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which represents 1&#46;5&#8211;6&#46;2&#37; of the public healthcare expenditure in Spain&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> These estimates might be highly underestimated&#44; given that DM2 alone would have an annual cost of 2403 million euros&#44; according to the CODE-2 study&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> In our community&#44; the mean annual cost per patient with DM2 varies between 1088 and 5279 euros&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21&#8211;24</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite the extensive evidence available about the disease&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2&#44;15&#8211;17</span></a> we do not know of any studies that have determined the costs associated with comorbidities such as overweight &#40;OW&#41;&#44; 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The study population consisted of individuals belonging to 6 remodeled primary care &#40;PC&#41; centers managed by Badalona Serveis Assistencials SA&#46; Information was obtained on the resources consumed by 2 hospital centers&#58; Municipal Hospital of Badalona and Hospital Germans Tr&#237;as i Pujol &#40;hospital admissions&#41;&#46; The population assigned to the centers was mostly urban&#44; with a low to medium socioeconomic level&#44; predominantly industrial&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Inclusion and exclusion criteria</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We included all patients who required care &#40;2010&#41; and who had the following characteristics&#58; &#40;a&#41; ages between 40 and 99 years&#59; &#40;b&#41; both genders&#59; &#40;c&#41; diagnosed with DM2 for a minimum of 12 months before the start of the study&#59; &#40;d&#41; regularly following the established protocol&#47;guidelines of cardiovascular risk &#40;with the aim of improving the quality of the registries&#41;&#59; &#40;e&#41; participating in the long-term prescription program to obtain medical prescriptions &#40;with a confirmed record of the daily dosage&#44; the time interval and duration of each treatment administered&#41;&#59; and &#40;f&#41; in whom a regular follow-up could be ensured&#46; Patients were excluded if they were transferred to other institutions&#44; displaced or lost during the follow-up period &#40;24 months&#59; during 2011 and 2012&#41;&#46; Patients who developed DM2 before their 40th birthday and those who developed type 1 diabetes mellitus were also excluded&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus and the complications</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The diagnosis of DM2 was determined based on the international classification of primary care &#40;ICPC-2&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> &#40;T90&#41; and on the coding of hospital and emergency department discharges&#44; according to the international classification of diseases &#40;9th edition&#44; clinical modification &#91;ICD-9-CM&#93; &#91;250&#93;&#41;&#46; The following conditions were recorded during the follow-up&#58; &#40;a&#41; hypoglycemia &#40;at the physician&#39;s discretion&#59; the record of hypoglycemia was obtained in the regular follow-up visits&#41;&#59; &#40;b&#41; microvascular complications &#40;diabetic retinopathy&#44; diabetic nephropathy and diabetic neuropathy&#41;&#59; and &#40;c&#41; genitourinary infections&#46; The records were obtained from the registered motives for consultation in the healthcare centers and&#47;or from the computerized clinical protocols during the follow-up&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">New cases of CVD or established cases of kidney disease &#40;macrovascular complications&#41; were also counted&#46; These included &#40;a&#41; heart disease&#44; such as cardiac ischemia &#40;codes&#58; K74&#44; K76&#59; stable&#44; unstable and others&#41;&#44; acute myocardial infarction &#40;K75&#41; and heart failure &#40;K77&#41;&#44; according to the definition of the diagnostic criteria of the World Health Organization&#59; &#40;b&#41; cerebrovascular disease&#44; such as stroke &#40;ischemic or hemorrhagic&#59; according to the American Heart Association&#41; and transient ischemic attack &#40;K90&#44; K91&#41;&#59; &#40;c&#41; peripheral arterial disease&#59; and &#40;d&#41; kidney disease &#40;diabetic nephropathy and renal function impairment &#91;serum creatinine&#58; men<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>133&#59; women<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>124<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmol or glomerular filtration rate<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL&#47;min&#93;&#46; The results were not standardized because the population pyramid distributed by the age and gender of the study patients was similar to the population of Catalonia&#46; The follow-up of the patients lasted 24 months&#44; which was considered a sufficient period of time&#44; and more robust and homogeneous in the detection of episodes &#40;complications&#41; and their costs&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Treatment description</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This was a noninterventional study that collected information from patients treated in the past with antidiabetic agents according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System &#40;ATC&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> at their physician&#39;s discretion&#46; Information on the following oral antidiabetic agents was obtained&#58; &#40;a&#41; metformin &#40;A10BA&#41;&#59; &#40;b&#41; insulin-release stimulants&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">sulfonylureas</span> &#40;A10BB&#42;&#41; and glinides &#40;A10BX&#41;&#59; &#40;c&#41; glitazones &#40;A10BG&#42;&#41;&#59; &#40;d&#41; alpha-glucosidase inhibitors&#58; acarbose &#40;A10BF&#42;&#41; and miglitol &#40;A10BF&#42;&#41;&#44; DPP-4i &#40;A10BH&#42;&#41;&#59; and &#40;e&#41; insulin &#40;all types&#41; in monotherapy or in combination &#40;A10BD&#42;&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Study groups</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We established 2 groups &#40;presence and absence of DM2 &#91;control or reference group&#93;&#41; and 6 subgroups&#58; &#40;a&#41; DM2 only&#59; &#40;b&#41; DM2 and AHT&#59; &#40;c&#41; DM2 and OW&#59; &#40;d&#41; DM2 and OBE&#59; &#40;e&#41; DM2&#44; AHT and OW&#59; and &#40;f&#41; DM2&#44; AHT and OBE&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Demographic and comorbidity variables</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main study variables were&#58; age &#40;continuous and by ranges&#41;&#44; gender and the time of evolution of DM2&#44; as well as the personal history obtained based on the ICPC-2<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&#58; AHT&#44; dyslipidemia &#40;hypertriglyceridemia and&#47;or hypercholesterolemia&#41;&#44; OBE&#44; OW&#44; smoking&#44; alcoholism&#44; all types of organ failure &#40;heart&#44; liver and kidneys&#41;&#44; ischemic heart disease&#44; stroke&#44; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease&#44; bronchial asthma&#44; dementia or memory disorders&#44; neurological diseases &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; Parkinson&#39;s disease&#44; epilepsy and multiple sclerosis&#41;&#44; depressive syndrome and malignant neoplasms&#46; As a summary variable for overall comorbidity for each treated patient&#44; we used &#40;a&#41; the number of diagnoses&#59; &#40;b&#41; the Charlson index of comorbidity<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> as an approximation of patient severity&#59; and &#40;c&#41; the individual case-mix index&#44; obtained based on the Adjusted Clinical Groups &#40;ACG&#41;&#44; which is a patient classification system by isoresource consumption&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> The ACG application provides resource utilization bands &#40;RUBs&#41;&#44; whereby each patient is grouped according to their overall morbidity into 1 of 5 mutually exclusive categories &#40;1&#58; healthy or very low morbidity&#59; 2&#58; low morbidity&#59; 3&#58; moderate morbidity&#59; 4&#58; high morbidity&#59; and 5&#58; very high morbidity&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Biochemical and anthropometric parameters and definition of metabolic syndrome</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The biochemical parameters and&#47;or therapeutic objectives of control were systolic and diastolic blood pressure &#40;mm Hg&#41;&#44; body mass index &#40;BMI&#44; kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&#44; baseline glycemia &#40;mg&#47;dL&#41;&#44; glycated hemoglobin &#40;&#37;&#44; metabolic control&#58; HbA1c<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#37;&#41;&#44; serum triglycerides&#44; total cholesterol&#44; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol &#40;HDL-C&#41; and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol &#40;LDL-C&#41; &#40;mg&#47;dL&#41;&#46; These parameters were obtained at the start and end of the study &#40;2-year follow-up&#41;&#46; OW was defined as a BMI between 25 and 29&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> and OBE as a BMI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">MS was established when an individual patient met 3 of the 5 following criteria &#40;modified from the Adult Treatment Panel &#91;ATP&#93; III<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a>&#41;&#58; &#40;a&#41; triglycerides levels &#8805;150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL&#59; &#40;b&#41; HDL-C levels &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL in men or &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL in women&#59; &#40;c&#41; systolic&#47;diastolic blood pressure &#8805;130&#47;85<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm Hg or in antihypertensive