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it is estimated that the use of opioids has progressively increased&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a> multiplying by 14 in the last 2 decades&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> The increase in prescriptions has been related to an increase in the rates of abuse of and dependence on these drugs&#46; Although there is no agreement on the prevalence data&#44; there are several studies that have placed these rates above 35&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;9</span></a> There are few studies that have analyzed the influence of an individual&#39;s sex on the use and abuse of prescription opioids&#44; despite the importance of the differences between men and women in the consumption of other substances&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The aim of this study is to analyze the prevalence of dependence on opioids in a sample of Spanish patients with chronic pain and to assess the potential sex differences in opioid use and dependence on them&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Material and methods</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study had 254 participants who consumed opioids for chronic nononcologic pain&#46; We collected data from September 2014 to January 2017 from all patients who attended the pain management unit of a general university hospital&#46; The study inclusion criteria were an age greater than 18 years and outpatient medical treatment with opioid analgesics for at least the last 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>months &#40;80&#37; consumed opioids for more than 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>months&#41;&#46; We did not include patients who could not be evaluated properly due to their inability to understand the questions &#40;due to the effects of a substance or neurological problems&#41; or who did not agree to undergo the entire evaluation&#46; The definitive sample ultimately consisted of 229 patients&#46; The sample&#39;s mean age was 59<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>years &#40;range&#44; 25&#8211;94<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>years&#41;&#44; 69&#37; were women&#44; and 31&#37; were men&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After signing an informed consent form and in individual 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min meetings conducted by trained psychologists&#44; the patients underwent an ad hoc semi-structured interview during which the following variables were recorded&#58; demographic characteristics &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; age and marital status&#41;&#44; characteristics of the opioid drug treatment &#40;type of drug&#44; treatment duration&#44; administration routes and use of psychoactive drugs as adjuvants&#41; and consumption of other substances&#46; Dependence on opioid drugs was assessed with a 7-item list with dichotomous responses &#40;yes&#47;no&#41;&#44; as shown in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders&#44; 4th Edition &#40;DSM-IV-TR&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Given the lack of agreement on the prevalence rates of abuse and dependence on opioid drugs&#44; 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We calculated Cohen&#39;s d effect size for the continuous variables and Cramer&#39;s Phi for the noncontinuous variables&#46; To reduce the type <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span> error as much as possible&#44; we used the Bonferroni correction for an error <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#945;</span> of 0&#46;05 in groups of related variables&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Results</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The demographic characteristics of the sample were homogeneous for both sexes &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Indications for the prescription of opioid drugs</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main indications were disorders related to back pain &#40;56&#37;&#41;&#44; leg pain &#40;15&#37;&#41; and neck or shoulder pain &#40;12&#37;&#41;&#46; There were no differences in sex according to the underlying disease &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Characteristics of the chronic pain treatment with opioid drugs</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The most widely used opioid drugs were &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41; tramadol&#47;paracetamol &#40;22&#37;&#41;&#44; oxycodone hydrochloride&#47;naloxone &#40;18&#37;&#41;&#44; tapentadol &#40;18&#37;&#41; and fentanyl &#40;8&#37;&#41;&#46; Twenty-four percent of the patients consumed 2 or more opioid drugs&#46; In terms of the use of psychoactive drugs as adjuvants&#44; 46&#37; of the patients were treated with anxiolytics&#44; 18&#37; with antidepressants&#44; 14&#37; with antiepileptic drugs and 7&#37; with hypnotics&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main administration routes for the opioids were oral &#40;capsules&#44; 77&#37;&#41; and transdermal &#40;patches&#44; 13&#37;&#41;&#46; For the patients whose treatment consisted of taking more than one opioid&#44; 18&#37; used only the oral route&#44; while 6&#37; combined the transdermal and oral routes&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Of the total sample&#44; 20&#37; had consumed opioid drugs for less than a year&#44; 64&#37; had consumed them for a year or more&#44; and 16&#37; had consumed them for more than 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>years&#46; There were no differences in sex in any of the variables associated with opioid drug treatment &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Prevalence of dependence on opioid drugs</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Forty-six percent of the patients met 3 or more of the criteria for opioid drug dependence of the DSM-IV-RT<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> &#40;although the diagnosis was provisional for 6&#37; of them for having undergone less than 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>months of treatment&#41;&#46; There were no differences between the men and women in this regard &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#967;</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;0&#46;992&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;05&#41;&#46; There were statistically significant differences in the mean age &#40;62<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>years for the nondependent patients vs&#46; 56<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>years for the dependent patients &#91;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;231&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;01&#93;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The dependence rate was significantly greater &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#967;</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;539&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;05&#41; for the patients who were treated with combinations of 2 or more opioid drugs &#40;59&#37;&#41;&#44; compared with those who consumed a single opioid categorized by the World Health Organization&#39;s analgesic scale as weak &#40;37&#37;&#41; or strong &#40;44&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The percentage of dependents also increased significantly &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#967;</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;693&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;05&#41; as the treatment duration increased&#46; Of