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array:25 [ "pii" => "S2254887419300207" "issn" => "22548874" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rceng.2018.11.011" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2019-05-01" "aid" => "1605" "copyright" => "Elsevier España, S.L.U. and Sociedad Española de Medicina Interna (SEMI)" "copyrightAnyo" => "2018" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Rev Clin Esp. 2019;219:184-8" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S0014256518303266" "issn" => "00142565" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rce.2018.11.004" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2019-05-01" "aid" => "1605" "copyright" => "Elsevier España, S.L.U. and Sociedad Española de Medicina Interna (SEMI)" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Rev Clin Esp. 2019;219:184-8" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 29 "formatos" => array:2 [ "HTML" => 14 "PDF" => 15 ] ] "es" => array:12 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">ORIGINAL</span>" "titulo" => "Serie de 12 casos de alergia al trigo dependiente de ejercicio físico en Aragón, España" "tienePdf" => "es" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "es" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "es" 1 => "en" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "184" "paginaFinal" => "188" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Series of 12 cases of wheat-dependent exercise-induced allergy in Aragon, Spain" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "es" => true "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "A. Agulló-García, J.L. Cubero Saldaña, C. Colás Sanz" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Agulló-García" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J.L." "apellidos" => "Cubero Saldaña" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "C." "apellidos" => "Colás Sanz" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "en" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S2254887419300207" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rceng.2018.11.011" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2254887419300207?idApp=WRCEE" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0014256518303266?idApp=WRCEE" "url" => "/00142565/0000021900000004/v1_201904260611/S0014256518303266/v1_201904260611/es/main.assets" ] ] "itemSiguiente" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S2254887419300499" "issn" => "22548874" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rceng.2018.10.014" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2019-05-01" "aid" => "1611" "copyright" => "Elsevier España, S.L.U. and Sociedad Española de Medicina Interna (SEMI)" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "sco" "cita" => "Rev Clin Esp. 2019;219:189-93" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "en" => array:12 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Brief Original</span>" "titulo" => "Urinary infection in the elderly" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "189" "paginaFinal" => "193" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Infección urinaria en el anciano" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "E. Álvarez Artero, A. Campo Nuñez, M. Garcia Bravo, O. Cores Calvo, M. Belhassen Garcia, J. Pardo Lledias" "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "E." "apellidos" => "Álvarez Artero" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Campo Nuñez" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Garcia Bravo" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "O." "apellidos" => "Cores Calvo" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Belhassen Garcia" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J." "apellidos" => "Pardo Lledias" ] 6 => array:1 [ "colaborador" => "en nombre del Grupo colaborativo de estudio de infecciones urinarias en el anciano" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S0014256518303321" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rce.2018.10.009" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0014256518303321?idApp=WRCEE" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2254887419300499?idApp=WRCEE" "url" => "/22548874/0000021900000004/v1_201904260621/S2254887419300499/v1_201904260621/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S2254887419300037" "issn" => "22548874" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rceng.2019.01.002" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2019-05-01" "aid" => "1599" "copyright" => "Elsevier España, S.L.U. and Sociedad Española de Medicina Interna (SEMI)" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Rev Clin Esp. 2019;219:177-83" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 1 "HTML" => 1 ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original article</span>" "titulo" => "Prevalence of diabetes, use of antidiabetic drugs and degree of glycemic control in the province of Cadiz (2014–2016): A population-based study" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "177" "paginaFinal" => "183" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Prevalencia de diabetes, utilización de antidiabéticos y grado de control glucémico en la provincia de Cádiz (2014-2016): un estudio de base poblacional" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1248 "Ancho" => 2093 "Tamanyo" => 152928 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Patients with treated diabetes with no HbA1c test in a year and patients controlled with step therapy in 2016</p> <p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">All control readings were calculated for patients for whom an HbA1c assessment was available.</p> <p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Controlled ADA1: in ≤75 years HbA1c <7% and in >75 years HbA1c <7.5%; controlled ADA2: in ≤75 years HbA1c <7% and in >75 years HbA1c <8.0%; controlled RedGDPS: in ≤75 years HbA1c <7% and in >75 years HbA1c <8.5%.</p> <p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Abbreviations</span>: ADA: American Diabetes Association; RedGDPS: Network of Study Groups for Diabetes in Primary Health Care.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "J. Escribano Serrano, M.I. Méndez-Esteban, A. García-Bonilla, M. Márquez-Ferrando, C. Casto-Jarillo, E. Berruguilla Pérez, M.M. Calero Ruiz, M.L. Gonzalez Borrachero, J.D. Santotoribio, A. Michán-Doña" "autores" => array:10 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J." "apellidos" => "Escribano Serrano" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M.I." "apellidos" => "Méndez-Esteban" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "García-Bonilla" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Márquez-Ferrando" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "C." "apellidos" => "Casto-Jarillo" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "E." "apellidos" => "Berruguilla Pérez" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M.M." "apellidos" => "Calero Ruiz" ] 7 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M.L." "apellidos" => "Gonzalez Borrachero" ] 8 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J.D." "apellidos" => "Santotoribio" ] 9 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Michán-Doña" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S0014256518303084" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rce.2018.10.005" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0014256518303084?idApp=WRCEE" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2254887419300037?idApp=WRCEE" "url" => "/22548874/0000021900000004/v1_201904260621/S2254887419300037/v1_201904260621/en/main.assets" ] "asociados" => array:1 [ 0 => array:19 [ "pii" => "S2254887419300906" "issn" => "22548874" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rceng.2019.03.018" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2019-05-01" "aid" => "1653" "copyright" => "Elsevier España, S.L.U. and Sociedad Española de Medicina Interna (SEMI)" "documento" => "simple-article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "edi" "cita" => "Rev Clin Esp. 2019;219:198-9" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "en" => array:10 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Editorial</span>" "titulo" => "Wheat and exercise: An explosive combination" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "198" "paginaFinal" => "199" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Trigo y ejercicio: Una combinación explosiva" ] ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "C.H. Larramendi" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "C.H." "apellidos" => "Larramendi" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S001425651930089X" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rce.2019.03.004" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S001425651930089X?idApp=WRCEE" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2254887419300906?idApp=WRCEE" "url" => "/22548874/0000021900000004/v1_201904260621/S2254887419300906/v1_201904260621/en/main.assets" ] ] "en" => array:19 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original article</span>" "titulo" => "Series of 12 cases of wheat-dependent exercise-induced allergy in Aragon, Spain" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "184" "paginaFinal" => "188" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "A. Agulló-García, J.L. Cubero Saldaña, C. Colás Sanz" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Agulló-García" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "aagullog@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "J.L." "apellidos" => "Cubero Saldaña" "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "C." "apellidos" => "Colás Sanz" "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Alergología, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Serie de 12 casos de alergia al trigo dependiente de ejercicio físico en Aragón, España" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Background</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Wheat contains approximately 20% of soluble allergens and 80% of insoluble allergens. The soluble allergens include albumin and globulin, while the insoluble allergens include the gluten proteins (glutenin and gliadins).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,2</span></a> Gluten or gliadin, which can also trigger celiac disease (CD) or nonceliac gluten sensitivity, are the main allergens responsible for wheat allergy. Wheat allergy produces an immunologic reaction with Th2 inflammation that causes B cells to produce specific IgE antibodies against the wheat proteins.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> This contrasts with CD in which the gluten proteins produce a Th1 inflammatory response in genetically susceptible individuals (carriers of HLA class <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">ii</span> DQ2 or DQ8).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,3</span></a> The most common form of wheat allergy is wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis (WDEIA) in which patients present anaphylactic episodes when performing physical exercise after consuming food with wheat flour.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> These reactions are difficult to diagnose because the necessary degree of exercise and quantity of ingested cereals vary significantly, and the interval between ingestion and the start of exercise can be up to 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> CD is an autoimmune disease mediated by IgA antibodies against the tissue transglutaminase (tTG),<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> an extracellular matrix enzyme. CD differs from wheat allergy or wheat hypersensitivity, which is mediated by IgE antibodies against wheat components (mainly ω-5 gliadin [ω-5G]).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Another difference between these 2 entities is that CD is treated by removing all gluten from cereals that contain it from the diet, while wheat allergy is treated by only withdrawing wheat from the diet.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3–5</span></a> The ω-5G (Tri a 19) protein is considered the main allergen in WDEIA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5–7</span></a> and belongs to the superfamily of prolamins (storage proteins of plant origin). The protein is relatively insoluble and has a molecular mass of 27<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kDa. The γ-5G protein has a notable sequence identity with the γ secalins of rice and the γ-3 hordein of barley, responsible for the cross-reactivity observed between these allergens and ω-5G.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Although the exact pathogenesis of WDEIA is unclear, changes in serum osmolality, pH and intestinal patency, as well as blood flow redistribution appear to play an important role.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> There are a number of cofactors<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> that act as “accelerants” for the reaction, which could be related to the increased bioavailability of food and the reduced threshold for activating mast cells and basophils.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> These cofactors include physical exercise, alcohol consumption,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, stress<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> and menstruation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> Physical exercise can act by increasing intestinal absorption, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug can damage the gastrointestinal mucosa, inhibiting cyclooxygenase<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> and activating spleen tyrosine kinase,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12,13</span></a> and alcohol consumption can increase the absorption of gastric allergens and the release of histamine.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> Patients with WDEIA generally have IgE antibodies against wheat, but the consumption of wheat by itself does not trigger the symptoms.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> A latent intracellular enzyme, located below the intestinal epithelium (tTG), is needed and is inactive in physiological conditions. Under stress conditions, the enzyme is released and activated, forming complexes of high molecular weight that strongly bind to IgE, triggering the symptoms.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> The ω-5G protein contains many target sites for tTG because the glutamine content of this allergen is high (>50%).</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In WDEIA, anaphylactic reactions are produced after consuming wheat and performing physical exercise 1–4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h later.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> The symptoms can also occur if food is consumed shortly after the exercise. The symptoms vary and include urticaria/angioedema, dyspnoea, hypotension and anaphylactic shock<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,5</span></a> and are indistinguishable from those in typical IgE-mediated anaphylaxis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Diagnosis delays (32–62 months) are common because the condition can be confused with other diseases such as acute urticaria, exercise-induced anaphylaxis and idiopathic anaphylaxis; a high index of clinical suspicion is therefore required.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> A medical history review and a detailed medical examination are important. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">In vivo</span> tests should include prick tests, while <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span> tests should include the basophil activation test, the histamine release test and a specific IgE reading.