfermedad metabólica crónica, compleja y multifactorial, implicada en el desarrollo de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles como la diabetes mellitus tipo 2, las enfermedades cardiovasculares y el cáncer. Es necesario que la atención a las personas con obesidad sea una parte esencial de la visión integral que la medicina interna aporta a la persona enferma.

Material y métodos

Entre septiembre de 2019 y enero de 2020 se difundió una encuesta en línea a los socios de la Sociedad Española de Medicina Interna; se elaboró un análisis DAFO con las respuestas y, mediante la técnica de Grupo Nominal, se elaboraron las recomendaciones.

Resultados

Obtuvimos 599 respuestas. Edad media 44,4 + 11 años, 52,1% mujeres. El 91,8% de los internistas evalúa a los pacientes para descartar las comorbilidades asociadas a la obesidad, principalmente la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (96,2%), la enfermedad cardiovascular (88,9%) o el síndrome de hipoventilación asociada a obesidad (73%), entre otros. El 79,9% proporciona indicaciones sobre modificación del estilo de vida. El 64,1% y el 74,9% conoce las indicaciones de los fármacos y de la cirugía bariatrica respectivamente. El 93,8% y el 83% considera la obesidad y el sobrepeso una enfermedad crónica y el 88,7% una patología propia del internista, debiendo tener un papel activo y protagonista en su tratamiento (85,3%).

Conclusiones

El objetivo del presente documento es dar a conocer el grado de conocimiento y de sensibilidad de los internistas frente al manejo de la obesidad y elaborar un consenso de recomendaciones de la Sociedad Española de Medicina Interna basadas en la evidencia científica y en la opinión de sus miembros.

Palabras clave:
Obesidad
Medicina interna
Enfermedad crónica
Comorbilidades

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