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en especial la hipertensi&#243;n arterial&#44; y se ha considerado una manifestaci&#243;n de la arterioesclerosis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a>&#46; En este sentido&#44; se ha observado una prevalencia elevada de lesiones arterioescler&#243;ticas de los troncos supraa&#243;rticos &#40;TSA&#41; en pacientes con OVR<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a>&#46; Por otra parte&#44; la asociaci&#243;n de la OVR con estados de trombofilia adquirida &#40;hiperhomocisteinemia y s&#237;ndrome antifosfol&#237;pido&#41; es menor&#44; y pr&#225;cticamente ausente con situaciones de trombofilia hereditaria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#8211;9</span></a>&#46; Existe controversia acerca de la terapia antiagregante o anticoagulante en la OVR<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Algunos autores consideran que la OVR es un factor de riesgo independiente para el desarrollo de ictus en pacientes con fibrilaci&#243;n auricular no valvular &#40;FANV&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#46; Sin embargo&#44; otros estudios que analizaron pacientes en FANV anticoagulados con warfarina observaron casos de OVR a pesar de una adecuada anticoagulaci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;12</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sobre la base de lo anteriormente expuesto&#44; nos hemos planteado los siguientes objetivos en una muestra consecutiva de pacientes con OVR&#58; a&#41; analizar la importancia de los FRV&#44; b&#41; describir la prevalencia de lesiones arterioescler&#243;ticas de los TSA&#44; y c&#41; estudiar la prevalencia de FANV anticoagulada&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Pacientes y m&#233;todos</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se trata de un estudio transversal de casos&#47;controles en el que se incluyeron de forma consecutiva todos los pacientes diagnosticados de OVR entre diciembre de 2008 y abril de 2015 por el Servicio de Oftalmolog&#237;a&#44; sobre la base de criterios cl&#237;nicos&#44; fundosc&#243;picos y angiogr&#225;ficos&#44; que fueron remitidos al Servicio de Medicina Interna&#46; El grupo control estuvo representado por 212 sujetos&#44; emparejados por edad y sexo&#44; procedentes de una cohorte poblacional prospectiva &#40;cohorte Camargo&#41; para el estudio de la prevalencia e incidencia de enfermedades &#243;seas y de trastornos del metabolismo mineral en mujeres posmenop&#225;usicas y varones mayores de 50 a&#241;os<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#46; El estudio se realiz&#243; en el Hospital Universitario Marqu&#233;s de Valdecilla de Santander&#44; que atiende a una poblaci&#243;n de 350&#46;000 habitantes&#46;</p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Recogida de datos</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La recogida de los datos se realiz&#243; mediante un cuestionario estandarizado en una base de datos informatizada&#44; que incluy&#243; datos demogr&#225;ficos&#44; cl&#237;nicos&#44; de laboratorio&#44; imagen y electrocardiogr&#225;ficos&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Variables cl&#237;nicas</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las variables cl&#237;nicas registradas fueron&#58; edad&#44; sexo&#44; hipertensi&#243;n arterial &#40;presi&#243;n arterial &#8805;140&#47;90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg o toma de tratamiento antihipertensivo&#41;&#44; diabetes mellitus &#40;seg&#250;n los criterios de la <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">American Diabetes Association</span>&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#44; dislipidemia &#40;colesterol total &#62;230<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl&#44; triglic&#233;ridos &#62;150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl&#44; o toma de hipolipemiantes&#41;&#44; tabaquismo activo&#44; obesidad &#40;definida por el &#237;ndice de masa corporal&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; se recogi&#243; informaci&#243;n sobre la localizaci&#243;n de la OVR &#40;central o de rama&#41;&#44; la presencia de FANV&#44; los antecedentes personales o familiares de enfermedad tromboemb&#243;lica&#44; la existencia de ictus o infarto a partir de la anticoagulaci&#243;n y&#44; en el caso de los pacientes anticoagulados&#44; y el valor de la raz&#243;n internacional normalizada &#40;INR&#41; previo al episodio de OVR&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Par&#225;metros de laboratorio</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las muestras de sangre se obtuvieron de la vena antecubital despu&#233;s de 12 h de ayuno nocturno&#46; Los par&#225;metros bioqu&#237;micos de rutina se midieron en un autoanalizador ADVIA 2400 &#40;Siemens&#41;&#46; Los anticuerpos anticardiolipina y &#946;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2-</span>glucoprote&#237;na <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span> se determinaron mediante ELISA &#40;AESKULISA<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> Diagnostics&#41;&#46; Los valores de normalidad para los anticuerpos anticardiolipina fueron &#60;12 UGPL&#47;ml y para los anticuerpos &#946;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>- glucoprote&#237;na <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span> &#60;12 U&#47;ml&#46; No se analizaron los resultados del anticoagulante l&#250;pico ya que los sujetos con FANV estaban anticoagulados&#44; lo que limitaba el valor de dicho par&#225;metro&#46; El diagn&#243;stico de s&#237;ndrome antifosfol&#237;pido se estableci&#243; seg&#250;n las directrices de la Sociedad Internacional de Trombosis y Hemostasia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#46;</p><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Variables de pruebas de imagen</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A todos los sujetos se les realiz&#243; un electrocardiograma de 12 derivaciones para diagnosticar la presencia de fibrilaci&#243;n auricular u otras arritmias potencialmente embol&#237;genas&#46; En la mayor&#237;a de los casos de OVR se realiz&#243; una ecograf&#237;a doppler de los TSA para valorar la presencia de placas de ateroma y cuantificar el grado de estenosis vascular&#46; El estudio se llev&#243; a cabo mediante una ecograf&#237;a en modo B y un doppler color y espectral de los sistemas carot&#237;deo y vertebral bilaterales&#44; empleando una sonda lineal de alta frecuencia &#40;modelo Logic&#44; General Electric&#41;&#46;</p></span></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">An&#225;lisis estad&#237;stico</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las variables cuantitativas se expresaron como media<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>desviaci&#243;n est&#225;ndar&#44; y las cualitativas como porcentajes&#44; especific&#225;ndose los intervalos de confianza del 95&#37; &#40;IC 95&#37;&#41;&#46; La comparaci&#243;n entre las variables cuantitativas se realiz&#243; mediante la prueba t de Student o U-Mann-Whitney&#44; seg&#250;n fuera la apropiada&#46; Para comparar las variables cuantitativas se emplearon las pruebas de Chi-cuadrado o Fisher&#46; Se consideraron significativos los valores de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#60;0&#44;05&#46; El an&#225;lisis de los datos se realiz&#243; con el programa SPSS 15&#46;0 &#40;Chicago&#44; IL&#44; EE&#46; UU&#46;&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Resultados</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se incluyeron en el estudio 212 pacientes con OVR y 212 controles&#46; La afectaci&#243;n fue de rama en 144 casos &#40;68&#37;&#59; 139 temporal y 5 nasal&#41; y central en 68 &#40;32&#37;&#41;&#46; En la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a> se muestran los datos demogr&#225;ficos y la prevalencia de los FRV cl&#225;sicos en pacientes y controles&#44; as&#237; como la prevalencia de lesiones arterioscler&#243;ticas en los TSA en los pacientes con OVR&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En el momento de su valoraci&#243;n en consultas&#44; se objetiv&#243; FANV en 13 pacientes con OVR y en 13 controles &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#41;&#46; Ninguno ten&#237;a historia familiar o personal de enfermedad tromboemb&#243;lica que sugiriese una trombofilia de base&#44; ni presentaron eventos cardiovasculares mayores &#40;ictus o infarto de miocardio&#41; en el per&#237;odo de seguimiento&#44; una vez iniciada la anticoagulaci&#243;n&#46; En todos ellos&#44; los anticuerpos antifosfol&#237;pido fueron negativos&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En 11 de los 13 pacientes con FANV y OVR&#44; el INR en el momento del episodio tromb&#243;tico retiniano estaba dentro del rango terap&#233;utico&#46; En 2 pacientes que recib&#237;an tratamiento con &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico se sustituy&#243; dicho f&#225;rmaco por rivaroxab&#225;n&#44; tras objetivarse una FANV&#46; En ambos casos se objetivaron&#44; entre dos y tres semanas del inicio de la anticoagulaci&#243;n&#44; sendos episodios de OVR&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">tabla 3</a> se comparan los datos analizados de los casos de OVR anticoagulados por FANV&#44; y los del resto de pacientes con OVR&#44; mostr&#225;ndose los hallazgos de la ecograf&#237;a de TSA en ambos grupos&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Discusi&#243;n</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En este estudio la prevalencia de hipertensi&#243;n arterial&#44; dislipidemia y diabetes mellitus fue significativamente mayor en los pacientes con OVR que en el grupo control&#46; Al igual que en otros estudios&#44; es especialmente relevante la importancia de la hipertensi&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7&#44;16</span></a>&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; m&#225;s de la mitad de los pacientes con OVR presentaron afectaci&#243;n arterioescler&#243;tica de los TSA&#44; resultados similares a otras series publicadas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Al analizar las caracter&#237;sticas de los pacientes con OVR y FANV anticoagulados&#44; observamos una mayor carga de los FRV cl&#225;sicos&#44; sin observarse diferencias en la intensidad o en el tipo de anticoagulaci&#243;n&#44; en comparaci&#243;n con los controles&#46; Por otra parte&#44; en comparaci&#243;n con los no anticoagulados&#44; los pacientes con OVR y FANV anticoagulados tuvieron una mayor prevalencia de FRV y de afectaci&#243;n vascular central de la retina&#46; Estos resultados tambi&#233;n son similares