the patients whose treatment duration was less than 1 year&#44; 29&#37; met the criteria for dependence&#44; compared with 48&#37; among those who had a duration of 1 and 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>years and compared with 58&#37; among those who had undergone opioid analgesic treatment for 5 or more years&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Concomitant use of other substances during the treatment</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Forty-one percent and 28&#37; of the patients had consumed alcohol and tobacco&#44; respectively&#44; in the last month&#44; and 3&#37; had consumed cannabis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46; The percentage of alcohol and cannabis consumers was significantly higher among the men &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;05&#41;&#44; although the differences were only significant for alcohol consumption after applying the Bonferroni correction &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#945;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#47;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;017&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Discussion</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As with previous studies&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#8211;10</span></a> 46&#37; of the patients with chronic pain who consumed opioid drugs met the criteria for dependence&#44; with no significant differences between men and women&#46; There was&#44; however&#44; a negative association between age and opioid drug dependence&#44; which agrees with previous findings&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#8211;15</span></a></p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We also found no differences by sex in the opioid drug treatment characteristics&#46; We only found differences between men and women regarding the concomitant use of other substances&#44; which is a risk factor for developing dependence on opioid drugs&#46; The findings were consistent with the statistics on alcohol consumption and drugs in the general Spanish population &#40;2013 Surveys on Alcohol and Drugs in Spain&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> which reveal a significantly greater consumption of alcohol and cannabis by men&#46; The results of the present study also alert us to the importance of controlling &#40;before and during treatment&#41; the use of psychoactive substances such as cannabis and alcohol&#44; as recommended by previous studies&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> because their consumption rates are high despite the negative consequences resulting from combining them with opioid drugs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lastly&#44; dependence on opioid drugs is associated with the characteristics of the treatment and its duration&#46; Despite the reluctance of health professionals and patients to use more powerful opioids&#44; our results indicate that the combination of 2 or more opioid drugs had the higher percentage of dependent patients&#46; The rates of dependence also increased as the treatment duration increased&#44; which reopens the debate on the safety of the long-term use of these drugs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study has a number of limitations&#46; Firstly&#44; the study has the limitations inherent in the use of self-reports&#44; such as the bias of social desirability&#44; which consists of the tendency to give socially acceptable responses&#46; This bias was minimized by conducting individual interviews by trained psychologists who could detect a possible underestimation in the patients&#8217; responses and by employing widely used instruments in the setting of drug dependency and the evaluation of the inappropriate use of opioid drugs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a></p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Secondly&#44; studies with larger samples are needed to increase the applicability of the data&#44; focusing on the assessment of other medical and psychological variables that are potentially related to the abuse of and dependence on opioid drugs&#46; Nevertheless&#44; this study was performed with a sufficiently large sample of patients evaluated in the context of a pain management unit&#46; The findings are therefore a first step in understanding the prevalence of opioid drug dependence and the characteristics of their use in a Spanish population with chronic pain&#46; Given that the lack of evidence impedes implementing practices that minimize the risks associated with the use of opioid drugs&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> the information from this study could be useful for specialists involved in treating chronic pain&#44; in the planning of opioid drug treatment and for developing strategies to prevent their inappropriate use&#44; regardless of sex&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Funding</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study was funded by the grants bid for implementing research studies to improve the care for complex chronic patients and for patients who are candidates for palliative care &#40;2013&#41; of the Valencian Ministry of Health &#40;ref&#46; PCC-18&#47;13&#41;&#46; The source of funding did not participate in the study design&#44; data collection&#44; data analysis&#44; data interpretation&#44; manuscript drafting or the decision to send it for publication&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "titulo" => "Abstract"
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          "titulo" => "Resumen"
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          "titulo" => "Results"
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            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0025"
              "titulo" => "Indications for the prescription of opioid drugs"
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              "titulo" => "Characteristics of the chronic pain treatment with opioid drugs"
            ]
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              "identificador" => "sec0035"
              "titulo" => "Prevalence of dependence on opioid drugs"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0040"
              "titulo" => "Concomitant use of other substances during the treatment"
            ]
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          "titulo" => "Discussion"
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        8 => array:2 [
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          "titulo" => "Funding"
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          "titulo" => "References"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2017-01-23"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2017-03-29"
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        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
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            0 => "Chronic pain"
            1 => "Opioid drugs"
            2 => "Dependence"
            3 => "Sex differences"
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            0 => "Dolor cr&#243;nico"
            1 => "F&#225;rmacos opioides"
            2 => "Dependencia"
            3 => "Diferencias de g&#233;nero"
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    "resumen" => array:2 [
