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Se incluyeron los primeros cinco pacientes elegibles atendidos por cada m&#233;dico entre el 8-11-2021 y el 8-02-2022&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El objetivo primario fue identificar en pacientes con un diagn&#243;stico reciente de FA&#44; si hab&#237;a existido un retraso en el diagn&#243;stico&#46; Los objetivos secundarios fueron&#58; 1&#41; describir el perfil demogr&#225;fico y cl&#237;nico de los pacientes con un diagn&#243;stico reciente de FA y c&#243;mo se llev&#243; a cabo el proceso diagn&#243;stico&#59; 2&#41; estimar el tiempo de demora diagn&#243;stica en caso de existir&#59; 3&#41; determinar los factores cl&#237;nico-demogr&#225;ficos que podr&#237;an asociarse con un retraso en el diagn&#243;stico de FA&#59; 3&#41; determinar las causas por las que los pacientes con s&#237;ntomas compatibles de FA no acuden a consulta&#59; 4&#41; determinar si son frecuentes las oportunidades perdidas de diagn&#243;stico precoz de FA en el sistema sanitario&#59; y 5&#41; determinar el tratamiento preventivo de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos inicial&#46;</p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Poblaci&#243;n en estudio y m&#233;dicos investigadores</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los m&#233;dicos investigadores eran especialistas en cardiolog&#237;a&#44; medicina interna o AP&#44; o m&#233;dicos de los Servicios de Urgencias&#44; que pod&#237;an entrevistar y revisar la historia de cinco pacientes recientemente diagnosticados de FA en el periodo contemplado en el estudio&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los criterios de inclusi&#243;n fueron los siguientes&#58; 1&#41; edad &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18 a&#241;os&#59; 2&#41; residentes en Espa&#241;a&#59; 3&#41; FA permanente&#44; parox&#237;stica o persistente &#40;definida como FA de 7-30 d&#237;as de duraci&#243;n&#41; recientemente diagnosticada&#46; Se pod&#237;an reclutar los pacientes en el mismo momento de la consulta en la que se diagnostique el problema &#40;si el m&#233;dico responsable es investigador del estudio&#44; por ejemplo&#44; en AP&#44; Urgencias&#8230;&#41; o en la primera consulta de seguimiento especializada a la que se derive el paciente tras su detecci&#243;n &#40;por ejemplo&#44; consultas de medicina interna o cardiolog&#237;a&#41;&#46; Los criterios de exclusi&#243;n fueron&#58; 1&#41; inestabilidad cl&#237;nica a juicio del investigador&#59; 2&#41; imposibilidad de responder de manera adecuada a las preguntas de la entrevista&#59; 3&#41; haber realizado una encuesta sobre FA en los &#250;ltimos 30 d&#237;as &#40;para evitar casos duplicados atendidos por diferentes especialistas&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Variables</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La recogida de datos se realiz&#243; a trav&#233;s de un formulario espec&#237;ficamente dise&#241;ado para este estudio&#46; Se recogieron variables demogr&#225;ficas y datos sobre la experiencia profesional de los m&#233;dicos investigadores&#46; De los pacientes&#44; se recogieron variables sociodemogr&#225;ficas y cl&#237;nicas&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; se recogieron detalles sobre c&#243;mo se hab&#237;a realizado el diagn&#243;stico de la FA&#44; contactos previos con el sistema sanitario y el manejo antitromb&#243;tico inicial&#46; Se pregunt&#243; sobre sintomatolog&#237;a previa compatible y los motivos para demorar la consulta por dicha sintomatolog&#237;a&#44; si era el caso&#46; Se recogi&#243; la impresi&#243;n cl&#237;nica de los m&#233;dicos responsables sobre el retraso diagn&#243;stico&#44; en particular si el m&#233;dico investigador cre&#237;a que la FA era o no de inicio reciente &#40;definida como una FA de menos de 30 d&#237;as de evoluci&#243;n&#41; y si&#44; por los s&#237;ntomas o por contactos previos con el sistema sanitario&#44; se hab&#237;a producido bajo su criterio un retraso evitable en el diagn&#243;stico&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Aspectos &#233;ticos</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El estudio se llev&#243; a cabo de acuerdo con los requerimientos &#233;ticos de las declaraciones de Helsinki&#44; revisi&#243;n de Fortaleza &#40;Brasil&#44; octubre 2013&#41; para la investigaci&#243;n con seres humanos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#44; y las <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">International</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Guidelines for Ethical Review of Epidemiological Studies</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#46; Los participantes firmaron un consentimiento informado&#46; El proyecto fue aprobado por el Comit&#233; &#201;tico de Investigaci&#243;n Cl&#237;nica del Hospital Costa del Sol&#44; Marbella &#40;M&#225;laga&#41; &#40;c&#243;digo&#58; 003&#95;sep21&#95;PI - Detecci&#243;n FA&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Estudio estad&#237;stico</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se estim&#243; la inclusi&#243;n de 1&#46;111 pacientes como muestra suficiente para estimar los resultados centrales del estudio con una precisi&#243;n del &#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#37; en las condiciones m&#225;s desfavorables &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>q<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;5&#41; de una distribuci&#243;n binomial&#46; Se analizaron las variables cualitativas mediante la distribuci&#243;n de frecuencias relativas &#40;&#37;&#41; con intervalos de confianza del 95&#37;&#46; Para las variables cuantitativas&#44; se utilizaron media y desviaci&#243;n est&#225;ndar junto con la mediana y el rango en casos de datos con dispersi&#243;n amplia o at&#237;pica&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se realiz&#243; un estudio univariante analizando las variables que se relacionan con la presencia de un retraso diagn&#243;stico de la FA a juicio del investigador&#46; Se compararon variables cualitativas empleando la prueba estad&#237;stica de Chi al cuadrado o prueba exacta de Fisher&#44; seg&#250;n la circunstancia&#46; La comparaci&#243;n de variables cuantitativas se efectu&#243; mediante la