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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hepatitis C virus &#40;HCV&#41; infection is a highly prevalent disease worldwide and is estimated to affect approximately 170 million individuals worldwide &#40;2&#46;5&#37; of the global population&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> HCV is one of the main causes of chronic liver disease and is responsible for progressive hepatic fibrosis&#44; which leads to cirrhosis&#44; hepatic impairment&#44; hepatocarcinoma and death&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> The numerous extrahepatic manifestations include cryoglobulinemia&#44; chronic kidney disease and diabetes mellitus&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> In recent years&#44; the natural history of the disease has changed&#44; thanks to the extraordinary efficacy of direct-acting antivirals &#40;DAAs&#41;&#44; which heal the infection in most patients&#46; Recent data have identified HCV infection as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease &#40;CVD&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> The basis of this association is related to the chronic inflammatory state associated with HCV infection<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> and confirms the importance of inflammation in the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis&#46; Increases in inflammation biomarkers such as interleukin-6&#44; tumor necrosis factor-alpha&#44; C-reactive protein and fibrinogen have been reported in this disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Chronic immune activation associated with chronic HCV increases sCD14&#44; sCD163&#44; Mac2BP and autotaxin levels&#44; which not only influence atherogenesis but are related to the grade of fibrosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> HCV infection is related to glucose and lipoprotein metabolism disorders&#44; promoting greater insulin resistance&#44; hepatic steatosis and type 2 diabetes&#44; which in turn increase the development of arteriosclerosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Confirming this association&#44; vascular imaging studies in patients with HCV have consistently shown that this infection is associated with a higher rate and greater severity of obstructive lesions in the coronary territory&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> The association between HCV infection and the presence of markers of subclinical CVD has also been confirmed&#46; In general&#44; most studies have observed an association between HCV infection and an increased number of atheromatous plaques in the carotid territory using ultrasonography&#44; an increase in pulse wave velocity or an increase in the carotid intima-media thickness&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> To complete the cycle&#44; there are data confirming an improvement in CVD both clinically and subclinically in those patients who are cured of this infection with DAAs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this issue of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Revista Cl&#237;nica Espa&#241;ola</span>&#44; Revuelto et al&#46; present a study in which they examined various vascular territories &#40;carotid and femoral arteries&#41; and the carotid intima-media thickness through ultrasonography in a patient group with HCV infection and compared the findings in a patient group with the same characteristics but without HCV infection&#46; The authors found that the patients with HCV infection had a significantly higher number of atheromatous plaques in the studied territories&#44; especially in the carotid territory &#40;58&#46;8&#37; vs&#46; 28&#46;4&#37;&#41;&#46; In the multivariate analysis&#44; the factors independently associated with the presence of atheromatous plaques were HCV infection &#40;OR&#44; 14&#46;37&#59; 95&#37; CI 5&#46;5&#8211;37&#46;3&#41;&#44; age &#40;OR&#44; 1&#46;12&#59; 95&#37; CI 1&#46;1&#8211;1&#46;2&#41;&#44; male sex &#40;OR&#44; 4&#46;32&#59; 95&#37; CI 1&#46;9&#8211;9&#46;5&#41; and the triglyceride&#47;HDL cholesterol ratio &#40;OR&#44; 1&#46;34&#59; 95&#37; CI 1&#46;1&#8211;1&#46;6&#41;&#46; It is worth noting the considerable influence of HCV infection on the presence of atheromatosis in the study patients&#44; which could be partly due to a degree of selection bias in the control group&#46; The control patients were recruited from a specialized consultation for the prevention of cardiovascular risk&#46; The control group had a lower proportion of smokers and ex-smokers and fewer plaques than in other descriptive studies conducted in the Spanish general population&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> In any case&#44; the study has significant methodological rigor&#44; which allows it to confirm data previously reported in the literature supporting this association&#46; It is worth noting the potential usefulness of vascular ultrasonography as a screening procedure for subclinical CVD&#44; of which the authors are outstanding pioneers in its development in Spain&#46; The presence of atheromatous plaques could indicate the presence of vascular disease&#44; making lipid-lowering therapy advisable for patients with intermediate risk&#46; A number of authors have suggested that the presence of atheromatous plaques is indicative of established atherosclerotic disease and that secondary prevention of CVD could be indicated&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> Another conclusion that can be deduced from the results of this study is that HCV infection screening should be indicated when assessing the cardiovascular risk&#46; Identifying patients with asymptomatic HCV infection who could benefit from DAA therapy is an objective of scientific societies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> This benefit would not only result in preventing the progression of fibrosis and the risk of liver disease but would also reduce these patients&#8217; 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DOI: 10.1016/j.rceng.2019.03.005
Hepatitis C is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease
La hepatitis C es un factor de riesgo para enfermedad cardiovascular
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V. Estrada
Corresponding author
vesda001@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, I. Sagastagoitia
Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas/Medicina Interna, Hospital Clínico San Carlos-IdiSSC, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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