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objectives</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To analyze the prevalence in the use and dependence on opioid drugs in the Spanish population with chronic pain and evaluate the differences according to sex&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Patients and methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The demographic variables&#44; opioid treatment characteristics and use of other substances were assessed in 229 users of opioid drugs&#46; A descriptive bivariate analysis of the data was performed&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Forty-six percent of the patients met the criteria of dependence on opioid drugs &#40;Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders&#44; 4th Edition &#91;DSM-IV-TR&#93;&#41;&#46; Alcohol and cannabis consumption was greater in the men&#46; The rates of dependence on the use of opioid drugs were significantly higher in the extended treatments&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Planning for treatments with opioids and strategies for preventing inappropriate use should not depend on the patient&#39;s sex&#46; We need further studies on the medical and psychological variables related to the use of and dependence on opioids&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Objectives"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "Patients and methods"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Results"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivos</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Analizar la prevalencia del uso y la dependencia a f&#225;rmacos opioides en poblaci&#243;n espa&#241;ola con dolor cr&#243;nico y evaluar diferencias de g&#233;nero&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Pacientes y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">En 229 usuarios de f&#225;rmacos opioides se evaluaron variables sociodemogr&#225;ficas&#44; caracter&#237;sticas del tratamiento con opioides y uso de otras sustancias&#46; Se realiz&#243; un an&#225;lisis descriptivo y bivariado&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El 46&#37; cumpl&#237;a criterios de dependencia de f&#225;rmacos opioides &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders&#44; 4th Edition</span> &#91;DSM-IV-TR&#93;&#41;&#46; El consumo de alcohol y cannabis fue mayor en hombres&#46; Las tasas de dependencia en el uso de f&#225;rmacos opioides fueron significativamente superiores en los tratamientos prolongados&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La planificaci&#243;n de tratamientos con opioides y las estrategias de prevenci&#243;n de uso inadecuado deben ser independientes del g&#233;nero&#46; Son necesarios m&#225;s estudios que profundicen en las variables m&#233;dicas y psicol&#243;gicas relacionadas con el uso y la dependencia de opioides&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0040">Please cite this article as&#58; Coloma-Carmona A&#44; Carballo JL&#44; Rodr&#237;guez-Mar&#237;n J&#44; P&#233;rez-Carbonell A&#46; Uso y dependencia de f&#225;rmacos opioides en poblaci&#243;n espa&#241;ola con dolor cr&#243;nico&#58; prevalencia y diferencias de g&#233;nero&#46; Rev Clin Esp&#46; 2017&#59;217&#58;315&#8211;319&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Abbreviations&#58; SD&#44; standard deviation&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#44; number&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Characteristics<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Women &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>157&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Men &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>72&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>229&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>&#47;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#967;</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#948;</span>&#47;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#934;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mean age&#44; y &#40;SD&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">61 &#40;14&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">57 &#40;15&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">59 &#40;14&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;852 &#40;0&#46;065&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;26&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Marital status</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Single&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">14 &#40;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8 &#40;11&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">22 &#40;10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="4" align="char" valign="top">1&#46;638 &#40;0&#46;651&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="4" align="char" valign="top">0&#46;09</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Married&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">103 &#40;66&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">50 &#40;69&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">153 &#40;67&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Widowers&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">19 &#40;12&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5 &#40;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">24 &#40;11&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Divorced&#47;separated&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">21 &#40;13&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">9 &#40;13&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">30 &#40;13&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Occupational status</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Employed&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12 &#40;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">14 &#40;20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">26 &#40;12&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="4" align="char" valign="top">10&#46;503 &#40;0&#46;015&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="4" align="char" valign="top">0&#46;22</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Unemployed&#47;retired&#47;on leave&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">139 &#40;89&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">55 &#40;78&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">194 &#40;86&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Disability&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1 &#40;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2 &#40;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3 &#40;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Others&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4 &#40;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4 &#40;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Educational level</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No formal education&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">42 &#40;27&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13 &#40;18&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">55 &#40;24&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="4" align="char" valign="top">6&#46;93 &#40;0&#46;074&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="4" align="char" valign="top">0&#46;17</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Primary&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">51 &#40;33&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">20 &#40;28&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">71 &#40;31&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Secondary&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">56 &#40;36&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">30 &#40;42&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">86 &#40;38&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Upper&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7 &#40;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">9 &#40;13&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16 &#40;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0005"