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> In cases of WDEIA in which ω-5G has been ruled out as the responsible allergen, it is worth considering other wheat allergens, such as high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) and α/β/γ gliadins.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> The gold standard for diagnosing WDEIA is the placebo-controlled oral wheat exercise challenge test<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>; however, this test is very difficult to reproduce because the required food quantity and exercise intensity vary significantly, and this technique is risky since patients can have severe systemic reactions. In cases of severe reactions and highly demanding professions (military, pilots, police, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">etc.</span>), the recommendation is a wheat-free diet to eliminate the risk of anaphylaxis. In less severe cases, avoiding wheat consumption combined with cofactors could be proposed.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> In general, it is advisable that food intake and exposure to the cofactor be separated by at least 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5,16</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The aim of our study was to describe the main characteristics of 12 patients diagnosed with WDEIA.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Materials and methods</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We performed a descriptive, retrospective study of patients older than 18 years with a medical history compatible with an allergic reaction following the consumption of wheat, a prick test to wheat/ω-5G<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>>3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm and ω-5G-specific IgE levels >0.35<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kU/L, excluding those with other causes for the allergic reaction.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The 12 included patients came from the Department of Allergology of University Hospital Clinic Lozano Blesa of Zaragoza (Spain). The included variables were sex, age, age at symptom onset, history, food involved, latency period, symptoms, cofactor involved, results of allergological tests and treatment.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Results</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patients’ mean age was 37 years (range, 25–64) with a standard deviation (SD) of 12.58, and the mean age at symptom onset was 34 years (range, 16–57) with an SD of 12.24. In terms of sex, 50% were men and 50% were women. Nine patients were atopic (75%). Seventy-five percent of the patients had a history of similar but unidentified or unexamined episodes. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> shows the patients’ general characteristics.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The latency period varied from immediate to 150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min. Of the 12 patients, 10 presented urticaria (83%), 5 presented angioedema (42%), 7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>presented bronchospasms (58%), 3 presented hypotension (25%), and 2 presented gastrointestinal symptoms (16%). The most common presentation was anaphylaxis (75%), and the most common cofactor involved was physical exercise (66%). In <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>, we can see the main characteristics of the reactions.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All patients underwent prick tests with commercial extracts (Bial-Aristegui, Bilbao, Spain), and their total and specific IgE levels were measured (ImmunoCAP, ThermoFisher Scientific/Phadia, Uppsala, Sweden), following the manufacturer's recommendations; IgE levels >0.35<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kU/L were considered positive. The results are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>. Nine patients underwent a prick test with wheat, 5 of whom resulted positive (55%). Four patients underwent a prick test with gliadin, 1 of whom resulted positive (25%). The total serum IgE levels were high in 83% of the patients, with values from 206 to 1670<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>UI/mL and a mean of 572<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>UI/mL. Wheat-specific IgE levels were measured in 7 patients, all of whom had high levels. Gluten-specific IgE levels were only measured in 1 patient, who had a high level. The ω-5G-specific IgE levels were high in all patients, with values from 0.53 to 25.8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kU/L. Six of the 7 patients who underwent a specific IgE reading for wheat and ω-5G showed lower IgE values for wheat than for ω-5G, which was consistent with previous studies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> Recent studies have defined the sensitivity of the specific IgE to wheat, gluten and ω-5G at 81%, 100% and 100%, with a specificity of 87%, 95% and 97%, respectively.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> Seven patients had positive results for other foods; 5 patients were positive for crustaceans. The gold standard for diagnosing WDEIA is the placebo-controlled oral wheat exercise test, which in this case was ruled out due to the high risk of anaphylaxis.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The most recommended treatment is to avoid the combination of wheat and cofactors,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> which prevented new reactions in 91% of our patients. Due to these patients’ high risk of presenting new anaphylactic reactions, all were prescribed an adrenaline autoinjector to carry with them at all times in case of emergency.</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Discussion</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our study, 75% of the patients with ω-5G hypersensitivity presented symptoms of anaphylaxis, and exercise was involved as a cofactor in 66% of the patients. The ω-5G-specific IgE levels were high in all patients, with values up to 25.8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kU/L. Those patients who underwent ω-5G and wheat-specific IgE readings showed lower values to wheat than to ω-5G. After the diagnosis, we recommended avoiding the combination of wheat and cofactors; 91% of these patients remained asymptomatic. The main study limitations are its small sample size and retrospective nature, because the same measurements were not applied to all patients.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Conclusions</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">WDEIA is a relatively rare but potentially severe food allergy. The main allergens are ω-5G and HMW-GS, and the most common cofactor involved is physical exercise. For patients with urticaria/exercise-induced anaphylaxis, idiopathic anaphylaxis and acute recurrent urticaria, we should consider implementing sufficiently sensitive prick tests with wheat extract and the detection of specific IgE. Although there are other antigenic determinants, such as wheat and gluten, the recommendation is to measure ω-5G because it is the most sensitive and specific. An early diagnosis of this disease is important because it can be prevented, thereby significantly improving the quality of life of patients who have the disease.</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest, and no funding was received for implementing this study.</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this article.