treatment&#59; &#40;d&#41; baseline glycemia under fasting conditions &#8805;110<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL or in hypoglycemic treatment or previously diagnosed diabetes&#59; and &#40;e&#41; BMI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>28&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#46; This study replaced one of the standard components of MS&#44; the measurement of waist circumference&#44; with the measurement of BMI&#44; which constitutes one of the modified criteria of the NCEP-ATP III&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> The individual component criterion of MS was considered met if the BMI was &#8805;28&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#46; This value has been considered equivalent to abdominal adiposity &#40;waist circumference &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>102<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm in men and &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>88<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm in women&#41;&#44; the original criterion followed by various authors&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Use of resources and cost model</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We considered direct healthcare costs &#40;direct costs&#41; to be those related to the health care activities &#40;medical visits&#44; days in the hospital&#44; emergency department&#44; diagnostic and therapeutic requests&#44; etc&#46;&#41; carried out by professionals&#46; The indirect costs were those related to the loss of work productivity &#40;disability days&#41;&#46; The cost was expressed in mean cost per patient during the 2 years of study follow-up &#40;cost&#47;unit&#41;&#46; The various study concepts and their economic assessments were obtained from a recently published study&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We performed a descriptive-univariate statistical analysis and 95&#37; confidence intervals &#40;CI&#41;&#46; We determined the normality of the distribution with the Kolmogorov&#8211;Smirnov test&#46; In the bivariate analysis&#44; we used ANOVA&#44; Chi-squared&#44; Pearson&#39;s linear correlation and the comparison of means for paired groups&#46; We performed a logistic regression analysis to obtain the variables associated with the patient&#39;s profile &#40;dependent variable&#41;&#44; with the enter procedure &#40;statistic&#58; Wald&#41;&#46; We also performed a multiple linear regression model &#40;consecutive steps&#41; to assess the variables associated with the healthcare cost&#46; The comparison of the outpatient and hospital costs was performed according to the recommendations of Thompson and Barber<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a> using analysis of covariance &#40;ANCOVA&#41;&#44; with gender&#44; age&#44; RUBs&#44; Charlson index and progression time of the diagnosis as covariates &#40;procedure&#58; determination of marginal measures&#59; Bonferroni correction&#41;&#46; We used the SPSS<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> program version 17&#44; establishing a statistical significance for values of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;05&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Results</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study population was formed by 52&#44;370 participants aged &#8805;40 years&#46; Of these&#44; 38&#44;295 required attention&#59; 26&#44;845 patients were ultimately selected&#46; By study groups&#44; 14&#46;0&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3760&#59; 95&#37; CI 13&#46;7&#8211;14&#46;2&#37;&#41; belonged to the DM2 diagnosis group and 86&#46;0&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>23&#44;085&#41; belonged to the reference&#47;control group &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The baseline characteristics of the study series are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> according to the patient groups and subgroups&#46; In the logistic regression model&#44; DM2 was associated mostly with OBE &#40;OR&#44; 2&#46;8&#59; 95&#37; CI 2&#46;4&#8211;3&#46;1&#41;&#44; AHT &#40;OR&#44; 2&#46;4&#59; 95&#37; CI 2&#46;2&#8211;2&#46;6&#41;&#44; and OW &#40;OR&#44; 1&#46;9&#59; 95&#37; CI 1&#46;7&#8211;2&#46;2&#41;&#46; DM2 was less likely to be associated with dyslipidemia &#40;OR&#44; 1&#46;5&#59; 95&#37; CI 1&#46;4&#8211;1&#46;7&#41;&#44; ischemic heart disease &#40;OR&#44; 1&#46;5&#59; 95&#37; CI 1&#46;1&#8211;2&#46;0&#41;&#44; stroke &#40;OR&#44; 1&#46;4&#59; 95&#37; CI 1&#46;1&#8211;1&#46;8&#41;&#44; male gender &#40;&#40;OR&#44; 1&#46;2&#59; 95&#37; CI 1&#46;1&#8211;1&#46;3&#41; and age &#40;OR&#44; 1&#46;2&#59; 95&#37; CI 1&#46;1&#8211;1&#46;3&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;05&#41;&#46; The distribution of the DM2 group by subgroups of factors was as follows&#58; 6&#46;7&#37; with DM2 only &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>253&#59; 95&#37; CI 5&#46;9&#8211;7&#46;5&#37;&#41;&#44; 7&#46;0&#37; with DM2&#8211;AHT &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>263&#59; 95&#37; CI 6&#46;2&#8211;7&#46;8&#37;&#41;&#44; 15&#46;4&#37; with DM2&#8211;OW &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>579&#59; 95&#37; CI 14&#46;2&#8211;16&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#44; 10&#46;7&#37; with DM2&#8211;OBE &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>403&#59; 95&#37; CI 9&#46;7&#8211;11&#46;7&#37;&#41;&#44; 26&#46;1&#37; with DM2&#8211;AHT&#8211;OW &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>980&#59; 95&#37; CI 24&#46;7&#8211;27&#46;5&#37;&#41; and 34&#46;1&#37; with DM2&#8211;AHT&#8211;OBE &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1282&#59; 95&#37; CI 32&#46;6&#8211;35&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The distribution of microvascular complications&#44; the prevalence of MS&#44; the antidiabetic medication and the hypoglycemia of the patients with DM2 are listed in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#46; The prevalence of MS in DM2 was 75&#46;4&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 74&#46;0&#8211;75&#46;8&#37;&#41; and was greater in the DM2&#8211;OBE &#40;75&#46;8&#37;&#41;&#44; DM2&#8211;AHT&#8211;OW &#40;78&#46;7&#37;&#41; and especially DM2&#8211;AHT&#8211;OBE &#40;98&#46;7&#37;&#41; subgroups &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;01&#41;&#46; The consumption of antidiabetic agents and hypoglycemic agents was 85&#46;3&#37; and 37&#46;5&#37;&#44; respectively &#40;41&#46;3&#37; in PC&#41;&#46; There was a noteworthy reduction in the control group of triglyceride levels &#40;118&#46;6&#8211;115&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#41; and total cholesterol &#40;209&#46;8&#8211;207&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm Hg&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#41;&#46; The group with DM2 showed greater reductions &#40;150&#46;8&#8211;141&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#41; and total cholesterol &#40;191&#46;1&#8211;182&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm Hg&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#41;&#46; These differences were also shown in all subgroups analyzed&#46; Some 60&#46;0&#37; of the patients with DM2 showed proper metabolic control &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 58&#46;4&#8211;61&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The participants with DM2&#44; when compared with those of the control&#47;reference group&#44; attended more medical visits in PC &#40;26&#46;9 vs&#46; 15&#46;4&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#41;&#44; spent more days in hospital &#40;0&#46;6 vs&#46; 0&#46;2&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#41; and attended a greater number of specialized care visits &#40;1&#46;2 vs&#46; 0&#46;2&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#41;&#46; There were no differences in the number of disability days&#46; By DM2 subgroups&#44; the use of resources was more noteworthy among patients with DM2&#8211;AHT&#8211;OW and DM2&#8211;AHT&#8211;OBE&#46; The model of raw and adjusted &#40;by covariates&#41; costs according to the study groups is described in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#46; In the healthcare costs&#44; 89&#46;0&#37; corresponded to PC costs &#40;medication&#58; 60&#46;5&#37;&#44; medical visits&#58; 15&#46;8&#37;&#41; and 11&#46;0&#37; to specialized care &#40;medical visits&#58; 3&#46;2&#37;&#41;&#46; The average per unit of the total costs of the participants with DM2 compared with those of the control&#47;reference group were superior &#40;&#8364;4908 vs&#46; &#8364;2645&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#41;&#46; In the adjusted model &#40;ANCOVA&#41;&#44; these costs were of &#8364;4458 &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; &#8364;4269&#8211;&#8364;4647&#41; versus &#8364;2784 &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; &#8364;2710&#8211;&#8364;2858&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#41;&#46; Additionally&#44; the healthcare costs of the patients with DM2 were greater in the participants with poor metabolic control &#40;HbA1c<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#37;&#59; &#8364;4118 vs&#46; &#8364;3406&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#41;&#44; with MS &#40;&#8364;4128 vs&#46; &#8364;3048&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#41; and with a prior history of CVD &#40;&#8364;5448 vs&#46; &#8364;3418&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patients with DM2&#44; when compared with the control group&#44; had higher rates in all events&#58; CVD &#40;4&#46;7&#37; vs&#46; 1&#46;7&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#41;&#44; renal failure &#40;1&#46;8&#37; vs&#46; 0&#46;6&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#41; and genitourinary infections &#40;11&#46;2&#37; vs&#46; 