prueba t de Student &#40;o U de Mann Whitney&#44; si las condiciones de las submuestras as&#237; lo exig&#237;a&#41; o el an&#225;lisis de la varianza &#40;o prueba de Kruskal-Wallis&#41; en los casos de comparaciones m&#250;ltiples&#44; complementado por un test <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">a posteriori</span> de comparaci&#243;n m&#250;ltiple &#40;Bonferroni&#44; Tukey&#41;&#46; Se consider&#243; que exist&#237;an diferencias significativas cuando p&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se realiz&#243; un an&#225;lisis multivariante con un modelo de regresi&#243;n log&#237;stica&#44; teniendo como variable dependiente la existencia o no de un retraso diagn&#243;stico de la FA a juicio del investigador&#44; y como variables independientes las variables cl&#237;nicas o epidemiol&#243;gicas relacionadas con el retraso diagn&#243;stico en el estudio univariante con p&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;20 y las variables cl&#237;nicas relevantes a juicio del equipo investigador&#46; Se emple&#243; el algoritmo de &#171;pasos atr&#225;s&#187; desde el modelo completo para obtener el modelo final ajustado&#46; Se emple&#243; el programa R Statistical Software &#40;v4&#46;2&#46;3&#59; R Core Team 2023&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Resultados</span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Caracter&#237;stica de los investigadores</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Un total de 201 m&#233;dicos participaron en el estudio &#40;62&#44;2&#37; hombres&#44; mediana de edad 42 a&#241;os&#44; rango 29-70&#41;&#46; Proced&#237;an de todas las Comunidades Aut&#243;nomas de Espa&#241;a&#44; principalmente de Andaluc&#237;a &#40;47 m&#233;dicos&#41; y Catalu&#241;a &#40;40 m&#233;dicos&#41;&#46; El perfil se resume en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Tabla 1</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Caracter&#237;sticas de los pacientes</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se incluyeron 948 pacientes en el estudio &#40;55&#37; hombres&#44; mediana de edad 74 a&#241;os&#44; rango 32-99&#41;&#46; Las caracter&#237;sticas y antecedentes se resumen en las <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tbl0005">Tablas 1 y 2</a>&#46; En el 41&#44;8&#37; de los pacientes la FA se catalog&#243; como parox&#237;stica en el momento del diagn&#243;stico&#44; el 30&#44;9&#37; como persistente y el 27&#44;3&#37; como permanente &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Tabla 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Retraso diagn&#243;stico</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los especialistas estimaron que en el 61&#44;7&#37; de los casos &#40;585 pacientes&#41; la FA era de inicio reciente &#40;&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30 d&#237;as de evoluci&#243;n&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En 467 del total de 948 pacientes &#40;49&#44;3&#37;&#41; se consider&#243; que se hab&#237;a producido un retraso en el diagn&#243;stico&#46; Se estim&#243; que el diagn&#243;stico se pod&#237;a haber adelantado &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7 d&#237;as en el 16&#44;5&#37; de los casos &#40;77 pacientes&#41;&#44; 7-30 d&#237;as en el 12&#44;6&#37; &#40;59 pacientes&#41;&#44; 1-6 meses en el 50&#44;7&#37; &#40;237 pacientes&#41;&#44; 6 meses-un a&#241;o en el 12&#44;4&#37; &#40;58 pacientes&#41; y &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1 a&#241;o en el 7&#44;7&#37; de casos &#40;36 pacientes&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Tabla 3</a> muestra la relaci&#243;n entre factores sociodemogr&#225;ficos y cl&#237;nicos y el retraso diagn&#243;stico&#46; En un an&#225;lisis multivariante&#44; las variables asociadas con el retraso diagn&#243;stico fueron la presencia de FA permanente o persistente respecto a FA parox&#237;stica&#44; la edad&#44; la presencia de enfermedad valvular&#44; HTA&#44; cardiopat&#237;a isqu&#233;mica o neoplasia activa &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Tabla 4</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Circunstancias del diagn&#243;stico</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cuando se pregunt&#243; a los pacientes acerca de si hab&#237;an experimentado sintomatolog&#237;a previa compatible con FA&#44; m&#225;s de la mitad contestaron afirmativamente &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>516&#44; 54&#44;4&#37;&#41;&#46; Los s&#237;ntomas m&#225;s frecuentes fueron las palpitaciones &#40;67&#44;4&#37;&#41; y la disnea &#40;50&#37;&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figura 1</a>&#41;&#46; La mayor&#237;a hab&#237;a experimentado s&#237;ntomas en el mes previo al diagn&#243;stico&#58; el 33&#37; en los 7 d&#237;as anteriores y el 32&#37; entre 7-30 d&#237;as previos&#46; La proporci&#243;n de pacientes que hab&#237;a experimentado s&#237;ntomas entre 30 d&#237;as-6 meses&#44; entre 6 meses-un a&#241;o o &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1 a&#241;o antes del diagn&#243;stico fue del 20&#44;2&#37;&#44; 7&#37; y 7&#44;8&#37;&#44; respectivamente&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Entre los 516 pacientes que tuvieron sintomatolog&#237;a previa&#44; 168 &#40;32&#44;6&#37;&#41; hab&#237;an consultado previamente por dicha sintomatolog&#237;a&#44; sin que se llegara al diagn&#243;stico&#46; Los restantes 348 pacientes &#40;67&#44;4&#37;&#41; no consultaron por sus s&#237;ntomas&#46; Entre los que no consultaron previo al diagn&#243;stico de FA&#44; el principal motivo fue que los s&#237;ntomas no les parecieron importantes &#40;26&#44;7&#37;&#41; o que los atribuyeron a otras causas &#40;estr&#233;s&#44; falta de sue&#241;o&#44; etc&#46;&#41; &#40;22&#44;7&#37;&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figura 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En el global de los pacientes&#44; el diagn&#243;stico de FA se realiz&#243; tras la realizaci&#243;n de pruebas complementarias por s&#237;ntomas compatibles en el 54&#44;1&#37; de los pacientes &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>513&#41;&#46; En el 37&#37; de los casos &#40;351 pacientes&#41;&#44; el diagn&#243;stico se produjo de manera casual&#44; bien durante la