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array:24 [ "pii" => "S2254887422000522" "issn" => "22548874" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rceng.2022.06.001" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2022-11-01" "aid" => "2035" "copyright" => "Elsevier España, S.L.U. and Sociedad Española de Medicina Interna (SEMI)" "copyrightAnyo" => "2022" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Rev Clin Esp. 2022;222:516-22" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S0014256522000625" "issn" => "00142565" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rce.2022.03.009" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2022-11-01" "aid" => "2035" "copyright" => "Elsevier España, S.L.U. and Sociedad Española de Medicina Interna (SEMI)" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Rev Clin Esp. 2022;222:516-22" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "es" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">ORIGINAL</span>" "titulo" => "Efectos en vida real de la adición de semaglutida subcutánea semanal al tratamiento con insulina en diabetes mellitus tipo 2" "tienePdf" => "es" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "es" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "es" 1 => "en" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "516" "paginaFinal" => "522" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Real-life effects of adding weekly subcutaneous semaglutide to insulin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "es" => true "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figura 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 988 "Ancho" => 2508 "Tamanyo" => 130265 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "es" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Datos de la evolución de HbA1c (%), a los 6 y 12 meses en los 3 grupos: total, arGLP-1 naïve y arGLP-1 tratados. arGLP-1: análogo del receptor de GLP-1.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "J. 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"apellidos" => "Menéndez-Torre" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "en" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S2254887422000522" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rceng.2022.06.001" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2254887422000522?idApp=WRCEE" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0014256522000625?idApp=WRCEE" "url" => "/00142565/0000022200000009/v1_202210281844/S0014256522000625/v1_202210281844/es/main.assets" ] ] "itemSiguiente" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S2254887422000704" "issn" => "22548874" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rceng.2022.05.003" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2022-11-01" "aid" => "2042" "copyright" => "Elsevier España, S.L.U. and Sociedad Española de Medicina Interna (SEMI)" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "crp" "cita" => "Rev Clin Esp. 2022;222:523-8" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Brief Original</span>" "titulo" => "Influenza complications: Reporting cardiac events through a hospital surveillance system" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "523" "paginaFinal" => "528" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Complicaciones de la gripe: información sobre eventos cardíacos a través de un sistema de vigilancia hospitalario" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1603 "Ancho" => 2925 "Tamanyo" => 262325 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0030" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Epidemiological curve of positive flu virus detections and post-influenza cardiac events in a tertiary hospital.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "V. Quirós-González, J.Á. Maderuelo-Fernández, A.M. Haro-Pérez, D. González-Calle, V. Barreales-Rodríguez, J.M. Eiros" "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "V." "apellidos" => "Quirós-González" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J.Á." "apellidos" => "Maderuelo-Fernández" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A.M." "apellidos" => "Haro-Pérez" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "D." "apellidos" => "González-Calle" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "V." "apellidos" => "Barreales-Rodríguez" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J.M." "apellidos" => "Eiros" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S0014256522000753" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rce.2022.05.001" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0014256522000753?idApp=WRCEE" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2254887422000704?idApp=WRCEE" "url" => "/22548874/0000022200000009/v1_202210281853/S2254887422000704/v1_202210281853/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S2254887422000765" "issn" => "22548874" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rceng.2022.07.001" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2022-11-01" "aid" => "2040" "copyright" => "Elsevier España, S.L.U. and Sociedad Española de Medicina Interna (SEMI)" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Rev Clin Esp. 2022;222:507-15" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original article</span>" "titulo" => "Evaluation of a heart failure knowledge questionnaire and its use in guiding the educational intervention" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "507" "paginaFinal" => "515" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Evaluación de un cuestionario de conocimientos en insuficiencia cardíaca y su utilidad para guiar la intervención educativa" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 2965 "Ancho" => 2841 "Tamanyo" => 549965 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0010" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Relationship between knowledge scores and quality of life, self-care, adherence and compliance.</p> <p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ac: self-care measured by EHFScBs (12–60, lower score represent better self-care); Ad: adherence measured by MMAS-6 (0–6, higher scores represent better adherence); C: compliance (5–25, higher scores represent better compliance); QL: quality of life measured by MLHFQ (0–105, lower scores indicate fewer symptoms and physical limitations); Qs: questionnaire score; Pe: qualitative score; Sqr: R-squared.