a los publicados por PlunKett et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Respecto a los eventos vasculares&#44; se ha comunicado una mayor incidencia de ictus en los pacientes con OVR&#44; en especial en el mes posterior a la afectaci&#243;n vascular retiniana&#44; por lo que algunos autores recomiendan optimizar el tratamiento de los FRV despu&#233;s de una OVR&#44; incluyendo la administraci&#243;n de antiagregantes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;19</span></a>&#46; En nuestra serie&#44; en pacientes con OVR y FANV constatamos que la anticoagulaci&#243;n previa con antagonistas de la vitamina K &#40;a pesar de mantener un INR en el rango terap&#233;utico&#44; &#8211;entre 2 y 3&#8211;&#44; en 10 de los 11 pacientes&#41; no fue capaz de evitar la aparici&#243;n de OVR<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;12</span></a>&#46; Tampoco fue eficaz&#44; en este sentido&#44; el rivaroxab&#225;n&#46; Un dato de inter&#233;s fue que&#44; en 2 pacientes en los que se cambi&#243; el &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico por rivaroxab&#225;n tras el diagn&#243;stico de la FANV&#44; se produjo una OVR en un tiempo inferior a las 3 semanas&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Christiansen et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> en una serie de 87&#46;202 pacientes con FANV analizados entre los a&#241;os 1997 y 2008&#44; constataron que 361 tuvieron una OVR&#44; y que esta fue un factor de riesgo independiente para el desarrollo de ictus y tromboembolia sist&#233;mica&#46; En el caso del ictus el riesgo &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">hazard ratio</span>&#41; fue de 1&#44;26 &#40;95&#37; IC&#44; 1&#44;02-1&#44;54&#41;&#46; Los autores plantearon la hip&#243;tesis de que la OVR podr&#237;a considerarse como un evento tromboemb&#243;lico previo a considerar para la estratificaci&#243;n del riesgo de ictus en pacientes con fibrilaci&#243;n auricular&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este trabajo presenta varias limitaciones&#44; en especial el peque&#241;o n&#250;mero de pacientes y controles con FANV anticoagulados &#40;aunque es el mayor grupo publicado hasta el momento&#41; y la ausencia de ecograf&#237;a de TSA en el grupo control&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nuestro estudio&#44; al igual que la literatura previa&#44; no apoya la eficacia de la anticoagulaci&#243;n en la prevenci&#243;n de la OVR&#44; ya que en aquellos pacientes con FANV no pareci&#243; evitar dicha complicaci&#243;n&#46; Todo ello sugiere que la OVR es una manifestaci&#243;n m&#225;s de los FRV y de la arterioesclerosis&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran no tener ning&#250;n conflicto de intereses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objetivos</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Analizar la importancia de los factores de riesgo vascular&#44; los hallazgos ecogr&#225;ficos de los troncos supraa&#243;rticos&#44; y la presencia de fibrilaci&#243;n auricular no valvular &#40;FANV&#41; anticoagulada en pacientes con obstrucci&#243;n venosa retiniana &#40;OVR&#41; y en un grupo control&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Pacientes y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio transversal de todos los pacientes con OVR remitidos consecutivamente a la consulta de Medicina Interna&#44; compar&#225;ndolos con un grupo control&#46; Se analizaron variables cl&#237;nicas&#44; electrocardiogr&#225;ficas y ecogr&#225;ficas&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Resultados</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se estudiaron 212 pacientes &#40;114 varones y 98 mujeres&#41; con OVR y 212 controles &#40;95 varones y 117 mujeres&#41; de edad similar&#46; La hipertensi&#243;n arterial&#44; la dislipidemia y la diabetes mellitus fueron significativamente m&#225;s prevalentes en los pacientes con OVR que en los controles &#40;73&#44;6 vs&#46; 50&#37;&#44; 64&#44;6 vs&#46; 48&#44;6&#37;&#44; y 27&#44;8 vs&#46; 12&#44;3&#37;&#44; respectivamente&#41;&#46; Se observaron lesiones arterioescler&#243;ticas en los troncos supraa&#243;rticos en el 55&#37; de las OVR&#46; Los pacientes con OVR y FANV ten&#237;an una mayor carga de factores de riesgo vascular que los controles con FANV&#46; No hubo diferencias respecto a la raz&#243;n internacional normalizada o a la utilizaci&#243;n de anticoagulantes de acci&#243;n directa entre casos y controles con FANV&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los factores de riesgo vascular &#40;en especial la hipertensi&#243;n arterial&#41; y la afectaci&#243;n arterioescler&#243;tica de los troncos supraa&#243;rticos son muy prevalentes en la OVR&#46; La anticoagulaci&#243;n no parece eficaz para prevenir la OVR&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objectives</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To analyse the importance of cardiovascular risk factors&#44; ultrasound findings in the supra-aortic trunk and the presence of anticoagulated nonvalvular atrial fibrillation &#40;NVAF&#41; in patients with retinal vein occlusion &#40;RVO&#41; and in a control group&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Patients and methods</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A cross-sectional study was conducted of all