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              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">The Bonferroni correction was applied to the 4 demographic variables &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#945;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#47;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;0125&#41;&#46;</p>"
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0010"
              "etiqueta" => "b"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">The chi-squared and Student&#39;s <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>-test were applied for independent samples &#40;two-tailed&#41; for the noncontinuous and continuous variables&#44; respectively&#46;</p>"
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            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0015"
              "etiqueta" => "c"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">Cohen&#39;s <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#948;</span> was applied for the continuous variables and Cramer&#39;s Phi was applied for the noncontinuous variables&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Demographic characteristics of the sample of patients with chronic pain&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Abbreviation&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#44; number&#46;</p>"
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Women &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>157&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Men &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>72&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>229&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#967;</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#934;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Disorders for which the treatment is indicated &#40;main area of pain&#41;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Back&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">92 &#40;59&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">36 &#40;50&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">128 &#40;56&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="4" align="char" valign="top">3&#46;202 &#40;0&#46;361&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="4" align="char" valign="top">0&#46;12</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Legs&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">19 &#40;12&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15 &#40;21&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">34 &#40;15&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Neck&#47;shoulders&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">19 &#40;12&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">9 &#40;13&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">28 &#40;12&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Other &#40;arms&#44; hip&#44; feet&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">27 &#40;17&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12 &#40;17&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">39 &#40;17&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Most widely used opioid drugs</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Tramadol&#47;paracetamol&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">40 &#40;26&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">11 &#40;15&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">51 &#40;22&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;407 &#40;0&#46;121&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Oxycodone&#47;naloxone hydrochloride&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">29 &#40;19&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13 &#40;18&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">42 &#40;18&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;001 &#40;0&#46;999&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Tapentadol&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">26 &#40;17&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16 &#40;22&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">42 &#40;18&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;721 &#40;0&#46;399&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Fentanyl&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">14 &#40;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4 &#40;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18 &#40;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;376 &#40;0&#46;450&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Duration of opioid drug treatment</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;1 year&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">30 &#40;19&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15 &#40;21&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">45 &#40;20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="3" align="char" valign="top">0&#46;325 &#40;0&#46;850&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="3" align="char" valign="top">0&#46;04</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#8211;4 years&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">102 &#40;65&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">44 &#40;61&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">146 &#40;64&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;5 years&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">25 &#40;16&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13 &#40;18&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">38 &#40;17&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Most widely used administration routes for opioid drugs</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Only oral&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">97 &#40;62&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">40 &#40;56&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">137 &#40;60&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="5" align="char" valign="top">6&#46;993 &#40;0&#46;136&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="5" align="char" valign="top">0&#46;17</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Only transdermal&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15 &#40;10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">14 &#40;19&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">29 &#40;13&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Oral combination&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">29 &#40;19&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">11 &#40;15&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">40 &#40;18&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Combination transdermal<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>oral&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8 &#40;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6 &#40;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">14 &#40;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Other &#40;nasal&#44; subcutaneous&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8 &#40;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1 &#40;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">9 &#40;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Adjuvant