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:11 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1183864" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background and objectives" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Material and methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1104286" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1183865" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Antecedentes y objetivo" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Materiales y métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1104285" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Background" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 10 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2018-10-06" "fechaAceptado" => "2018-11-24" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1104286" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Exercise-induced anaphylaxis" 1 => "Wheat allergy" 2 => "Omega-5-gliadin" 3 => "Severe food allergy" 4 => "Cofactors" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1104285" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Anafilaxia inducida por ejercicio" 1 => "Alergia a trigo" 2 => "Omega-5-gliadina" 3 => "Alergia alimentaria grave" 4 => "Cofactores" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Background and objectives</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The ω-5 gliadin (ω5G) is considered the main allergen in wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis (WDEIA). These patients experience anaphylactic reactions after consuming wheat and performing physical exercise.</p><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The aim of our study was to describe the main characteristics of 12 patients with this diagnosis.</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Material and methods</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A descriptive, retrospective study was conducted by reviewing the medical records of 12 patients diagnosed with ω-5G hypersensitivity.</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The patients’ mean age was 37 years, with 50% men and 50% women. Most of the patients had a history of similar unexamined episodes. The latency period varied from immediate to 150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min. The most common symptoms were urticaria (83%), bronchospasms (58%), angio-oedema (42%), hypotension (25%) and gastrointestinal symptoms (16%). The most often involved cofactor was physical exercise. The allergy study was conducted with prick tests and total and specific IgE readings.</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">WDEIA is a relatively rare but potentially severe food allergy. Understanding this allergy is therefore important for a correct diagnosis.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background and objectives" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Material and methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Antecedentes y objetivo</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La ω-5 gliadina (ω5G) se considera el alérgeno principal en la anafilaxia inducida por ejercicio dependiente del trigo (WDEIA). Estos pacientes presentan reacciones anafilácticas tras la ingesta de trigo y la realización de ejercicio físico.</p><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El objetivo de nuestro estudio es describir las principales características de 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pacientes con este diagnóstico.</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Materiales y métodos</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, mediante revisión de historias clínicas de 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pacientes diagnosticados de hipersensibilidad a ω5G.</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La edad media fue 37 años, el 50% varones y el 50% mujeres. La mayoría tenía antecedente de episodios similares sin estudiar. El tiempo de latencia variaba desde inmediato hasta 150 min. La clínica más frecuente fue la urticaria (83%), seguida de broncoespasmo (58%), angioedema (42%), hipotensión (25%) y síntomas gastrointestinales (16%). El cofactor más implicado fue el ejercicio físico. El estudio alergológico se realizó con prick test y determinación de IgE total y específicas.</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La WDEIA es una forma de alergia alimentaria relativamente rara pero potencialmente grave, por lo que es importante su conocimiento para poder llegar a un correcto diagnóstico.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Antecedentes y objetivo" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Materiales y métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Agulló-García A, Cubero Saldaña JL, Colás Sanz C. Serie de 12 casos de alergia al trigo dependiente de ejercicio físico en Aragón, España. Rev Clin Esp. 2019;219:184–188.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Patient \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sex \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Age, years \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Age at symptom onset, years \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Allergy history \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Male \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">44 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">41 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">None \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Male \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">25 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">21 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Food allergies \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Female \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">35 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">34 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Food allergies \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Male \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">29 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">27 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Atopic dermatitis<br>Food allergies \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Female \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">46 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">44 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Allergic rhinitis (salsola, platanus, cypress)<br>Food allergies \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Female \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">35 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">31 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">None \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Female \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">25 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">23 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Food allergies \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Male \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">52 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">51 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Food allergies \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Female \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">35 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">31 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">None \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Male \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">40 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">36 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Food allergies \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Male \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Allergic rhinitis (grass, olive, salsola) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Female \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">64 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">57 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Food allergies<br>Drug allergies \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2017976.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">General characteristics of the 12 study patients.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Abbreviations: ID, indeterminate; min, minutes; GI, gastrointestinal symptoms; NSAIDs, anti-inflammatory nonsteroidal drugs.