8&#46;6&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#41;&#46; By subgroups &#40;DM2 only&#44; DM2&#8211;AHT&#44; DM2&#8211;OW&#44; DM2&#8211;OBE&#44; DM2&#8211;AHT&#8211;OW and DM2&#8211;AHT&#8211;OBE&#41;&#44; the rates of CVD were 4&#46;7&#37;&#44; 4&#46;6&#37;&#44; 2&#46;1&#37;&#44; 5&#46;0&#37;&#44; 4&#46;8&#37; and 5&#46;6&#37;&#44; respectively &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#41;&#59; the rates of heart failure were 1&#46;6&#37;&#44; 0&#46;8&#37;&#44; 1&#46;2&#37;&#44; 1&#46;5&#37;&#44; 1&#46;8&#37; and 2&#46;6&#37;&#44; respectively &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#41;&#59; the rates of renal failure were 0&#46;1&#37;&#44; 1&#46;9&#37;&#44; 0&#46;3&#37;&#44; 1&#46;0&#37;&#44; 3&#46;4&#37; and 1&#46;9&#37;&#44; respectively &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#41;&#59; and the rates of genitourinary infection were 10&#46;7&#37;&#44; 13&#46;7&#37;&#44; 8&#46;3&#37;&#44; 9&#46;2&#37;&#44; 11&#46;1&#37; and 12&#46;7&#37;&#44; respectively &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#41;&#46; The differences were statistically significant in the DM2&#8211;AHT&#8211;OW and DM2&#8211;AHT&#8211;OBE subgroups &#40;in all episodes&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the logistic regression model &#40;adjusted by covariates&#41;&#44; the presence of CVD in patients with diabetes was associated with poor metabolic control of DM2 &#40;OR&#44; 2&#46;8&#41;&#59; male gender &#40;OR&#44; 2&#46;3&#41;&#59; OBE &#40;OR&#44; 1&#46;8&#41;&#59; dyslipidemia &#40;OR&#44; 1&#46;7&#41;&#59; AHT &#40;OR&#44; 1&#46;5&#41;&#59; and OW &#40;OR&#44; 1&#46;4&#41;&#46; Hypoglycemia was associated with dyslipidemia &#40;OR&#44; 1&#46;5&#41;&#44; OBE &#40;OR&#44; 1&#46;7&#41; and general comorbidity &#40;Charlson index&#59; OR&#44; 1&#46;3&#41;&#46; Moreover&#44; the healthcare costs &#40;adjusted by covariates&#41; were associated with hospital readmissions &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;432&#41;&#44; age &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;196&#41;&#44; OBE &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;117&#41;&#44; poor metabolic control &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;093&#41; and hypoglycemia &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;052&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Discussion</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study shows that patients with DM2 have a strong association with OBE&#44; AHT and OW&#44; a situation that can cause higher rates of CVD &#40;complications&#41; and healthcare costs during the progression of the disease&#46; The uniqueness of the study lies in the joint measurement of the analyzed variables &#40;metabolic control&#44; complications and costs&#41;&#44; which can be considered one of the strengths of the study&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results of the study highlight the association of DM2 with OW&#44; OBE and AHT&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#8211;11&#44;13&#44;14&#44;17</span></a> It is noteworthy that the group with DM2&#8211;AHT&#8211;OBE was more prevalent than the DM2&#8211;AHT&#8211;OW group&#46; This situation might be due to a casual effect&#44; although the most plausible explanation is that the subgroup with OW consisted of older patients who might present a reduction in adipose tissue&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;13</span></a> The results of the prevalence of MS are consistent with other published studies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33&#44;34</span></a> The results on metabolic control&#44; meanwhile&#44; are similar or slightly greater than the data found in the literature&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;14&#44;35&#44;36</span></a> This situation could be due to the fact that our data are more recent&#59; however&#44; there is still a certain margin for improvement&#44; as indicated by scientific societies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;16</span></a> DM2 is a disease with one of the greatest healthcare impacts due to its high mortality rate&#44; its repercussions on quality of life and the high consumption of healthcare resources it entails&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;16</span></a> Hypoglycemia rates were 37&#46;5&#37;&#44; and there were no differences between the study subgroups&#46; We can therefore assume that the patients&#8217; tolerance and safety profile &#40;pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties&#41;&#44; along with the distribution of DPP-4i&#44; was similar among the subgroups analysed&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The cost analysis should be interpreted as a strength of the study&#46; These were associated with readmissions &#40;CVD&#41;&#44; age&#44; OBE&#44; poor metabolic control and hypoglycemia&#46; The limited studies available show that as compliance and metabolic control of these patients increase&#44; the lower the risk of hospitalization&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a> Nevertheless&#44; there was considerable variability in the studies reviewed&#44; a situation that hinders the comparison of the results&#46; In general&#44; our results are consistent with these studies<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;23</span></a> highlighting the association of hypoglycemia with the costs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38&#44;39&#44;40</span></a> Ballesta and Carral&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span></a> in a sample of 517 patients with DM2&#44; estimated an annual direct cost associated with diabetes of &#8364;2504&#46; There was a significant association between the total costs associated with DM2 and the following variables&#58; time of evolution of the diabetes&#44; average HbA1c value and the presence of complications&#46; Giorda et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a> reaffirmed the manner in which an effective therapy with good metabolic control can reduce the risk of complications and represents a valid strategy from an economic point of view&#46; With the previously mentioned limitations&#44; our results are consistent with the reviewed data&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a></p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The potential limitations of the study lie in the accurate diagnosis of DM2&#44; the possible bias of patient classification and the operational measurement of costs&#44; attributable to the information system developed&#46; Other limitations of the study include the lack of measurement of a number of variables &#40;therapeutic compliance&#44; socioeconomic level&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#44; although their distribution should also be similar in the study groups &#40;clinical variables&#41; analyzed&#46; Another limitation of the study lies in the measurement of hypoglycemia&#44; given that we only identified episodes in which the patient required medical care and in which this care was documented&#59; episodes of hypoglycemia could therefore have been underdiagnosed&#46; From a strictly pharmacoeconomic point of view&#44; it is much more desirable to analyze expenditures according to parameters that are potentially modifiable&#44; such as the presence or absence of hypoglycemia&#44; metabolic control and even the control of other associated risk factors&#46; This situation could therefore be interpreted as a limitation of the study&#46; Another limitation is in regard to metabolic control&#59; good metabolic control is generally considered an A1c<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#37;&#59; however&#44; this is currently a subject of discussion based on the current recommendation of individualizing the objectives&#46; Another limitation of the study could be due to not having included patients with DM2 who were younger than 40 years&#44; although the repercussion of this is slight&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The future perspectives offered by this study are focused on replicating the study in other healthcare institutions&#44; as well as improving the strategies conducted by multidisciplinary teams to promote effective interventions in the reduction of OBE&#44; in which patients are highly involved in their own care&#46; In conclusion&#44; DM2 has a significant association with OBE&#44; AHT and OW&#46; DM2&#8211;OBE creates more costs than DM2&#8211;AHT&#46; The presence of these factors in DM2 can result in higher rates of CVD and healthcare costs in the national health system&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Contribution of the authors</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Concept and design of the manuscript&#58; A&#46; Sicras&#44; R&#46; Navarro and J&#46; Ib&#225;&#241;ez&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data collection&#58; A&#46; Sicras&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data analysis and interpretation&#58; A&#46; Sicras&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Drafting&#44; review and approval of the submitted manuscript&#58; A&#46; Sicras&#44; R&#46; Navarro and J&#46; Ib&#225;&#241;ez&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Funding</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study was funded by <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs0005">Bristol-Myers Squibb and Astra-Zeneca</span>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0090" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0150">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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              "titulo" => "Diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus and the complications"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objectives</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Type 2 diabetes mellitus &#40;DM2&#41; is usually accompanied by various comorbidities