patients with RVO consecutively referred to the office of internal medicine&#44; comparing them with a control group&#46; We analysed clinical&#44; electrocardiographic and ultrasound variables&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Results</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We studied 212 patients &#40;114 men and 98 women&#41; with RVO and 212 controls &#40;95 men and 117 women&#41; of similar ages&#46; Arterial hypertension&#44; dyslipidaemia and diabetes mellitus were significantly more prevalent in the patients with RVO than in the controls &#40;73&#46;6 vs&#46; 50&#37;&#44; 64&#46;6 vs&#46; 48&#46;6&#37; and 27&#46;8 vs&#46; 12&#46;3&#37;&#44; respectively&#41;&#46; We observed arteriosclerotic lesions in the supra-aortic trunk in 55&#37; of the patients with RVO&#46; The patients with RVO and NVAF had a greater burden of cardiovascular risk factors than the controls with NVAF&#46; There were no differences in terms of the international normalised ratio or in the use of direct anticoagulants between the cases and controls with NVAF&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cardiovascular risk factors &#40;especially arterial hypertension&#41; and arteriosclerotic involvement of the supra-aortic trunk are highly prevalent in RVO&#46; Anticoagulation does not appear to be effective in preventing RVO&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0025"
            "titulo" => "Objectives"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0030"
            "titulo" => "Patients and methods"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "Results"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0040"
            "titulo" => "Conclusions"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">DT&#58; desviaci&#243;n t&#237;pica&#59; IMC&#58; &#237;ndice de masa corporal&#59; OVR&#58; obstrucci&#243;n venosa retiniana&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Hipertensi&#243;n arterial&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Dislipidemia&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">137 &#40;64&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">103 &#40;48&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">26 &#40;12&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">33 &#40;15&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;89&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Lesiones arterioscler&#243;ticas supraa&#243;rticas n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">110 &#40;55&#44;5&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Evaluadas mediante ecograf&#237;a doppler &#40;198 casos&#41;&#58; placas de ateroma en 99 casos y estenosis carot&#237;dea en 11 casos&#46;</p>"
            ]
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Datos demogr&#225;ficos y prevalencia de factores de riesgo vascular y lesiones arterioscler&#243;ticas de los troncos supraa&#243;rticos en pacientes con obstrucci&#243;n venosa retiniana y controles</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ACO&#58; anticoagulantes orales&#59; DT&#58; desviaci&#243;n t&#237;pica&#59; INR&#58; raz&#243;n internacional normalizada&#59; OVR&#58; obstrucci&#243;n venosa retiniana&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">OVR &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sexo&#44; n &#40;varones&#47;mujeres&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10 &#40;76&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;59&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7 &#40;53&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5 &#40;38&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2 &#40;15&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;39&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">INR &#40;DT&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#44;42 &#40;0&#44;48&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Rivaroxab&#225;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Dabigatr&#225;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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              ]
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Caracter&#237;sticas de los pacientes con fibrilaci&#243;n auricular no valvular anticoagulados&#44; con y sin obstrucci&#243;n venosa retiniana</p>"
        ]
      ]
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            "identificador" => "at3"
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            "rol" => "short"
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        "tabla" => array:3 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">DE&#58; desviaci&#243;n est&#225;ndar&#59; FANV&#58; fibrilaci&#243;n auricular no valvular&#59; OVR&#58; obstrucci&#243;n venosa retiniana&#46;</p>"
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                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.ophtha.2003.09.047"
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                        "volumen" => "111"
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ORIGINAL
Factores de riesgo vascular, fibrilación auricular no valvular y obstrucción venosa retiniana
Cardiovascular risk factors, nonvalvular atrial fibrillation and retinal vein occlusion
M. Lisa Graciaa,b,
Autor para correspondencia
m.lisagracia@gmail.com

Autor para correspondencia.