</p> <p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Graphic representation, diagram of points, line central tendency, and line equation.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "J.G. Sánchez-Ramos, M.D. Lerma-Barba, D. Segura-Rodríguez, A. Pardo-Cabello, M.T. Molina-Ruiz, F. Burillo-Gómez, S. Martínez-Huertas, E. Nieto-García, P. Giner-Escobar, E. Moreno-Escobar" "autores" => array:10 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J.G." "apellidos" => "Sánchez-Ramos" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M.D." "apellidos" => "Lerma-Barba" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "D." "apellidos" => "Segura-Rodríguez" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Pardo-Cabello" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M.T." "apellidos" => "Molina-Ruiz" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "F." "apellidos" => "Burillo-Gómez" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "S." "apellidos" => "Martínez-Huertas" ] 7 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "E." "apellidos" => "Nieto-García" ] 8 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "P." "apellidos" => "Giner-Escobar" ] 9 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "E." "apellidos" => "Moreno-Escobar" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S0014256522000704" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rce.2022.03.014" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0014256522000704?idApp=WRCEE" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2254887422000765?idApp=WRCEE" "url" => "/22548874/0000022200000009/v1_202210281853/S2254887422000765/v1_202210281853/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:21 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original article</span>" "titulo" => "Real-life effects of adding weekly subcutaneous semaglutide to insulin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "516" "paginaFinal" => "522" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "J. Ares-Blanco, P. Pujante-Alarcón, C. Lambert, P. Morales-Sánchez, E. Delgado-Álvarez, E.L. Menéndez-Torre" "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "J." "apellidos" => "Ares-Blanco" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "jessiaresb@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "P." "apellidos" => "Pujante-Alarcón" "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "C." "apellidos" => "Lambert" "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "P." "apellidos" => "Morales-Sánchez" "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">e</span>" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "E." "apellidos" => "Delgado-Álvarez" "referencia" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">e</span>" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "E.L." "apellidos" => "Menéndez-Torre" "referencia" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">e</span>" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Grupo ENDO, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] 4 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Spain" "etiqueta" => "e" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Efectos en vida real de la adición de semaglutida subcutánea semanal al tratamiento con insulina en diabetes mellitus tipo 2" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1021 "Ancho" => 2508 "Tamanyo" => 124382 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0010" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Data on the evolution of weight (kg) in six and 12 months in the three groups: total group, GLP-1ra naive group, and GLP-1ra experienced group. GLP-1ra: GLP-1 receptor agonist.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) is a slowly progressive disease. On occasion, due to the gradual decline in pancreatic beta cell function, it is necessary to intensify the initial treatment to maintain adequate glycemic control.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Treatment with insulin (initially mostly basal) is frequently used following the failure of several oral lipid-lowering drugs maintain HbA1c at target levels<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>. However, data published in various randomized clinical trials (RCTs)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,3</span></a> and cohort studies<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4,5</span></a> show that a significant proportion of patients who receive insulin therapy do not reach glycemic control targets either.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When basal insulin requirements exceed 0.5 IU/kg of weight, subsequent dose increases do not result in an improvement in glycemic control, but do result in an increase in weight and hypoglycemic episodes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>. At present, when faced with this situation, the American Diabetes Association recommends associating treatment with a GLP-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1ra) in patients in which atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and/or obesity are predominant<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The benefit of combined insulin and GLP-1ra treatment lies in the sum of their components’ synergic and complementary effects<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7,8</span></a>.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">GLP-1ras improve insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner, suppress glucagon secretion, act on post-prandial blood glucose by slowing stomach emptying, and promote weight loss. All of this improves glycemic control with a low risk of hypoglycemia and weight gain<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7,8</span></a>.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Semaglutide (Novo Nordisk A/S, Denmark) is a GLP-1ra. To improve glycemic control in adults with DM2, in addition to diet and exercise, semaglutide can be administered in both subcutaneous (SC) formulations once per week<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> or oral formulations once per day<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the SUSTAIN clinical trials, semaglutide SC was demonstrated to be superior by reducing HbA1c and body weight compared to the placebo and a wide variety of active comparators, including SGLT-2is, other GLP-1ras, and insulin glargine, with a safety profile similar to that of other GLP-1ras<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11–16</span></a>.