that can increase the cost of treatment&#46; We are not aware of studies that have determined the costs associated with treating DM2 patients with comorbidities such as overweight &#40;OW&#41;&#44; obesity &#40;OBE&#41; or arterial hypertension &#40;AHT&#41;&#46; The aim of the study was to examine the health-related costs and the incidence of cardiovascular disease &#40;CVD&#41; in these patients&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Patients and methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Multicenter&#44; observational retrospective design&#46; We included patients 40&#8211;99 years of age who requested medical attention in 2010 in Badalona &#40;Barcelona&#44; Spain&#41;&#46; There were two study groups&#58; those with DM2 and without DM2 &#40;reference group&#47;control&#41;&#44; and six subgroups&#58; DM2-only&#44; DM2&#8211;AHT&#44; DM2&#8211;OW&#44; DM2&#8211;OBE&#44; DM2&#8211;AHT&#8211;OW and DM2&#8211;AHT&#8211;OBE&#46; The main outcome measures were&#58; comorbidity&#44; metabolic syndrome &#40;MS&#41;&#44; complications &#40;hypoglycemia&#44; CVD&#41; and costs &#40;health and non-health&#41;&#46; Follow-up was carried out for two years&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A total of 26&#44;845 patients were recruited&#46; The prevalence of DM2 was 14&#46;0&#37;&#46; Subjects with DM2 were older &#40;67&#46;8 vs&#46; 59&#46;7 years&#41; and more were men &#40;51&#46;3 vs&#46; 43&#46;0&#37;&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#46; DM2 status was associated primarily with OBE &#40;OR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;8&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">CI</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;4&#8211;3&#46;1&#41;&#44; AHT &#40;OR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;4&#44; CI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;2&#8211;2&#46;6&#41; and OW &#40;OR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;9&#44; CI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;7&#8211;2&#46;2&#41;&#46; The distribution by subgroups was&#58; 6&#46;7&#37; of patients had only DM2&#44; 26&#46;1&#37; had DM2&#44; AHT and OW&#44; and 34&#46;1&#37; had DM2&#44; AHT&#44; and OBE&#46; Some 75&#46;4&#37; had MS and 37&#46;5&#37; reported an episode of hypoglycemia&#46; The total cost&#47;patient with DM2 was &#8364;4458&#46; By subgroups the costs were as follows&#58; DM2&#58; &#8364;3431&#59; DM2&#8211;AHT&#58; &#8364;4075&#59; DM2&#8211;OW&#58; &#8364;4057&#59; DM2&#8211;OBE&#58; &#8364;4915&#59; DM2&#8211;AHT&#8211;OW&#58; &#8364;4203 and DM2&#8211;AHT&#8211;OBE&#58; &#8364;5021&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#46; The CVD rate among patients with DM2 was 4&#46;7 vs&#46; 1&#46;7&#37; in those without DM2 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Obesity is a comorbidity associated with DM2 that leads to greater healthcare costs than AHT&#46; The presence of these comorbidities causes increased rates of CVD&#46;</p>"
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        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivos</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La diabetes mellitus tipo 2 &#40;DM2&#41; suele acompa&#241;arse de diversas comorbilidades que pueden incrementar el coste de su tratamiento&#46; No conocemos estudios que hayan determinado los costes asociados al tratamiento de los enfermos con DM2 que&#44; adem&#225;s padecen sobrepeso &#40;SP&#41;&#44; obesidad &#40;OBE&#41; o hipertensi&#243;n arterial &#40;HTA&#41;&#46; Hemos examinado el gasto sanitario y la incidencia de enfermedad cardiovascular &#40;ECV&#41; en estos enfermos&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Pacientes y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Dise&#241;o observacional-multic&#233;ntrico de car&#225;cter retrospectivo&#46; Se incluyeron pacientes entre 40&#8211;99 a&#241;os que demandaron atenci&#243;n durante 2010 en Badalona &#40;Barcelona&#44; Espa&#241;a&#41;&#46; Se establecieron 2 grupos de estudio&#58; presencia-DM2 y ausencia-DM2 &#40;referencia&#47;control&#41;&#44; y 6 subgrupos&#58; DM2-solo&#44; DM2&#8211;HTA&#44; DM2&#8211;SP&#44; DM2&#8211;OBE&#59; DM2&#8211;HTA&#8211;SP y DM2&#8211;HTA&#8211;OBE&#46; Las principales medidas fueron&#58; comorbilidad&#44; s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lico &#40;SM&#41;&#44; complicaciones &#40;hipoglucemias&#44; ECV&#41; y costes &#40;sanitarios&#59; no-sanitarios&#41;&#46; El seguimiento se realiz&#243; durante 2 a&#241;os&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se reclutaron 26&#46;845 pacientes&#46; La prevalencia de DM2 fue del 14&#44;0&#37;&#46; Los sujetos con DM2 mostraron mayor edad &#40;67&#44;8 vs&#46; 59&#44;7 a&#241;os&#41; y porcentaje de varones &#40;51&#44;3 vs&#46; 43&#44;0&#37;&#41;&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#46; La DM2 se asoci&#243; principalmente a OBE &#40;OR&#58; 2&#44;8&#59; IC 95&#37;&#58; 2&#44;4&#8211;3&#44;1&#41;&#44; HTA &#40;OR&#58; 2&#44;4&#59; IC 95&#37;&#58; 2&#44;2&#8211;2&#44;6&#41; y SP &#40;OR&#58; 1&#44;9&#59; IC 95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;7&#8211;2&#44;2&#41;&#46; La distribuci&#243;n por subgrupos oscil&#243; entre el 6&#44;7&#37; para los enfermos que solo presentaban DM2&#44; y el 26&#44;1&#37; para los diagnosticados de DM2&#8211;HTA&#8211;SP y el 34&#44;1&#37; para los que ten&#237;an DM2&#8211;HTA&#8211;OBE&#46; El SM se identific&#243; en el 75&#44;4&#37; y un 37&#44;5&#37; refiri&#243; alg&#250;n episodio de hipoglucemia&#46; El coste-total&#47;paciente con DM2 al cabo de 2 a&#241;os fue de 4&#46;458&#8364;&#46; Por subgrupos fue de DM2&#58; 3&#46;431&#8364;&#59; DM2&#8211;HTA&#58; 4&#46;075&#8364;&#59; DM2&#8211;SP&#58; 4&#46;057&#8364;&#59; DM2&#8211;OBE&#58; 4&#46;915&#8364;&#59; DM2&#8211;HTA&#8211;SP&#58; 4&#46;203&#8364; y DM2&#8211;HTA&#8211;OBE&#58; 5&#46;02&#8364; &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#46; La tasa de ECV en los enfermos con DM2 fue del 4&#44;7&#37;&#44; y del 1&#44;7&#37; en los que no padec&#237;an esta condici&#243;n &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La OBE es una comorbilidad asociada a la DM2 que origina un mayor gasto sanitario que la HTA&#46; La presencia de estas comorbilidades ocasiona mayores tasas de ECV&#46;</p>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0020">Please cite this article as&#58; Sicras-Mainar A&#44; Navarro-Artieda R&#44; Ib&#225;&#241;ez-Nolla J&#46; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas y econ&#243;micas asociadas a la diabetes tipo 2&#46; Rev Clin Esp&#46; 2014&#59;214&#58;121&#8211;130&#46;</p>"
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            "Tamanyo" => 103646
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">General study scheme&#46;</p>"
        ]
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      1 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
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        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Abbreviations</span>&#58; AHT&#44; arterial hypertension&#59; COPD&#44; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease&#59; DM2&#44; type 2 diabetes&#59; OBE&#44; obesity&#59; OW&#44; overweight&#59; RUB&#44; resource utilization bands&#59; SS&#44; social security&#46;</p><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Values expressed in percentages or mean &#40;standard deviation&#41;&#46;</p><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Overall <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-value in the general comparison among groups&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;05&#59; &#42;&#42;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;01&#59; &#42;&#42;&#42;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#46;</p><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In the subgroups&#44; statistically significant differences compared with the control group&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Study groups&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">General groups</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="6" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Study subgroups &#40;diabetes-associated comorbidity&#41;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Diabetes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">DM2 only&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">DM2&#8211;AHT&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">DM2&#8211;OW&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">DM2&#8211;OBE&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">DM2&#8211;AHT&#8211;OW&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">DM2&#8211;AHT&#8211;OBE&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Number of patients&#44; &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>26&#44;845 &#40;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>23085 &#40;86&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;760 &#40;14&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>253 &#40;6&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>263 &#40;7&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>579 &#40;15&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>403 &#40;10&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>980 &#40;26&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1282 &#40;34&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="10" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Demographic characteristics</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mean age&#44; years</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">60&#46;9 &#40;13&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">59&#46;7 &#40;13&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">67&#46;8 &#40;11&#46;3&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;&#42;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">62&#46;9 &#40;14&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">71&#46;7 &#40;10&#46;4&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">64&#46;2 &#40;12&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">63&#46;1 &#40;11&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">70&#46;3 &#40;10&#46;0&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">68&#46;2 &#40;10&#46;0&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="10" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ranges</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>40&#8211;54 years&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">35&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">39&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">29&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">23&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">22&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>55&#8211;64 years&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">26&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">22&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">16&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">28&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">32&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">21&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>65&#8211;74 years&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">19&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">30&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Associated comorbidities</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hypertension&#44; &#37;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Dyslipidemia&#44; &#37;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Obesity&#44; &#37;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Active smokers&#44; &#37;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Alcoholism&#44; &#37;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ischemic heart disease&#44; &#37;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Psychotic disorders&#44; &#37;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Malignant neoplasms&#44; &#37;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">10&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Abbreviations</span>&#58; AHT&#44; arterial hypertension&#59; DM2&#44; type 2 diabetes&#59; DPP-4i&#44; dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors&#59; OBE&#44; obesity&#59; OW&#44; overweight&#46;</p><p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the control group&#58; 21&#46;6&#37;&#59; values expressed in percentages or mean &#40;standard deviation&#41;&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Study groups&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Diabetes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">DM2 only&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">DM2&#8211;AHT&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">DM2&#8211;OBE&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">DM2&#8211;AHT&#8211;OW&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">DM2&#8211;AHT&#8211;OBE&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Number of patients&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">8&#46;7 &#40;3&#46;2&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;1 &#40;2&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;0 &#40;3&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&#46;8 &#40;2&#46;9&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&#46;9 &#40;3&#46;5&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="8" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Microvascular complications</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Diabetic retinopathy&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">22&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">19&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">13&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">19&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">23&#46;2<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Diabetic neuropathy&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Diabetic nephropathy&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Microalbuminuria&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">25&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">20&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">23&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">20&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">19&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">26&#46;0<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">26&#46;3<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="8" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Components of metabolic syndrome</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>BMI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>28&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">63&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">11&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">14&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">49&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">100&#46;0<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">51&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">100&#46;0<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Blood pressure<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>130&#47;85<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm Hg &#91;or treatment&#93;&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">85&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">49&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">100&#46;0a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">59&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">65&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">100&#46;0<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">100&#46;0<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Triglycerides<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">35&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">19&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">26&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">33&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">38&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">34&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">41&#46;8<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Glycemia under fasting conditions<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>110<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">88&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">88&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">89&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">88&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">88&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">89&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">89&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cHDL<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>40 for men and &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>50 for women mg&#47;dL&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">66&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">42&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">63&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">60&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">62&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">71&#46;8<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Prevalence of metabolic syndrome&#44; &#37;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Medication</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#37; consumption of antidiabetic agents&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">86&#44;9<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">89&#44;3<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Metformin&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">74&#46;0<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Sulfonylureas&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">35&#46;1<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Glinides&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Glitazones&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Acarbose&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Miglitol&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Metformin&#47;glitazones&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Metformin&#47;DPP-4i&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">16&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Insulin&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">22&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">23&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">22&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">22&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">24&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25&#46;5<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pharmaceutical therapy</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;4 &#40;0&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;4 &#40;0&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;4 &#40;0&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;4 &#40;0&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;5 &#40;0&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;4 &#40;0&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;5 &#40;0&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Monotherapy&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">61&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">69&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">65&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">63&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">59&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">61&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">59&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Double therapy&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">33&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">30&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">30&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">33&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">34&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">35&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Triple therapy or greater&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">47&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="8" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hypoglycemia &#40;during follow-up&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>With hospitalization&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>In primary care&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">34&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#37; total hypoglycemia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  """