, A. Córdoba Alonsoa,b, J.L. Hernández Hernándeza,b, R. Pérez Montesa,b, J.J. Napal Lecumberria,b
a Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, España
b Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, España
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La obstrucci&#243;n venosa retiniana &#40;OVR&#41; es la segunda causa de afectaci&#243;n vascular de la retina despu&#233;s de la retinopat&#237;a diab&#233;tica y representa una causa importante de p&#233;rdida de visi&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; Seg&#250;n su localizaci&#243;n&#44; se clasifica en OVR central o perif&#233;rica&#44; siendo esta &#250;ltima de tres a cuatro veces m&#225;s frecuente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La OVR est&#225; relacionada fundamentalmente con el envejecimiento y los factores de riesgo vascular &#40;FRV&#41;&#44; en especial la hipertensi&#243;n arterial&#44; y se ha considerado una manifestaci&#243;n de la arterioesclerosis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a>&#46; En este sentido&#44; se ha observado una prevalencia elevada de lesiones arterioescler&#243;ticas de los troncos supraa&#243;rticos &#40;TSA&#41; en pacientes con OVR<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a>&#46; Por otra parte&#44; la asociaci&#243;n de la OVR con estados de trombofilia adquirida &#40;hiperhomocisteinemia y s&#237;ndrome antifosfol&#237;pido&#41; es menor&#44; y pr&#225;cticamente ausente con situaciones de trombofilia hereditaria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#8211;9</span></a>&#46; Existe controversia acerca de la terapia antiagregante o anticoagulante en la OVR<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Algunos autores consideran que la OVR es un factor de riesgo independiente para el desarrollo de ictus en pacientes con fibrilaci&#243;n auricular no valvular &#40;FANV&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#46; Sin embargo&#44; otros estudios que analizaron pacientes en FANV anticoagulados con warfarina observaron casos de OVR a pesar de una adecuada anticoagulaci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;12</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sobre la base de lo anteriormente expuesto&#44; nos hemos planteado los siguientes objetivos en una muestra consecutiva de pacientes con OVR&#58; a&#41; analizar la importancia de los FRV&#44; b&#41; describir la prevalencia de lesiones arterioescler&#243;ticas de los TSA&#44; y c&#41; estudiar la prevalencia de FANV anticoagulada&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Pacientes y m&#233;todos</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se trata de un estudio transversal de casos&#47;controles en el que se incluyeron de forma consecutiva todos los pacientes diagnosticados de OVR entre diciembre de 2008 y abril de 2015 por el Servicio de Oftalmolog&#237;a&#44; sobre la base de criterios cl&#237;nicos&#44; fundosc&#243;picos y angiogr&#225;ficos&#44; que fueron remitidos al Servicio de Medicina Interna&#46; El grupo control estuvo representado por 212 sujetos&#44; emparejados por edad y sexo&#44; procedentes de una cohorte poblacional prospectiva &#40;cohorte Camargo&#41; para el estudio de la prevalencia e incidencia de enfermedades &#243;seas y de trastornos del metabolismo mineral en mujeres posmenop&#225;usicas y varones mayores de 50 a&#241;os<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#46; El estudio se realiz&#243; en el Hospital Universitario Marqu&#233;s de Valdecilla de Santander&#44; que atiende a una poblaci&#243;n de 350&#46;000 habitantes&#46;</p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Recogida de datos</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La recogida de los datos se realiz&#243; mediante un cuestionario estandarizado en una base de datos informatizada&#44; que incluy&#243; datos demogr&#225;ficos&#44; cl&#237;nicos&#44; de laboratorio&#44; imagen y electrocardiogr&#225;ficos&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Variables cl&#237;nicas</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las variables cl&#237;nicas registradas fueron&#58; edad&#44; sexo&#44; hipertensi&#243;n arterial &#40;presi&#243;n arterial &#8805;140&#47;90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg o toma de tratamiento antihipertensivo&#41;&#44; diabetes mellitus &#40;seg&#250;n los criterios de la <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">American Diabetes Association</span>&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#44; dislipidemia &#40;colesterol total &#62;230<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl&#44; triglic&#233;ridos &#62;150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl&#44; o toma de hipolipemiantes&#41;&#44; tabaquismo activo&#44; obesidad &#40;definida por el &#237;ndice de masa corporal&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; se recogi&#243; informaci&#243;n sobre la localizaci&#243;n de la OVR &#40;central o de rama&#41;&#44; la presencia de FANV&#44; los antecedentes personales o familiares de enfermedad tromboemb&#243;lica&#44; la existencia de ictus o infarto a partir de la anticoagulaci&#243;n y&#44; en el caso de los pacientes anticoagulados&#44; y el valor de la raz&#243;n internacional normalizada &#40;INR&#41; previo al episodio de OVR&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Par&#225;metros de laboratorio</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las muestras de sangre se obtuvieron de la vena antecubital despu&#233;s de 12 h de ayuno nocturno&#46; Los par&#225;metros bioqu&#237;micos de rutina se midieron en un autoanalizador ADVIA 2400 &#40;Siemens&#41;&#46; Los anticuerpos anticardiolipina y &#946;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2-</span>glucoprote&#237;na <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span> se determinaron mediante ELISA &#40;AESKULISA<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> Diagnostics&#41;&#46; Los valores de normalidad para los anticuerpos anticardiolipina fueron &#60;12 UGPL&#47;ml y para los anticuerpos &#946;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>- glucoprote&#237;na <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span> &#60;12 U&#47;ml&#46; No se analizaron los resultados del anticoagulante l&#250;pico ya que los sujetos con FANV estaban anticoagulados&#44; lo que limitaba el valor de dicho par&#225;metro&#46; El diagn&#243;stico de s&#237;ndrome antifosfol&#237;pido se estableci&#243; seg&#250;n las directrices de la Sociedad Internacional de Trombosis y Hemostasia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#46;</p><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Variables de pruebas de