realizaci&#243;n de un electrocardiograma &#40;EKG&#41; &#40;20&#44;6&#37;&#59; 195 pacientes&#41; o durante una exploraci&#243;n no relacionada con la sospecha de FA &#40;16&#44;4&#37;&#41;&#46; En el 4&#44;4&#37; de los pacientes &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>42&#41;&#44; el diagn&#243;stico se llev&#243; a cabo tras un evento tromboemb&#243;lico y en el 1&#44;5&#37; de los casos &#40;14 pacientes&#41; a trav&#233;s de un cribado sistematizado&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Oportunidades perdidas de diagn&#243;stico</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Del total&#44; 709 pacientes &#40;74&#44;8&#37;&#41; expresaron que hab&#237;an tenido alg&#250;n contacto con el sistema sanitario en el a&#241;o previo al diagn&#243;stico&#58; 261 pacientes &#40;27&#44;5&#37;&#41; refirieron un contacto&#59; 318 &#40;33&#44;5&#37;&#41; entre 2-5 contactos y 130 &#40;13&#44;7&#37;&#41; &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5 contactos previos&#46; No hubo diferencias significativas entre la proporci&#243;n de pacientes con contactos previos y el tipo de FA &#40;parox&#237;stica&#58; 74&#44;2&#37;&#44; permanente&#58; 75&#44;3&#37;&#44; persistente&#58; 77&#44;5&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;320&#41;&#46; La mitad de los pacientes con alg&#250;n contacto previo &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>354&#44; 49&#44;9&#37;&#41; se&#241;al&#243; que se les hab&#237;a realizado un cribado de FA por exploraci&#243;n f&#237;sica o por EKG en al menos uno de los contactos recibidos en el a&#241;o previo al diagn&#243;stico de FA&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Tratamiento antitromb&#243;tico</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Del total de pacientes&#44; a 888 &#40;93&#44;7&#37;&#41; se les hab&#237;a iniciado alg&#250;n tratamiento para la prevenci&#243;n de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos&#44; en su mayor&#237;a con alg&#250;n tratamiento anticoagulante &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>878&#44; 98&#44;9&#37;&#41;&#46; Al 3&#44;8&#37; de los pacientes que iniciaron tratamiento antitromb&#243;tico se les paut&#243; un antiagregante&#44; ya sea como &#250;nico tratamiento &#40;10 pacientes&#41; o bien en combinaci&#243;n con alg&#250;n anticoagulante oral &#40;24 pacientes&#41;&#44; siendo mayoritario el uso de &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico &#40;83&#44;9&#37;&#44; entre los tratados con antiagregantes&#41;&#46; Respecto al tipo de tratamiento anticoagulante&#44; mayoritariamente se emple&#243; un anticoagulante oral de acci&#243;n directa &#40;601 pacientes&#44; 67&#44;7&#37; de los pacientes tratados&#41;&#46; La <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figura 2</a> refleja la distribuci&#243;n de los tratamientos anticoagulantes empleados&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Discusi&#243;n</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En este estudio transversal presentamos datos que sugieren la existencia de un retraso diagn&#243;stico de la FA en casi la mitad de los pacientes con diagn&#243;stico reciente de FA&#46; Muchos de estos pacientes no acuden a consulta a pesar de presentar s&#237;ntomas compatibles con FA&#44; o bien hab&#237;an tenido alg&#250;n contacto con el sistema sanitario en el a&#241;o previo al diagn&#243;stico&#59; sin embargo&#44; no se les realiz&#243; un cribado de FA&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La FA es bastante prevalente en la poblaci&#243;n y tiene consecuencias potencialmente muy graves<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46; Se asocia de forma independiente con un riesgo casi cinco veces superior de ictus cardioemb&#243;lico y casi multiplica por dos el riesgo de muerte comparado con la poblaci&#243;n general<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;13</span></a>&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; cada vez hay m&#225;s evidencia de la asociaci&#243;n entre la FA y el desarrollo de accidentes cerebrovasculares silentes y la enfermedad cerebrovascular de peque&#241;o vaso<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46; El riesgo de complicaciones tromboemb&#243;licas disminuye significativamente si se instaura un tratamiento anticoagulante<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;5</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La prevalencia de FA no diagnosticada es dif&#237;cil de estimar&#44; pues depende de la poblaci&#243;n estudiada y del m&#233;todo de cribado empleado<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46; Se estima que podr&#237;a afectar al 1-2&#37; de la poblaci&#243;n general<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#8211;8</span></a>&#44; a m&#225;s del 5&#37; de &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>75 a&#241;os con HTA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> y a cerca del 20&#37; los pacientes con un ictus previo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46; Una dificultad para el diagn&#243;stico precoz es que cursa a menudo de forma asintom&#225;tica y&#44; en caso de s&#237;ntomas compatibles&#44; estos muestran una gran variabilidad en cuanto a su naturaleza&#44; frecuencia&#44; momento de aparici&#243;n y gravedad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#46; Los pacientes con FA suelen presentar uno o m&#225;s de estos s&#237;ntomas compatibles&#44; incluyendo palpitaciones&#44; disnea&#44; fatiga&#44; s&#237;ncope y&#44; con menor frecuencia&#44; dolor tor&#225;cico y mareos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#46; No es infrecuente que los pacientes esperen semanas o meses desde de la aparici&#243;n de los primeros s&#237;ntomas para solicitar atenci&#243;n facultativa<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;16</span></a>&#46; En nuestro estudio&#44; m&#225;s del 50&#37; de los pacientes hab&#237;a experimentado alg&#250;n s&#237;ntoma previo y&#44; de ellos&#44; el 67&#37; no consult&#243; por dicha sintomatolog&#237;a&#46; En estudios previos&#44; un 70&#37; de pacientes con FA de reciente diagn&#243;stico hab&#237;a retrasado la b&#250;squeda de atenci&#243;n m&#233;dica m&#225;s de una semana tras el inicio de los