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However, the population represented in RCTs is not the same as patients in clinical practice, given that the former must meet strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. Real-world studies aim to verify the findings of these RCTs and are important for knowing the efficacy and safety of the drug in clinical practice settings.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Various studies have compared the combination of a GLP-1ra and insulin to an intensification of the insulin regimen<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17,18</span></a>. Meta-analyses indicate that glycemic control is similar or better with the addition of GLP-1ras with benefits over insulin intensification, including a reduction in body weight and lower incidence of hypoglycemic episodes.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Objectives</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The purpose of this study is to determine the benefits in clinical practice of starting semaglutide SC in patients who have previously been treated with subcutaneous insulin.</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The primary objective was the change in HbA1c values at six and 12 months from the baseline value (%-point). Secondary aims included the change in body weight (kg), total insulin dose (IU), and insulin dose per weight (IU/kg) from baseline to the two time points.</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In addition, the study seeks to confirm the drug’s safety in this subgroup of the population with diabetes by determining the rate of treatment suspensions and patient dropouts as well as severe hypoglycemic episodes.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Materials and methods</span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Study design and location</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This retrospective, open-label, 53-week, observational study evaluated the real-world clinical repercussions of the addition of weekly semaglutide SC in adults with DM2 previously treated with insulin followed-up on in the Endocrinology and Nutrition Department outpatient clinic of the Central University Hospital of Asturias.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Study population</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Inclusion criteria:</span> patients ≥18 years with DM2 with more 12 weeks since onset who were already in treatment with insulin (basal, basal-bolus, or premixed).</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Exclusion criteria:</span> treatment with any investigational drug (a drug not currently approved for treatment) within 90 days prior to inclusion, hypersensitivity to semaglutide or any of its excipients, and an estimated glomerular filtration rate <15 mL/min/1.73 m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> on the most recent blood test available.</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The decision to start treatment with semaglutide SC, prescribe other hypoglycemic treatments, or prescribe a diet and exercise regimen was the responsibility of each physician.</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All DPP4 inhibitor drug treatment was suspended when semaglutide was started.</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The recruitment period was from October to December 2019. The data (up to January 2021) were retrospectively collected by the physicians.</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patients started treatment with semaglutide SC in a preloaded pen according to routine clinical practice. The medication was provided by the sponsor. The physician determined the initial dose, the escalation dose, and the maintenance dose as well as any later changes to the maintenance dose.</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After visit 1 (0 weeks), the patients attended visits only if appropriate according to routine clinical practice (at six months and at one year from the start). Given that the study took place during the COVID-19 pandemic period, body measurement data are not available for all initially recruited individuals, given that many of the intermediate visits were online. Nevertheless, we consider glycated hemoglobin values as the primordial data set as they report on the principal objective (glycemic control). Patients (n = 17) who did not have follow-up blood tests performed between weeks 28 and 38 were considered lost to follow-up.</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main study variables were quantitative: HbA1c was measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (Jokoh HS-10 Analyzer). The initial values were standardizing according to IFCC criteria (JDS/JSCC HbA1c = 0.927 [IFCC HbA1c] + 1.73). Height, weight, and BMI (weight in kg divided by height in meters squared) were measured with the subject wearing light clothing and without shoes. Data on insulin units were gathered by the physician during the medical consultation according to data provided by the patient and subsequent prescriptions.</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We used descriptive statistics (mean ± standard deviation (SD) for quantitative variables and percentages for categorical variables) to describe patients’ characteristics upon starting semaglutide.</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The baseline characteristics were analyzed in the analysis of the total group, which included all patients who started treatment with semaglutide (n = 117).</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The primary objective (change in HbA1c) was calculated with 95% confidence intervals and two-tailed <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> values. The secondary and exploratory objectives were calculated in the same manner as the primary objective.</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The population for the outcomes analysis was individuals who started treatment with semaglutide and who had data on HbA1c (n = 100), weight (n = 55), and insulin units (n = 87) from the end of the study.</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The repeated measures ANOVA comparison of means test was used for the statistical analysis, performed using the GraphPad program.