imagen</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A todos los sujetos se les realiz&#243; un electrocardiograma de 12 derivaciones para diagnosticar la presencia de fibrilaci&#243;n auricular u otras arritmias potencialmente embol&#237;genas&#46; En la mayor&#237;a de los casos de OVR se realiz&#243; una ecograf&#237;a doppler de los TSA para valorar la presencia de placas de ateroma y cuantificar el grado de estenosis vascular&#46; El estudio se llev&#243; a cabo mediante una ecograf&#237;a en modo B y un doppler color y espectral de los sistemas carot&#237;deo y vertebral bilaterales&#44; empleando una sonda lineal de alta frecuencia &#40;modelo Logic&#44; General Electric&#41;&#46;</p></span></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">An&#225;lisis estad&#237;stico</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las variables cuantitativas se expresaron como media<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>desviaci&#243;n est&#225;ndar&#44; y las cualitativas como porcentajes&#44; especific&#225;ndose los intervalos de confianza del 95&#37; &#40;IC 95&#37;&#41;&#46; La comparaci&#243;n entre las variables cuantitativas se realiz&#243; mediante la prueba t de Student o U-Mann-Whitney&#44; seg&#250;n fuera la apropiada&#46; Para comparar las variables cuantitativas se emplearon las pruebas de Chi-cuadrado o Fisher&#46; Se consideraron significativos los valores de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#60;0&#44;05&#46; El an&#225;lisis de los datos se realiz&#243; con el programa SPSS 15&#46;0 &#40;Chicago&#44; IL&#44; EE&#46; UU&#46;&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Resultados</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se incluyeron en el estudio 212 pacientes con OVR y 212 controles&#46; La afectaci&#243;n fue de rama en 144 casos &#40;68&#37;&#59; 139 temporal y 5 nasal&#41; y central en 68 &#40;32&#37;&#41;&#46; En la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a> se muestran los datos demogr&#225;ficos y la prevalencia de los FRV cl&#225;sicos en pacientes y controles&#44; as&#237; como la prevalencia de lesiones arterioscler&#243;ticas en los TSA en los pacientes con OVR&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En el momento de su valoraci&#243;n en consultas&#44; se objetiv&#243; FANV en 13 pacientes con OVR y en 13 controles &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#41;&#46; Ninguno ten&#237;a historia familiar o personal de enfermedad tromboemb&#243;lica que sugiriese una trombofilia de base&#44; ni presentaron eventos cardiovasculares mayores &#40;ictus o infarto de miocardio&#41; en el per&#237;odo de seguimiento&#44; una vez iniciada la anticoagulaci&#243;n&#46; En todos ellos&#44; los anticuerpos antifosfol&#237;pido fueron negativos&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En 11 de los 13 pacientes con FANV y OVR&#44; el INR en el momento del episodio tromb&#243;tico retiniano estaba dentro del rango terap&#233;utico&#46; En 2 pacientes que recib&#237;an tratamiento con &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico se sustituy&#243; dicho f&#225;rmaco por rivaroxab&#225;n&#44; tras objetivarse una FANV&#46; En ambos casos se objetivaron&#44; entre dos y tres semanas del inicio de la anticoagulaci&#243;n&#44; sendos episodios de OVR&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">tabla 3</a> se comparan los datos analizados de los casos de OVR anticoagulados por FANV&#44; y los del resto de pacientes con OVR&#44; mostr&#225;ndose los hallazgos de la ecograf&#237;a de TSA en ambos grupos&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Discusi&#243;n</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En este estudio la prevalencia de hipertensi&#243;n arterial&#44; dislipidemia y diabetes mellitus fue significativamente mayor en los pacientes con OVR que en el grupo control&#46; Al igual que en otros estudios&#44; es especialmente relevante la importancia de la hipertensi&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7&#44;16</span></a>&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; m&#225;s de la mitad de los pacientes con OVR presentaron afectaci&#243;n arterioescler&#243;tica de los TSA&#44; resultados similares a otras series publicadas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Al analizar las caracter&#237;sticas de los pacientes con OVR y FANV anticoagulados&#44; observamos una mayor carga de los FRV cl&#225;sicos&#44; sin observarse diferencias en la intensidad o en el tipo de anticoagulaci&#243;n&#44; en comparaci&#243;n con los controles&#46; Por otra parte&#44; en comparaci&#243;n con los no anticoagulados&#44; los pacientes con OVR y FANV anticoagulados tuvieron una mayor prevalencia de FRV y de afectaci&#243;n vascular central de la retina&#46; Estos resultados tambi&#233;n son similares a los publicados por PlunKett et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Respecto a los eventos vasculares&#44; se ha comunicado una mayor incidencia de ictus en los pacientes con OVR&#44; en especial en el mes posterior a la afectaci&#243;n vascular retiniana&#44; por lo que algunos autores recomiendan optimizar el tratamiento de los FRV despu&#233;s de una OVR&#44; incluyendo la administraci&#243;n de antiagregantes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;19</span></a>&#46; En nuestra serie&#44; en pacientes con OVR y FANV constatamos que la anticoagulaci&#243;n previa con antagonistas de la vitamina K &#40;a pesar de mantener un INR en el rango terap&#233;utico&#44; &#8211;entre 2 y 3&#8211;&#44; en 10 de los 11 pacientes&#41; no fue capaz de evitar la aparici&#243;n de OVR<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;12</span></a>&#46; Tampoco fue eficaz&#44; en este sentido&#44; el rivaroxab&#225;n&#46; Un dato de inter&#233;s fue que&#44; en 2 pacientes en los que se cambi&#243; el &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico por rivaroxab&#225;n tras el diagn&#243;stico de la FANV&#44; se produjo una OVR en un tiempo inferior a las 3 semanas&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Christiansen et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> en una serie de 87&#46;202 pacientes con FANV analizados entre los a&#241;os 1997 y 2008&#44; constataron que 361 tuvieron una OVR&#44; y que esta fue un factor de riesgo independiente para el desarrollo de ictus y tromboembolia sist&#233;mica&#46; En el caso del ictus el riesgo &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">hazard ratio</span>&#41; fue de 1&#44;26 &#40;95&#37; IC&#44; 1&#44;02-1&#44;54&#41;&#46; Los autores plantearon la hip&#243;tesis de que la OVR podr&#237;a considerarse como un evento tromboemb&#243;lico previo a considerar para la