s&#237;ntomas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#46; En nuestro caso&#44; las principales causas para no consultar incluyen la percepci&#243;n de escasa importancia que se les da a estos s&#237;ntomas o que estos se atribuyen a circunstancias distintas a la FA&#44; lo que tambi&#233;n ha sido descrito en estudios previos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#46; Por ello&#44; ser&#237;a importante realizar tareas educativas y de sensibilizaci&#243;n dirigidas a la poblaci&#243;n general&#44; especialmente a &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>65 a&#241;os para que no demoren la consulta en caso de s&#237;ntomas compatibles&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hay muchas iniciativas que han tratado de establecer el cribado sistem&#225;tico de la FA en la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46; Existen varias herramientas predictivas de su aparici&#243;n basadas en caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas&#44; pero ninguna ha sido ampliamente utilizada en la pr&#225;ctica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46; Por otra parte&#44; existen estudios en marcha para determinar el beneficio de programas de cribado sistem&#225;tico&#44; pero por ahora el beneficio de la implementaci&#243;n generalizada del cribado en poblaciones no seleccionadas no est&#225; demostrado<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#46; Probablemente por la falta de evidencia s&#243;lida&#44; las recomendaciones de cribado de FA var&#237;an seg&#250;n las distintas sociedades cient&#237;ficas&#46; La <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">United States Preventive Services Task Force</span> considera que la evidencia actual es insuficiente y no se puede determinar el balance beneficio&#47;riesgo del cribado de FA en adultos asintom&#225;ticos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&#46; Las gu&#237;as de la <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">European Society of Cardiology</span> &#40;ESC&#41; recomiendan el cribado oportunista de FA mediante la toma del pulso o la realizaci&#243;n de una tira de ritmo EKG en pacientes &#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>65 a&#241;os<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46; El cribado oportunista es un programa organizado que incluye la realizaci&#243;n del cribado de forma sistem&#225;tica como parte de la evaluaci&#243;n cl&#237;nica llevada a cabo de forma rutinaria en la consulta por cualquier otro motivo m&#233;dico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46; Las gu&#237;as de la ESC tambi&#233;n recomiendan considerar el cribado sistem&#225;tico con EKG en individuos de &#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>75 a&#241;os o aquellos con alto riesgo de ictus<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46; Tanto el cribado sistem&#225;tico como el oportunista son m&#225;s rentables que la pr&#225;ctica habitual en pacientes &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>65 a&#241;os&#44; y el cribado oportunista tiene m&#225;s probabilidades de ser rentable que el cribado sistem&#225;tico en la poblaci&#243;n general<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los resultados de nuestro estudio sugieren que el cribado de la FA en cualquier contacto de adultos mayores con el sistema sanitario podr&#237;a estar justificado&#44; ya que cerca de tres cuarta partes de los pacientes con un diagn&#243;stico reciente de FA hab&#237;a tenido contactos previos con el sistema sanitario&#46; Especialmente en los pacientes con FA permanente&#44; es posible que se hubiera adelantado el diagn&#243;stico de esta patolog&#237;a&#46; La palpaci&#243;n del pulso y&#47;o el EKG de corta duraci&#243;n en personas &#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>65 a&#241;os puede identificar al 1&#44;4&#37; de la poblaci&#243;n en este rango de edad con FA no diagnosticada previamente&#44; lo que sugiere un n&#250;mero necesario para el cribado de 70<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;20</span></a>&#46; En nuestro estudio&#44; el riesgo de retraso diagn&#243;stico es m&#225;s frecuente en personas de mayor edad&#46; As&#237; que creemos justificado el cribado en personas de m&#225;s de 65 a&#241;os&#44; que&#44; como proponen las gu&#237;as de la ESC&#44; parece un umbral razonable&#46; Por otra parte&#44; el 4&#44;4&#37; de nuestros pacientes se diagnosticaron tras sufrir un evento tromboemb&#243;lico&#44; que muy probablemente podr&#237;a haberse evitado con el oportuno cribado previo&#46; A falta de un programa de cribado establecido&#44; ser&#237;a bueno promover iniciativas para sensibilizar al personal sanitario y aumentar la proactividad en el diagn&#243;stico precoz de FA&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Por otra parte&#44; el cribado se puede asociar con riesgos como un diagn&#243;stico err&#243;neo o llevar a pruebas invasivas innecesarias&#44; adem&#225;s de causar ansiedad al paciente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46; Por ello se recomienda que se informe a las personas sometidas al cribado sobre las implicaciones terap&#233;uticas de la detecci&#243;n de FA&#44; que se organice una plataforma de derivaci&#243;n estructurada para los casos positivos y que el diagn&#243;stico definitivo de FA solo se establezca despu&#233;s de que el m&#233;dico revise el registro de EKG y confirme la FA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La principal limitaci&#243;n del estudio es su dise&#241;o transversal&#44; con obtenci&#243;n de datos retrospectivos&#44; y el car&#225;cter subjetivo de la definici&#243;n de &#171;retraso diagn&#243;stico&#187; por parte de los m&#233;dicos responsables&#46; Sin embargo&#44; por su propia naturaleza&#44; el retraso diagn&#243;stico no se puede establecer de manera objetiva en estudios prospectivos&#46; Consideramos que el dise&#241;o actual puede dar una aproximaci&#243;n al volumen del problema y permite sugerir recomendaciones para paliarlo&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Conclusiones</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En una proporci&#243;n apreciable de casos de FA hay un retraso diagn&#243;stico que pone en riesgo al paciente&#46; Hay una proporci&#243;n importante