</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A subgroup analysis was performed based on whether the patient was already in treatment with another GLP-1ra or if it was started at that time (GLP-1ra naive vs. GLP-1ra experienced).</p></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Results</span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Patients’ baseline characteristics</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 117 patients were evaluated in the study period, of which 100 (85%) completed follow-up to week 53 (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>). The reasons the 17 patients did not complete follow-up were: lack of adherence to medical visits (n = 9), adverse effects (n = 6), and clinical decision (n = 2). The adverse effects which led to the suspension of the drug were gastrointestinal in nature (nausea and vomiting). The mean age of patients was 64.4 ± 9.4 years and 57% were male.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mean baseline HbA1c was 8.31%, the mean duration of diabetes was 16.7 years, and the mean body weight was 97.3 kg.</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients were prescribed an initial dose of 0.25 mg of semaglutide weekly. At six months from starting treatment, 99 (85%) patients were on a dose of 0.5 mg/week, 11 (9%) were on a dose of 1 mg/week, and 7 (6%) continued with the initial dose of 0.25 mg/week. At the end of follow-up, 55 (47%) patients received a dose of 1 mg/week, 39 (33%) patients received 0.5 mg/week, and 6 (5%) maintained the dose of 0.25 mg/week. At 12 months from starting medical treatment, 6 (6%) continued with the initial dose of 0.25 mg/week, 39 (39%) were on 0.5 mg/week, and 55 (55%) had progressed to the maximum dose of 1 mg/week.</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Before starting treatment with semaglutide, 37 (32%) patients were in treatment with another GLP-1ra: 17 patients with liraglutide, 17 with dulaglutide, and 7 with exenatide or lixisenatide.</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mean number of oral antidiabetics (OAD)/patient/day was 1.6 ± 1.02. A total of 20 patients (17%) were not taking any OAD, 26 patients (23%) took 1 OAD, 45 (39%) took 2 OAD, 23 (20%) took 3 OAD, and 2 (1%) took 4 OAD. At the start of the study, 91 (78%) patients were taking metformin.</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In regard to the insulin regimen prior to starting semaglutide, 49 (42%) patients were only taking basal insulin, 42 (36%) were taking basal-bolus insulin, and 26 (22%) were taking premixed insulin.</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">HbA1c</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One hundred of the initial 117 patients completed the study (data at baseline, at six months, and at one year). At six months from starting weekly semaglutide SC, the mean change in HbA1c was –0.86% (95% CI: –0.46; –1.15; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> < 0.0001) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). At 12 months, the decrease in HbA1c was maintained. Therefore, the mean estimated change compared to the baseline figure was –0.74% (95% CI: –0.59; –1.14; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> < 0.0001). There were no statistically significant differences between data at six and 12 months.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the subgroup of GLP-1ra naive patients, the change in HbA1c from the value at baseline to the value at 12 months was slightly less (–0.94%; 95% CI: –1.36; –0.53; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> < 0.0001) than the change in the value at six months (–1.21%). Regarding the GLP-1ra experienced group, the difference of –0.44% (95% CI: –0.90; 0.02; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> = 0.0616) at 12 months compared to the initial value was not statistically significant; the value at six months was not significant either.</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Weight</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mean baseline weight was 97.3 ± 18.43 kg. Only 55 (47.4%) patients have data available from the study’s three time points. In general, the mean change in body weight at six months compared to the initial value was –5.33 kg (95% CI: –4.25; –6.42; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> < 0.0001). The value at 12 months was –3.61 kg (95% CI: –2.30; –4.92; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> < 0.0001) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the subgroup analysis, the initial baseline weight in the GLP-1ra naive group was 95.54 kg (SD 19.21). At six months from starting semaglutide, a mean decrease of –5.68 kg was achieved (95% CI: –4.57; –7.18; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> < 0.0001) and at 12 months, a mean decrease of –4.54 kg was achieved (95% CI: –2.80; –6.28; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> < 0.0001). However, the mean baseline weight was higher in the GLP-1ra experienced group: 100.95 kg (SD 16.34). At six months, a reduction of –1.01 kg was achieved (95% CI: –1.21; 3.24; NS) and at 12 months, a reduction of –2.70 kg was achieved (95% CI: –0.80; –4.60; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> = 0.004).</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Total insulin dose</span><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The initial total insulin dose was 63.78 ± 39.69 IU. Data are available on 87 (75%) patients throughout the study (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>). Compared to the initial value, the mean change in the total population at six months was –15.18 IU (95% CI: –10.67; –19.68; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> < 0.0001) and at 12 months was –15.88 IU (95% CI: –10.98; –20.74; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> < 0.0001).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the subgroup analysis, the initial total dose of insulin in the GLP-1ra naive group was 63.00 (SD 38.64). At six months from starting semaglutide, a mean reduction of –18.06 IU was achieved (95% CI: –12.33; –23.78; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> < 0.0001) and at 12 months, a mean reduction of 22.21 IU was achieved (95% CI: –9.32; –35.10; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> < 0.0001).