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Values expressed in mean &#40;SD&#44; standard deviation&#41;&#46;</p><p id="spar0100" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Abbreviations</span>&#58; AHT&#44; arterial hypertension&#59; CI&#44; confidence interval&#59; DM2&#44; type 2 diabetes&#59; OBE&#44; obesity&#59; OW&#44; excess weight&#46;</p><p id="spar0105" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In the subgroups&#44; there are significant differences compared with the control group in all components&#44; except in the disability days&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Conventional radiology&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Additional tests&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Medication &#40;all&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">817 &#40;1357&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2072 &#40;2186&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2391 &#40;2051&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2885 &#40;2340&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Antidiabetic agents&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">722 &#40;936&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">625 &#40;821&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">525 &#40;640&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">677 &#40;848&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">734 &#40;979&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">593 &#40;774&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">898 &#40;1104&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Specialized care costs&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">113 &#40;615&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">434 &#40;1302&#41;&#42;&#42;&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">338 &#40;825&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">404 &#40;1026&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">499 &#40;1284&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Days in hospital&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">138 &#40;747&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">90 &#40;484&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">153 &#40;905&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">260 &#40;1675&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">209 &#40;1161&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Medical visits&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25 &#40;164&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">127 &#40;310&#41;&#42;&#42;&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">97 &#40;280&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">123 &#40;314&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">86 &#40;165&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">127 &#40;288&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">114 &#40;265&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">163 &#40;389&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Emergency department visits&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Nonhealthcare costs &#40;productivity&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Model of adjusted costs</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>95&#37; CI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cost in antidiabetic drugs&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>95&#37; CI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Specialized care costs&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>95&#37; CI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Nonhealthcare costs &#40;productivity&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>95&#37; CI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">726&#8211;1365&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">969&#8211;1542&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Total costs&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2784&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3431&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4075&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4915&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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              "identificador" => "tblfn0015"
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              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">Adjusted ANCOVA model&#58; The contrasts are based on the comparisons by pairs&#44; linearly independent&#44; between the marginal calculated means&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Model of raw and adjusted costs &#40;24-month follow-up&#41; according to the study groups &#40;in euros&#41;&#46;</p>"
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          "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">What we know&#63;</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Type 2 diabetes mellitus &#40;DM2&#41; is a disease with a high risk of experienced a vascular disease&#44; especially if it is associated with other cardiovascular risk factors such as obesity and arterial hypertension &#40;AHT&#41;&#46; We do not know of any studies that have determined the costs of DM2 with coexisting excess weight&#44; obesity and AHT&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">What this article provides&#63;</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The analysis of 3760 patients with DM2 shows that the costs associated with obesity are higher than those associated with AHT&#46; The incidence of cardiovascular disease was more than 2&#46;5 times higher in patients with DM2 than in those who do not have this condition&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Editors</p></span></span>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
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      "titulo" => "References"
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        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The burden of cardiovascular disease in the elderly&#58; morbidity&#44; mortality&#44; and costs"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Yazdanyar"
                            1 => "A&#46;B&#46; Newman"
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                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.cger.2009.07.007"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Clin Geriatr Med"
                        "fecha" => "2009"
                        "volumen" => "25"
                        "paginaInicial" => "563"
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                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19944261"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
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            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0010"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Value of primordial and primary prevention for cardiovascular disease&#58; a policy statement from the American Heart Association"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:3 [
                          "colaboracion" => "American Heart Association Advocacy Coordinating Committee&#59; Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young&#59; Council on the Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease&#59; Council on Epidemiology and Prevention&#59; Council on Cardiovascular Nursing&#59; Council on Arteriosclerosis&#59; Thrombosis and Vascular Biology&#59; Council on Clinical Cardiology&#44; and Stroke Council&#46;"
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "W&#46;S&#46; Weintraub"
                            1 => "S&#46;R&#46; Daniels"
                            2 => "L&#46;E&#46; Burke"
                            3 => "B&#46;A&#46; Franklin"
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                        ]
                      ]
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                  ]
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                      "Revista" => array:5 [
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                        "fecha" => "2011"
                        "volumen" => "23"
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                ]
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0015"
              "etiqueta" => "3"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
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                      "titulo" => "Epidemiology of complications and total treatment costs from diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes in Germany &#40;ROSSO 4&#41;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "S&#46; Martin"
                            1 => "W&#46; Schramm"
                            2 => "B&#46; Schneider"
                            3 => "K&#46; Neeser"