estratificaci&#243;n del riesgo de ictus en pacientes con fibrilaci&#243;n auricular&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este trabajo presenta varias limitaciones&#44; en especial el peque&#241;o n&#250;mero de pacientes y controles con FANV anticoagulados &#40;aunque es el mayor grupo publicado hasta el momento&#41; y la ausencia de ecograf&#237;a de TSA en el grupo control&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nuestro estudio&#44; al igual que la literatura previa&#44; no apoya la eficacia de la anticoagulaci&#243;n en la prevenci&#243;n de la OVR&#44; ya que en aquellos pacientes con FANV no pareci&#243; evitar dicha complicaci&#243;n&#46; Todo ello sugiere que la OVR es una manifestaci&#243;n m&#225;s de los FRV y de la arterioesclerosis&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran no tener ning&#250;n conflicto de intereses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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            1 => "Factores de riesgo vascular"
            2 => "Fibrilaci&#243;n auricular no valvular"
            3 => "Anticoagulaci&#243;n"
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            0 => "Retinal vein occlusion"
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            3 => "Anticoagulation"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objetivos</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Analizar la importancia de los factores de riesgo vascular&#44; los hallazgos ecogr&#225;ficos de los troncos supraa&#243;rticos&#44; y la presencia de fibrilaci&#243;n auricular no valvular &#40;FANV&#41; anticoagulada en pacientes con obstrucci&#243;n venosa retiniana &#40;OVR&#41; y en un grupo control&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Pacientes y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio transversal de todos los pacientes con OVR remitidos consecutivamente a la consulta de Medicina Interna&#44; compar&#225;ndolos con un grupo control&#46; Se analizaron variables cl&#237;nicas&#44; electrocardiogr&#225;ficas y ecogr&#225;ficas&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Resultados</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se estudiaron 212 pacientes &#40;114 varones y 98 mujeres&#41; con OVR y 212 controles &#40;95 varones y 117 mujeres&#41; de edad similar&#46; La hipertensi&#243;n arterial&#44; la dislipidemia y la diabetes mellitus fueron significativamente m&#225;s prevalentes en los pacientes con OVR que en los controles &#40;73&#44;6 vs&#46; 50&#37;&#44; 64&#44;6 vs&#46; 48&#44;6&#37;&#44; y 27&#44;8 vs&#46; 12&#44;3&#37;&#44; respectivamente&#41;&#46; Se observaron lesiones arterioescler&#243;ticas en los troncos supraa&#243;rticos en el 55&#37; de las OVR&#46; Los pacientes con OVR y FANV ten&#237;an una mayor carga de factores de riesgo vascular que los controles con FANV&#46; No hubo diferencias respecto a la raz&#243;n internacional normalizada o a la utilizaci&#243;n de anticoagulantes de acci&#243;n directa entre casos y controles con FANV&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los factores de riesgo vascular &#40;en especial la hipertensi&#243;n arterial&#41; y la afectaci&#243;n arterioescler&#243;tica de los troncos supraa&#243;rticos son muy prevalentes en la OVR&#46; La anticoagulaci&#243;n no parece eficaz para prevenir la OVR&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objectives</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To analyse the importance of cardiovascular risk factors&#44; ultrasound findings in the supra-aortic trunk and the presence of anticoagulated nonvalvular atrial fibrillation &#40;NVAF&#41; in patients with retinal vein occlusion &#40;RVO&#41; and in a control group&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Patients and methods</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A cross-sectional study was conducted of all patients with RVO consecutively referred to the office of internal medicine&#44; comparing them with a control group&#46; We analysed clinical&#44; electrocardiographic and ultrasound variables&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Results</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We studied 212 patients &#40;114 men and 98 women&#41; with RVO and 212 controls &#40;95 men and 117 women&#41; of similar ages&#46; Arterial hypertension&#44; dyslipidaemia and diabetes mellitus were significantly more prevalent in the patients with RVO than in the controls &#40;73&#46;6 vs&#46; 50&#37;&#44; 64&#46;6 vs&#46; 48&#46;6&#37; and 27&#46;8 vs&#46; 12&#46;3&#37;&#44; respectively&#41;&#46; We observed arteriosclerotic lesions in the supra-aortic trunk in 55&#37; of the patients with RVO&#46; The patients with RVO and NVAF had a greater burden of cardiovascular risk factors than the controls with NVAF&#46; There were no differences in terms of the international normalised ratio or in the use of direct anticoagulants between the cases and controls with NVAF&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cardiovascular risk factors &#40;especially arterial hypertension&#41; and arteriosclerotic involvement of the supra-aortic trunk are highly prevalent in RVO&#46; Anticoagulation does not appear to be effective in preventing RVO&#46;</p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">OVR &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Controles &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sexo&#44; n &#40;varones&#47;mujeres&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">11&#47;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6&#47;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;097&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Edad&#44; a&#241;os &#40;DT&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">72&#44;3 &#40;6&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">76 &#40;7&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hipertensi&#243;n arterial&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">12 &#40;92&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10 &#40;76&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;59&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Dislipidemia&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7 &#40;53&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7 &#40;53&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Diabetes mellitus&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5 &#40;38&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2 &#40;15&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;39&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">INR &#40;DT&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#44;42 &#40;0&#44;48&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#44;39 &#40;0&#44;36&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;84&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ACO</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Acenocumarol&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Rivaroxab&#225;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Dabigatr&#225;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Caracter&#237;sticas de los pacientes con fibrilaci&#243;n auricular no valvular anticoagulados&#44; con y sin obstrucci&#243;n venosa retiniana</p>"