</p><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On the contrary, this decrease was less noteworthy in the GLP-1ra experienced subgroup. The total initial dose was 65.46 IU (SD 42.36). At six months from starting semaglutide, a mean reduction of 8.99 IU was achieved (95% CI: –2.21; 15.77; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> = 0.008) and at 12 months, a mean reduction of 4.79 IU was achieved (95% CI: –2.76; 12.24; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> = 0.2935).</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Units of insulin/kg of weight</span><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Only 52 (50%) of the 117 patients have data available on IU/kg of weight from the three evaluations. The mean initial figure was 0.67 ± 0.44 IU/kg. The mean change at six months compared to the initial value was –0.14 IU/kg (95% CI: –0.09; –0.20; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> < 0.0001). At 12 months from the start of the study, a mean reduction of –0.15 IU/kg was achieved (95% CI: –0.10; –0.21; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> < 0.0001).</p><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the subgroup analysis, the initial figure of IU/kg of weight in the GLP-1ra naive group (n = 35) was 0.69 IU/kg (SD 0.46). At six months, a reduction of –0.19 IU/kg was achieved (95% CI: –0.12; –0.25; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> < 0.0001) and at 12 months, this reduction was maintained and increased, reaching –0.23 IU/kg (95% CI: –0.16; –0.30; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> < 0.0001).</p><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the GLP-1ra experienced subgroup, the initial mean dose was 0.64 IU/kg of weight (n = 17). At six months, a reduction of just –0.01 IU/kg was achieved (95% CI: –0.06; 0.08; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> > 0.9999) and at 12 months, a reduction of 0.03 IU was achieved (95% CI: –0.06; 0.08; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> = 0.4051) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No patients reported grade 3 or severe hypoglycemic events during the course of this study. The number of mild or moderate hypoglycemic events was not quantified given that they were not considered clinically relevant.</p></span></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Discussion</span><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This work has shown that weekly subcutaneous semaglutide in patients treated with insulin produces a significant reduction in HbA1c, weight, and insulin needs. This reduction was greater in patients who had not previously been treated with another GLP-1ra. The drug was well tolerated and just six (5%) patients needed to withdraw from the study due to adverse effects.</p><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Compared to the Canadian SURE study<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>, published with real-world data on semaglutide added to insulin, the reduction in HbA1c was very similar (–0.86% vs. –0.90%), as was the reduction in body weight (–5.33 kg vs. –4.5 kg). In addition, patients started from an initial weight that was also similar (99.2 kg SURE vs. 97.29 kg in our study). It is important to note that all patients in this study were in treatment with insulin (during and prior to the study), but only 41% of patients were treated with insulin in the SURE study (other subgroups were only treated with oral hypoglycemic agents).</p><p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">If we compare our data to those obtained in other non-real-world studies<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17,18</span></a>, the conclusion is the same: combined insulin and semaglutide treatment significantly improved glycemic control in terms of a reduction in HbA1c and the number of patients within the target (HbA1c <7%), with associated weight loss.</p><p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Overall, our results support the role of semaglutide combined with insulin as a valuable intensification strategy for producing a clinical benefit in the management of DM2. Along these lines, the updated consensus document from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) suggests intensifying treatment with GLP-1ra, among other drugs including SGLT-2is or prandial insulin, in patients who cannot meet glycemic targets at the start of insulin treatment in combination with oral medication<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>.</p><p id="par0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Due to the disease’s natural history, many patients with DM2 need insulin to reach their glycemic control target. A common approach for starting insulin therapy is a single injection of basal insulin, which is eventually titrated to optimize treatment<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>. If necessary, treatment intensification to reach the glycemic target can include the addition of one or more rapid-acting insulin doses before meals (basal-plus or basal-bolus regimen) or a change to a premixed insulin regimen in which there is a fixed amount of intermediate-acting or short- or rapid-acting insulin.</p><p id="par0250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although these regimens lead to a similar decrease in HbA1c levels<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>, there is a certain degree of reluctance to intensifying insulin therapy due to possible adverse effects (i.e., an increase in the number of hypoglycemic events and weight gain) and practical issues (i.e., difficulties in educating patients on injection therapy). In this context, the addition of semaglutide to insulin can be a valid therapeutic option for improving glycemic control and minimizing adverse events associated with insulin intensification.</p><p id="par0255" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The subgroup analysis shows that the patients who benefited most from treatment with semaglutide are those not previously treated with another GLP-1ra, i.e., those who had not been treated with another drug from the same family. Those who had previously been treated with another GLP-1ra had favorable results, especially in terms of weight loss, but not to the same extent in terms of glycemic control.</p><p id="par0260" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion, combined insulin and semaglutide therapy is a valuable treatment strategy for improving metabolic control in the management of DM2<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>.