de personas con s&#237;ntomas compatibles que no acuden a consulta&#46; Muchos pacientes tienen contactos con el sistema sanitario en los que se pierde la oportunidad de realizar un diagn&#243;stico temprano&#46; La sensibilizaci&#243;n&#44; tanto de pacientes como de sanitarios&#44; y la implementaci&#243;n de programas de cribado en poblaci&#243;n de mayor edad en cualquier contacto realizado con el sistema sanitario&#44; podr&#237;a disminuir la incidencia del retraso diagn&#243;stico y aumentar el n&#250;mero de pacientes que se podr&#237;a beneficiar del tratamiento anticoagulante&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Financiaci&#243;n</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este estudio ha recibido una beca no condicionada del laboratorio Daiichi Sankyo S&#46;A&#46; para su desarrollo&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Conflictos de intereses</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fernando Richard Espiga&#44; Ra&#250;l Quir&#243;s L&#243;pez y Manuel Almendro Delia han recibido honorarios por parte de Daiichi Sankyo S&#46;A&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fernando Caballero Mart&#237;nez&#44; Diana Monge Mart&#237;n y Fernando Neria Serrano no tienen ninguno conflicto de inter&#233;s&#46;</p></span></span>"
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    "resumen" => array:2 [
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Analizamos la frecuencia y los factores asociados al retraso en el diagn&#243;stico de la fibrilaci&#243;n auricular &#40;FA&#41; en pacientes recientemente diagnosticados&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio descriptivo&#44; transversal&#44; multic&#233;ntrico&#46; Se recopilaron datos de pacientes reci&#233;n diagnosticados con FA mediante entrevistas y revisi&#243;n de historias cl&#237;nicas en consultas de cardiolog&#237;a cl&#237;nica&#44; medicina interna&#44; atenci&#243;n primaria y servicios de urgencias en Espa&#241;a&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Resultados</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Un total de 201 m&#233;dicos participaron en el estudio &#40;64&#44;2&#37; cardi&#243;logos&#44; 21&#44;4&#37; internistas&#41;&#46; Se incluyeron 948 pacientes &#40;58&#37; hombres&#59; edad media 72&#44;8 a&#241;os&#41;&#46; En el 41&#44;8&#37; de pacientes&#44; la FA se catalog&#243; como parox&#237;stica en el momento del diagn&#243;stico&#44; el 30&#44;9&#37; como persistente y el 27&#44;3&#37; como permanente&#46; El diagn&#243;stico fue casual en el 37&#37;&#46; En el 49&#44;3&#37; de los pacientes se consider&#243; que se hab&#237;a producido un retraso en el diagn&#243;stico&#46; El retraso se asoci&#243; a la presencia de FA permanente o persistente&#44; mayor edad o enfermedad valvular&#46; El 74&#44;8&#37; de los pacientes hab&#237;a tenido alg&#250;n contacto con el sistema sanitario en al a&#241;o previo&#46; Se pod&#237;a haber adelantado el diagn&#243;stico entre 1-6 meses en el 50&#44;7&#37; de los casos y m&#225;s de seis meses en el 20&#44;1&#37;&#46; El 54&#44;4&#37; de los pacientes hab&#237;a experimentado sintomatolog&#237;a previa compatible&#46; De ellos&#44; el 32&#44;6&#37; hab&#237;a consultado previamente&#44; sin que se llegara al diagn&#243;stico&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">En una proporci&#243;n significativa de casos de FA hay un retraso diagn&#243;stico&#46; Muchas personas con s&#237;ntomas compatibles no acuden a consulta o tienen contactos con el sistema sanitario en los que se pierde la oportunidad de un diagn&#243;stico temprano&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introduction</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We analysed the frequency of atrial fibrillation &#40;AF&#41; delayed diagnosis and the factors associated with it in newly diagnosed patients&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Methods</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This was a descriptive&#44; cross-sectional&#44; multicentre study&#46; Data were collected from newly diagnosed patients with AF through medical records review and interviews during cardiology&#44; internal medicine&#44; primary care and emergency department consultations in Spain&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Results</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A total of 201 physicians participated in the study &#40;64&#46;2&#37; cardiologists&#44; 21&#46;4&#37; internists&#41;&#46; 948 patients &#40;58&#37; men&#59; mean age 72&#46;8 years&#41; were included&#46; In 41&#46;8&#37; of patients&#44; AF was classified as paroxysmal at diagnosis&#44; 30&#46;9&#37; as persistent and 27&#46;3&#37; as permanent&#46; The diagnosis was coincidental in 37&#37;&#46; It was considered that a delayed diagnosis occurred in 49&#46;3&#37; of patients&#46; This delay was associated with the presence of permanent or persistent AF&#44; older age or valvular disease&#46; 74&#46;8&#37; of patients had some contact with the healthcare system in the preceding year&#46; The diagnosis could have been established between 1-6 months earlier in 50&#46;7&#37; of cases and more than six months earlier in 20&#46;1&#37;&#46; 54&#46;4&#37; of the patients had experienced AF compatible symptomatology previously&#46; Of these&#44; 32&#46;6&#37; had a consultation without a diagnosis&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In a significant proportion of AF cases&#44; there is a diagnostic delay&#46; Many people with compatible symptoms neither seek consultations nor contact the healthcare system facilities&#46; Consequently&#44; the opportunity for early diagnosis is lost&#46;</p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Riesgo bajo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">112 &#40;11&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">85 &#40;15&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">27 &#40;6&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Riesgo moderado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">639 &#40;67&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">359 &#40;65&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">280 &#40;70&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Riesgo