        ]
      ]
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            "identificador" => "at3"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">DE&#58; desviaci&#243;n est&#225;ndar&#59; FANV&#58; fibrilaci&#243;n auricular no valvular&#59; OVR&#58; obstrucci&#243;n venosa retiniana&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">OVR con FANV &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">OVR sin FANV &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>199&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Edad&#44; a&#241;os &#40;DE&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">72&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">67&#44;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;027&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sexo &#40;varones&#47;mujeres&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">12 &#40;92&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">144 &#40;72&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7 &#40;53&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">130 &#40;65&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;55&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5 &#40;38&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">54 &#40;27&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tipo de trombosis&#58;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Central&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7 &#40;53&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">61 &#40;30&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Perif&#233;rica&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6 &#40;46&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">138 &#40;69&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">101 &#40;54&#44;3&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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                0 => "xTab1422216.png"
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            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0010"
              "etiqueta" => "a"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Se realiz&#243; ecograf&#237;a en 12 de los 13 pacientes con OVR y FAVN y se evidenciaron 8 casos con placas de ateroma y una estenosis carot&#237;dea entre el 30 y 70&#37;&#46;</p>"
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0015"
              "etiqueta" => "b"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">Se realiz&#243; ecograf&#237;a en 186 de los 199 pacientes con OVR y sin FAVN&#44; evidenci&#225;ndose 90 casos con placas de ateroma y 11 con estenosis carot&#237;dea&#46;</p>"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Caracter&#237;sticas de los pacientes con obstrucci&#243;n venosa retiniana con y sin fibrilaci&#243;n auricular no valvular</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "Bibliograf&#237;a"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:19 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0100"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The prevalence of retinal vein occlusion pooled data from population studies from the United States&#44; Europe Asia&#44; and Australia"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "S&#46; Rogers"
                            1 => "R&#46;L&#46; Mcintosh"
                            2 => "N&#46; Cheung"
                            3 => "L&#46; Lim"
                            4 => "J&#46;J&#46; Wang"
                            5 => "P&#46; Mitchell"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.ophtha.2009.07.017"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Ophthalmology"
                        "fecha" => "2010"
                        "volumen" => "117"
                        "paginaInicial" => "313"
                        "paginaFinal" => "319"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20022117"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0105"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The burden of disease of retinal vein occlusion&#58; review of the literature"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Laouri"
                            1 => "E&#46; Chen"
                            2 => "M&#46; Looman"
                            3 => "M&#46; Gallagher"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1038/eye.2011.92"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Eye"
                        "fecha" => "2011"
                        "volumen" => "25"
                        "paginaInicial" => "981"
                        "paginaFinal" => "988"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21546916"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0110"
              "etiqueta" => "3"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Trombofilia y factores de riesgo vascular en la obstrucci&#243;n venosa retiniana"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "J&#46;J&#46; Napal"
                            1 => "C&#46; Sedano"
                            2 => "J&#46; Ca&#241;al"
                            3 => "J&#46;L&#46; Hern&#225;ndez"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.rce.2013.01.012"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Rev Clin Esp"
                        "fecha" => "2013"
                        "volumen" => "213"
                        "paginaInicial" => "229"
                        "paginaFinal" => "234"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23566482"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0115"
              "etiqueta" => "4"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Comorbidity in patients with branch retinal vein occlusion&#58; case control study"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Bertelsen"
                            1 => "A&#46; Linneberg"
                            2 => "T&#46; Rosenberg"
                            3 => "N&#46; Christoffersen"
                            4 => "H&#46; Vorum"
                            5 => "E&#46; Gade"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
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