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Patient \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Previous episodes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Food \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Latency period, min \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Symptoms \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cofactor \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Unexamined anaphylaxis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Breaded chicken, bread \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">150 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Anaphylactic shock (urticaria, angioedema, gastrointestinal, syncope) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Physical exercise \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Unexamined anaphylaxis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Ham and cheese pizza \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Anaphylaxis (urticaria, bronchospasms, hypotension) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Physical exercise \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">None \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Bread, appetizer \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">ID \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Anaphylactic shock (urticaria, bronchospasms, hypotension, syncope) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Physical exercise \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Acute, recurrent urticaria \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">ID \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">150 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Urticaria \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Physical exercise \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">None \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Bread with cereals and nuts \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Anaphylaxis (angioedema, dyspnoea, dysphagia) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NSAID \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Idiopathic anaphylaxis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Battered squid \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">ID \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Anaphylaxis (urticaria, dyspnoea, hypotension) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Stress/NSAID \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Acute, recurrent urticaria induced by physical exercise \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">ID \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">ID \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Urticaria \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Physical exercise \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">None \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Bread with ham and tomato \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">90 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Anaphylaxis (urticaria, angioedema, dizziness) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NSAID/alcohol \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Acute, recurrent urticaria \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Croissant, waffle \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">ID \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Urticaria \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Physical exercise \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Unexamined anaphylaxis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Hot dog, biscuits \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Anaphylaxis (angioedema, pruritus, dyspnoea) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NSAID \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Exercise-induced anaphylaxis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">ID \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Anaphylaxis (urticaria, angioedema, bronchospasms) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Physical exercise \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Exercise-induced anaphylaxis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">ID \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">ID \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Anaphylaxis (urticaria, dyspnoea, gastrointestinal) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Physical exercise \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2017975.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Foods involved and the main characteristics of the reactions of the 12 patients.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at3" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Abbreviations: ω-5G, ω-5 gliadin; −, negative; +: positive.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Patient \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Prick test \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total IgE, UI/mL \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Specific IgE, kU/L \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">76 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">ω5G: 3.11<br>Wheat: 1.45<br>Gluten: 3.41<br>Rye: 0.59 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">+wheat<br>+shellfish \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">277 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">ω5G: 12.7<br>Wheat: 0.86 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">+gliadin<br>+shellfish \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">264 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">ω5G: 5.72 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">−wheat<br>+shellfish \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">231 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">ω5G: 19.7<br>Wheat: 1.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">−wheat<br>+LTP, nuts, apple, peach \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">256 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">ω5G: 6.94 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">206 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">ω5G: 4.41 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">+wheat<br>+shellfish, Anisakis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1290 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">ω5G: 25.8<br>Wheat: 1.12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">+wheat \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1280 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">ω5G: 9.75<br>Wheat: 2.38<br>Rye: 1.17<br>Barley: 1.25 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">+wheat<br>+shellfish \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">63 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">ω5G: 1.23 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">+mustard, sesame, legumes, nuts \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">996 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">ω5G: 21.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1670 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">ω5G: 0.53<br>Wheat: 28.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">+wheat \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">256 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">ω5G: 15.5<br>Wheat: 1.12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2017974.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Results of the allergy study performed on the 12 patients.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:17 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0090" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Clinical and laboratory features, and quality of life assessment in wheat dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis patients from central China" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "H. 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