psychopharmaceuticals for treating pain</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Anxiolytics&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">69 &#40;44&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">37 &#40;51&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">106 &#40;46&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;820 &#40;0&#46;365&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Antidepressants&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">28 &#40;18&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12 &#40;17&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">40 &#40;18&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;001 &#40;0&#46;977&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Antiepileptic drugs&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">20 &#40;13&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12 &#40;17&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">32 &#40;14&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;349 &#40;0&#46;555&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hypnotics&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12 &#40;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5 &#40;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">17 &#40;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;001 &#40;0&#46;999&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Concomitant use of other substances</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Alcohol&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">54 &#40;35&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">40 &#40;56&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">94 &#40;41&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8&#46;072 &#40;0&#46;004&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Tobacco&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">39 &#40;25&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">24 &#40;33&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">63 &#40;28&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;319 &#40;0&#46;251&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;09&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cannabis&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1 &#40;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5 &#40;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6 &#40;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;377 &#40;0&#46;020&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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              "identificador" => "tblfn0020"
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              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0020">The Bonferroni correction was not applied to the variable &#8220;main area of pain&#8221; because it is included only once in men and women&#46;</p>"
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              "etiqueta" => "b"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0025">Patients who consume 2 or more opioid drugs&#46;</p>"
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            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0030"
              "etiqueta" => "&#42;"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0030">Significant for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#945;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#46;</p>"
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            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0035"
              "etiqueta" => "&#42;&#42;"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0035">Significant for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#945;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;017 &#40;Bonferroni correction for the 3 variables related to the concomitant use of substances&#41;&#46;</p>"
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          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Characteristics of the opioid drug treatment&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:19 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0100"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Prevalence of neck and low back pain in community-dwelling adults in Spain&#58; a population based national study"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "C&#46; Fern&#225;ndez de las Pe&#241;as"
                            1 => "V&#46; Hern&#225;ndez-Barrera"
                            2 => "C&#46; Alonso-Blanco"
                            3 => "D&#46; Palacios-Ce&#241;a"
                            4 => "P&#46; Carrasco-Garrido"
                            5 => "S&#46; Jim&#233;nez-S&#225;nchez"
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                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181d952c2"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Spine"
                        "fecha" => "2011"
                        "volumen" => "36"
                        "paginaInicial" => "E213"
                        "paginaFinal" => "E219"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21079541"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
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            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0105"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "A population based study on chronic pain and the use of opioids in Portugal"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "L&#46;F&#46; Azevedo"
                            1 => "A&#46; Costa-Pereira"
                            2 => "L&#46; Mendon&#231;a"
                            3 => "C&#46;C&#46; Dias"
                            4 => "J&#46;M&#46; Castro-Lopes"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.pain.2013.08.022"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Pain"
                        "fecha" => "2013"
                        "volumen" => "154"
                        "paginaInicial" => "2844"
                        "paginaFinal" => "2852"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23988363"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0110"
              "etiqueta" => "3"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Managing chronic pain in patients with opioid dependence"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "J&#46; Liebschutz"
                            1 => "D&#46; Beers"
                            2 => "A&#46; Lange"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Curr Treat Opt Psychiatry"
                        "fecha" => "2014"
                        "volumen" => "1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "204"
                        "paginaFinal" => "223"
                        "itemHostRev" => array:3 [
                          "pii" => "S0923181112001557"
                          "estado" => "S300"
                          "issn" => "09231811"
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            3 => array:3 [
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Brief Original
Use and dependence on opioid drugs in the Spanish population with chronic pain: Prevalence and differences according to sex
Uso y dependencia de fármacos opioides en población española con dolor crónico: prevalencia y diferencias de género
A. Coloma-Carmonaa,
Corresponding author
ainhoa.coloma@umh.es

Corresponding author.
, J.L. Carballoa, J. Rodríguez-Marína, A. Pérez-Carbonellb
a Centro de Psicología Aplicada, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Alicante, Spain
b Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Elche, Alicante, Spain

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