                            4 => "C&#46; Weber"
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                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1055/s-2007-981470"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes"
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                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
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              "identificador" => "bib0020"
              "etiqueta" => "4"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Incidence and prevalence of diabetes in an adult population of Madrid &#40;Spain&#41;&#58; a study using computerized medical records in primary care"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "M&#46;A&#46; Mart&#237;n Mart&#237;nez"
                            1 => "R&#46; Carmona Alf&#233;rez"
                            2 => "F&#46;J&#46; Prado Galbarro"
                            3 => "A&#46; Sarr&#237;a Santamera"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.gaceta.2012.09.003"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
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                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23140982"
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                ]
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                      "titulo" => "Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular risk factors in the adult population of the autonomous region of Madrid &#40;Spain&#41;&#58; the PREDIMERC study"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "E&#46; Gil Montalb&#225;n"
                            1 => "B&#46; Zorrilla Torras"
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                            4 => "E&#46; Donoso Navarro"
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                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.gaceta.2010.01.010"
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                    ]
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                ]
              ]
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                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Incidence of diabetes and serum adipokines in Catalonian men&#58; the ADIPOCAT study"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "S&#46; Sans"
                            1 => "T&#46; Padr&#243;"
                            2 => "J&#46; Tuomilehto"
                            3 => "L&#46; Badimon"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
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                      "doi" => "10.3109/07853890.2012.679958"
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                ]
              ]
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Evoluci&#243;n de la prevalencia de la diabetes tipo 2 en poblaci&#243;n adulta espa&#241;ola"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "S&#46; Vald&#233;s"
                            1 => "G&#46; Rojo-Mart&#237;nez"
                            2 => "F&#46; Soriguer"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
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                        "fecha" => "2007"
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                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "National&#44; regional&#44; and global trends in fasting plasma glucose and diabetes prevalence since 1980&#58; systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 370 country-years and 2&#46;7 million participants"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:3 [
                          "colaboracion" => "Global Burden of Metabolic Risk Factors of Chronic Diseases Collaborating Group &#40;Blood Glucose&#41;"
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "G&#46; Danaei"
                            1 => "M&#46;M&#46; Finucane"
                            2 => "Y&#46; Lu"
                            3 => "G&#46;M&#46; Singh"
                            4 => "M&#46;J&#46; Cowan"
                            5 => "C&#46;J&#46; Paciorek"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60679-X"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Lancet"
                        "fecha" => "2011"
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                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            8 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0045"
              "etiqueta" => "9"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in diabetes mellitus&#58; prediction and prognosis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
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                            0 => "A&#46;S&#46; Astrup"
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                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
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                      ]
                    ]
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                ]
              ]
            ]
            9 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0050"
              "etiqueta" => "10"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Fifteen years of continuous improvement of quality care of type 2 diabetes mellitus in primary care in Catalonia&#44; Spain"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:3 [
                          "colaboracion" => "Diabetes Study Group in Primary Health Care &#40;GEDAPS&#58; Grup d&#8217;Estudi de la Diabetis a l&#8217;Atenci&#243; Prim&#224;ria de Salut&#44; Catalonian Society of Family and Community Medicine&#41;"
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Mata-Cases"
                            1 => "P&#46; Roura-Olmeda"
                            2 => "M&#46; Berengu&#233;-Iglesias"
                            3 => "M&#46; Birul&#233;s-Pons"
                            4 => "X&#46; Mundet-Tuduri"
                            5 => "J&#46; Franch-Nadal"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
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                        "volumen" => "66"
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                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            10 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0055"
              "etiqueta" => "11"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Medical care of type 2 diabetes mellitus in light of international and national recommendations&#58; a retrospective analysis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "K&#46; Burgmann"
                            1 => "S&#46;A&#46; Fatio"
                            2 => "B&#46; Jordi"
                            3 => "J&#46; Rutishauser"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.4414/smw.2013.13871"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Swiss Med Wkly"
                        "fecha" => "2013"
                        "volumen" => "143"
                        "paginaInicial" => "w13871"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24163110"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            11 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0060"
              "etiqueta" => "12"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Patient preferences for the treatment of type 2 diabetes&#58; a scoping review"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "S&#46;M&#46; Joy"
                            1 => "E&#46; Little"
                            2 => "N&#46;M&#46; Maruthur"
                            3 => "T&#46;S&#46; Purnell"
                            4 => "J&#46;F&#46; Bridges"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s40273-013-0089-7"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Pharmacoeconomics"
                        "fecha" => "2013"
                        "volumen" => "31"
                        "paginaInicial" => "877"
                        "paginaFinal" => "892"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24081453"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
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              "referencia" => array:1 [
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                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "American Diabetes Association position statement&#58; evidence-based nutrition principles and recommendations for the treatment and prevention of diabetes and related complications"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "colaboracion" => "American Diabetes Association Task Force for Writing Nutrition Principles and Recommendations for the Management of Diabetes and Related Complications"
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                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Am Diet Assoc"
                        "fecha" => "2002"
                        "volumen" => "102"
                        "paginaInicial" => "109"
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                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11794490"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            13 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0070"
              "etiqueta" => "14"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Diabetes&#46; Recommendations for the pharmacological treatment of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "E&#46; Men&#233;ndez Torre"
                            1 => "J&#46; Lafita Tejedor"
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Vol. 214. Issue 3.
Pages 121-130 (April 2014)
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Vol. 214. Issue 3.
Pages 121-130 (April 2014)
Original article
Clinical and economic characteristics associated with type 2 diabetes
Características clínicas y económicas asociadas a la diabetes tipo 2
Visits
679
A. Sicras-Mainara,
Corresponding author
asicras@bsa.cat