alto&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">197 &#40;20&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">106 &#40;19&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">91 &#40;22&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Riesgo tromboemb&#243;lico &#40;CHA2DS2-VASc&#41;&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Riesgo bajo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">55 &#40;5&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">52 &#40;9&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;0&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Riesgo moderado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">103 &#40;10&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">87 &#40;15&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">16 &#40;4&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Riesgo alto&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">790 &#40;83&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">411 &#40;74&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">379 &#40;95&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Comorbilidades&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hipertensi&#243;n arterial&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">760 &#40;80&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">423 &#40;76&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">337 &#40;84&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;003&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Diabetes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">322 &#40;34&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">181 &#40;32&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">141 &#40;35&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;419&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hiperlipemia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">433 &#40;45&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">255 &#40;46&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">178 &#40;44&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;617&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Abuso de alcohol&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">72 &#40;7&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">62 &#40;11&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">10 &#40;2&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Tabaquismo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">204 &#40;21&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">162 &#40;29&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">42 &#40;10&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Obesidad&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">314 &#40;33&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">178 &#40;32&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">136 &#40;34&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;56&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>EPOC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">120 &#40;12&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">90 &#40;16&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sexo femenino</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">185 &#40;38&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">213 &#40;45&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;026&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Jubilado&#47;a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">350 &#40;72&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">387 &#40;82&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Vive solo&#47;a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">71 &#40;14&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">84 &#40;18&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;179&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Seguro privado</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">82 &#40;17&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">59 &#40;12&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;056&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Lugar de residencia</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Rural&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">138 &#40;28&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">133 &#40;28&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;943</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Urbano&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">343 &#40;71&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">334 &#40;71&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nivel de estudios</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Sin estudios&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">72 &#40;15&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">93 &#40;19&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;004</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Educaci&#243;n primaria&#47;secundaria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">186 &#40;38&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">210 &#40;45&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Bachillerato o equivalente&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">141 &#40;29&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">97 &#40;20&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Estudios universitarios o equivalente&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">82 &#40;17&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">67 &#40;14&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Factores cl&#237;nicos&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tipo de fibrilaci&#243;n auricular</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Permanente&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">99 &#40;20&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">160 &#40;34&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#60;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Persistente&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">123 &#40;25&#44;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">170 &#40;36&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Parox&#237;stica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">259 &#40;53&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">137 &#40;29&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Eventos tromboemb&#243;licos</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">62 &#40;12&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">59 &#40;12&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;906&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hipertensi&#243;n arterial</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">365 &#40;75&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">395 &#40;84&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#60;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Diabetes</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">159 &#40;33&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">163 &#40;34&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;548&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hiperlipemia</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">214 &#40;44&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">219 &#40;46&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;457&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Abuso de alcohol</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">37 &#40;7&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">35 &#40;7&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;909&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tabaquismo</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">112 &#40;23&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">92 &#40;19&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;179&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Obesidad</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">151 &#40;31&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">163 &#40;34&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;251&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">EPOC</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">52 &#40;10&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">68 &#40;14&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;083&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Apnea obstructiva del sue&#241;o</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">42 &#40;8&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">40 &#40;8&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;927&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enfermedad renal cr&#243;nica</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">64 &#40;13&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">65 &#40;13&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;783&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hipertiroidismo</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;1&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;1&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;573&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enfermedades inflamatorias</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">15 &#40;3&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">12 &#40;2&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;611&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Insuficiencia cardiaca</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">88 &#40;18&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">100 &#40;21&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;229&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cardiopat&#237;a isqu&#233;mica</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">76 &#40;15&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">58 &#40;12&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;135&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enfermedad valvular</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">46 &#40;9&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">40 &#40;8&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;593&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cirug&#237;a concomitante al diagn&#243;stico</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">10 &#40;2&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;1&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;868&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Neoplasia activa &#40;en tratamiento con QT y&#47;o RT&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15 &#40;3&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;1&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;098&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Anemia</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">60 &#40;12&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">56 &#40;12&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">122 &#40;26&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Estudio multivariante ajustado</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">IC 95&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Parox&#237;stica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8212;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Permanente&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&#44;61&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Persistente&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;01 a 1&#44;04&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enfermedad valvular</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;049&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8212;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8212;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cardiopat&#237;a isqu&#233;mica</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8212;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8212;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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Original
Disponible online el 10 de septiembre de 2024
Retraso diagnóstico y oportunidades perdidas en la detección precoz de la fibrilación auricular: estudio transversal
Delayed diagnosis and missed opportunities in the early detection of atrial fibrillation: a cross-sectional study
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F. Richard Espigaa,
Autor para correspondencia
frichardespiga@gmail.com

Autor de correspondencia.
, M. Almendro Deliab, F. Caballero Martínezc, D. Monge Martínd, F. Neria Serranoe, R. Quirós Lópezf
a Servicio de Urgencias Hospital Universitario de Burgos, Burgos, España
b Unidad de Investigación Cardiovascular y Ensayos Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, España
c Decano Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, España
d Vicedecana de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, España
e Unidad de apoyo a la investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, España
f Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Costa del Sol de Marbella, Málaga, España
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Estadísticas
Figuras (2)
Tablas (4)
Tabla 1. Perfil de los médicos especialistas y de los pacientes incluidos
Tabla 2. Tipo de fibrilación auricular y antecedentes personales de los pacientes
Tabla 3. Relación entre factores sociodemográficos y clínicos con el retraso diagnóstico
Tabla 4. Variables relacionadas con la impresión de retraso diagnóstico. Estudio multivariante
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Resumen
Introducción

Analizamos la frecuencia y los factores asociados al retraso en el diagnóstico de la fibrilación auricular (FA) en pacientes recientemente diagnosticados.

Métodos

Estudio descriptivo, transversal, multicéntrico. Se recopilaron datos de pacientes recién diagnosticados con FA mediante entrevistas y revisión de historias clínicas en consultas de cardiología clínica, medicina interna, atención primaria y servicios de urgencias en España.

Resultados

Un total de 201 médicos participaron en el estudio (64,2% cardiólogos, 21,4% internistas). Se incluyeron 948 pacientes (58% hombres; edad media 72,8 años). En el 41,8% de pacientes, la FA se catalogó como paroxística en el momento del diagnóstico, el 30,9% como persistente y el 27,3% como permanente. El diagnóstico fue casual en el 37%. En el 49,3% de los pacientes se consideró que se había producido un retraso en el diagnóstico. El retraso se asoció a la presencia de FA permanente o persistente, mayor edad o enfermedad valvular. El 74,8% de los pacientes había tenido algún contacto con el sistema sanitario en al año previo. Se podía haber adelantado el diagnóstico entre 1-6 meses en el 50,7% de los casos y más de seis meses en el 20,1%. El 54,4% de los pacientes había experimentado sintomatología previa compatible. De ellos, el 32,6% había consultado previamente, sin que se llegara al diagnóstico.

Conclusiones

En una proporción significativa de casos de FA hay un retraso diagnóstico. Muchas personas con síntomas compatibles no acuden a consulta o tienen contactos con el sistema sanitario en los que se pierde la oportunidad de un diagnóstico temprano.

Palabras clave:
Fibrilación auricular
Diagnóstico
Diagnóstico tardío
Programas de detección diagnóstica
Cribado masivo
Abstract
Introduction

We analysed the frequency of atrial fibrillation (AF) delayed diagnosis and the factors associated with it in newly diagnosed patients.

Methods

This was a descriptive, cross-sectional, multicentre study. Data were collected from newly diagnosed patients with AF through medical records review and interviews during cardiology, internal medicine, primary care and emergency department consultations in Spain.

Results

A total of 201 physicians participated in the study (64.2% cardiologists, 21.4% internists). 948 patients (58% men; mean age 72.8 years) were included. In 41.8% of patients, AF was classified as paroxysmal at diagnosis, 30.9% as persistent and 27.3% as permanent. The diagnosis was coincidental in 37%. It was considered that a delayed diagnosis occurred in 49.3% of patients. This delay was associated with the presence of permanent or persistent AF, older age or valvular disease. 74.8% of patients had some contact with the healthcare system in the preceding year. The diagnosis could have been established between 1-6 months earlier in 50.7% of cases and more than six months earlier in 20.1%. 54.4% of the patients had experienced AF compatible symptomatology previously. Of these, 32.6% had a consultation without a diagnosis.

Conclusions

In a significant proportion of AF cases, there is a diagnostic delay. Many people with compatible symptoms neither seek consultations nor contact the healthcare system facilities. Consequently, the opportunity for early diagnosis is lost.

Keywords:
Atrial Fibrillation
Diagnosis
Delayed Diagnosis
Diagnostic Screening Programs
Mass Screening

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