Corresponding author.
, R. Navarro-Artiedab, J. Ibáñez-Nollac
a Dirección de planificación, Badalona Serveis Assistencials SA, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
b Documentación médica, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
c Dirección médica, Badalona Serveis Assistencials SA, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
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Figures (1)
Tables (3)
Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the study series.
Table 2. Distribution of microvascular complications, prevalence of ms, antidiabetic medication and hypoglycemia of patients with diabetes.
Table 3. Model of raw and adjusted costs (24-month follow-up) according to the study groups (in euros).
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Abstract
Objectives

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) is usually accompanied by various comorbidities that can increase the cost of treatment. We are not aware of studies that have determined the costs associated with treating DM2 patients with comorbidities such as overweight (OW), obesity (OBE) or arterial hypertension (AHT). The aim of the study was to examine the health-related costs and the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in these patients.

Patients and methods

Multicenter, observational retrospective design. We included patients 40–99 years of age who requested medical attention in 2010 in Badalona (Barcelona, Spain). There were two study groups: those with DM2 and without DM2 (reference group/control), and six subgroups: DM2-only, DM2–AHT, DM2–OW, DM2–OBE, DM2–AHT–OW and DM2–AHT–OBE. The main outcome measures were: comorbidity, metabolic syndrome (MS), complications (hypoglycemia, CVD) and costs (health and non-health). Follow-up was carried out for two years.

Results

A total of 26,845 patients were recruited. The prevalence of DM2 was 14.0%. Subjects with DM2 were older (67.8 vs. 59.7 years) and more were men (51.3 vs. 43.0%), p<.001. DM2 status was associated primarily with OBE (OR=2.8, CI=2.4–3.1), AHT (OR=2.4, CI=2.2–2.6) and OW (OR=1.9, CI=1.7–2.2). The distribution by subgroups was: 6.7% of patients had only DM2, 26.1% had DM2, AHT and OW, and 34.1% had DM2, AHT, and OBE. Some 75.4% had MS and 37.5% reported an episode of hypoglycemia. The total cost/patient with DM2 was €4458. By subgroups the costs were as follows: DM2: €3431; DM2–AHT: €4075; DM2–OW: €4057; DM2–OBE: €4915; DM2–AHT–OW: €4203 and DM2–AHT–OBE: €5021, p<.001. The CVD rate among patients with DM2 was 4.7 vs. 1.7% in those without DM2 p<.001.

Conclusions

Obesity is a comorbidity associated with DM2 that leads to greater healthcare costs than AHT. The presence of these comorbidities causes increased rates of CVD.

Keywords:
Diabetes
Metabolic syndrome
Hypoglycemia
Cardiovascular disease
Health care costs
Resumen
Objetivos

La diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) suele acompañarse de diversas comorbilidades que pueden incrementar el coste de su tratamiento. No conocemos estudios que hayan determinado los costes asociados al tratamiento de los enfermos con DM2 que, además padecen sobrepeso (SP), obesidad (OBE) o hipertensión arterial (HTA). Hemos examinado el gasto sanitario y la incidencia de enfermedad cardiovascular (ECV) en estos enfermos.

Pacientes y métodos

Diseño observacional-multicéntrico de carácter retrospectivo. Se incluyeron pacientes entre 40–99 años que demandaron atención durante 2010 en Badalona (Barcelona, España). Se establecieron 2 grupos de estudio: presencia-DM2 y ausencia-DM2 (referencia/control), y 6 subgrupos: DM2-solo, DM2–HTA, DM2–SP, DM2–OBE; DM2–HTA–SP y DM2–HTA–OBE. Las principales medidas fueron: comorbilidad, síndrome metabólico (SM), complicaciones (hipoglucemias, ECV) y costes (sanitarios; no-sanitarios). El seguimiento se realizó durante 2 años.

Resultados

Se reclutaron 26.845 pacientes. La prevalencia de DM2 fue del 14,0%. Los sujetos con DM2 mostraron mayor edad (67,8 vs. 59,7 años) y porcentaje de varones (51,3 vs. 43,0%), p<0,001. La DM2 se asoció principalmente a OBE (OR: 2,8; IC 95%: 2,4–3,1), HTA (OR: 2,4; IC 95%: 2,2–2,6) y SP (OR: 1,9; IC 95%: 1,7–2,2). La distribución por subgrupos osciló entre el 6,7% para los enfermos que solo presentaban DM2, y el 26,1% para los diagnosticados de DM2–HTA–SP y el 34,1% para los que tenían DM2–HTA–OBE. El SM se identificó en el 75,4% y un 37,5% refirió algún episodio de hipoglucemia. El coste-total/paciente con DM2 al cabo de 2 años fue de 4.458€. Por subgrupos fue de DM2: 3.431€; DM2–HTA: 4.075€; DM2–SP: 4.057€; DM2–OBE: 4.915€; DM2–HTA–SP: 4.203€ y DM2–HTA–OBE: 5.02€ (p<0,001). La tasa de ECV en los enfermos con DM2 fue del 4,7%, y del 1,7% en los que no padecían esta condición (p<0,001).

Conclusiones

La OBE es una comorbilidad asociada a la DM2 que origina un mayor gasto sanitario que la HTA. La presencia de estas comorbilidades ocasiona mayores tasas de ECV.

Palabras clave:
Diabetes
Síndrome metabólico
Hipoglucemias
Enfermedad cardiovascular
Costes sanitarios

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