</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Funding</span><p id="par0265" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have not received funding for conducting this study.</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0270" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflicts of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:13 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1792874" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objectives" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1569603" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1792875" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Objetivos" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1569604" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Objectives" ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Study design and location" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Study population" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Statistical analysis" ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Results" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Patients’ baseline characteristics" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "HbA1c" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Weight" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Total insulin dose" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Units of insulin/kg of weight" ] ] ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0070" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0075" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 11 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack632911" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" ] 12 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2022-02-06" "fechaAceptado" => "2022-03-04" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1569603" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Type 2 diabetes" 1 => "Weight" 2 => "Insulin resistance" 3 => "Glucose control" 4 => "Follow-up" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1569604" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Diabetes tipo 2" 1 => "Peso" 2 => "Resistencia a la insulina" 3 => "Control de glucosa" 4 => "Seguimiento" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objectives</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This work aims to determine the real-life anthropometric and analytical benefits of adding subcutaneous semaglutide to previous insulin treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes.</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This is a descriptive, retrospective, open-label study describing the clinical and anthropometric characteristics of 117 patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes followed-up on in the Endocrinology and Nutrition outpatient clinic of the Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias for 53 weeks after starting treatment with subcutaneous semaglutide (October–December 2019). All patients were on previous insulin treatment with or without oral antidiabetics.</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Of the 117 initial patients, 17 did not complete the study due to adverse effects (nausea, vomiting), the physician’s decision, or loss to follow-up. Twelve months (week 53) after starting semaglutide, there was a decrease in HbA1c of 0.74% (95% CI 0.59–1.14, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> < 0.05) as well as 3.61 kg of weight loss (95% CI 2.30–4.92, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> < 0.05) and a decline in total insulin of 15.88 IU (95% CI 10.98–20.74, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> < 0.05) from baseline figures. In patients without prior GLP-1 receptor analogs (GLP-1ra), the effect in terms of a reduction in HbA1c, weight, and the total insulin dose was statistically significant. However, in patients pre-treated with GLP-1ra only had improvements in terms of weight loss. No serious adverse events were observed.</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The addition of subcutaneous semaglutide to prior insulin treatment with or without oral antidiabetics safely led to a decrease in HbA1c, weight, and the insulin dose. This effect is greater in GLP-1ra naive patients.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objectives" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivos</span><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Determinar en la vida real los beneficios antropométricos y analíticos de la adición de semaglutida por vía subcutánea al tratamiento previo con insulina en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2.</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Métodos</span><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo y abierto en el que se describen características clínicas y antropométricas de 117 pacientes diagnosticados de diabetes tipo 2 seguidos en las consultas externas de Endocrinología y Nutrición del Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias a lo largo de 53 semanas tras el inicio de tratamiento con semaglutida subcutánea (octubre–diciembre 2019). Todos los pacientes estaban en tratamiento previo con insulina, con o sin antidiabéticos orales.</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">De los 117 pacientes iniciales, 17 no completaron el estudio debido a efectos adversos (náuseas, vómitos), decisión clínica y pérdida de seguimiento. A los 12 meses (semana 53) del inicio de la semaglutida se obtuvo un descenso de HbA1c de 0,74% (IC 95% 0,59–1,14, p < 0,05), así como de 3,61 kg de peso (IC 95% 2,30–4,92, p < 0,05), y de 15,88 UI de insulina total (IC 95% 10,98–20,74, p < 0,05) respecto a las cifras basales. En pacientes sin análogo del receptor de GLP-1 (arGLP-1) previo, el efecto en la disminución de HbA1c, el peso y la dosis total de insulina fue estadísticamente significativo; sin embargo, los pacientes pretratados con arGLP-1 solo tuvieron mejoría en la reducción de peso. No se observaron eventos adversos graves.</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La adición de semaglutida subcutánea al tratamiento previo con insulina con o sin antidiabéticos orales induce una disminución de HbA1c, peso y dosis de insulina de forma segura. Este efecto es mayor en pacientes naïve para tratamiento con arGLP-1.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Objetivos" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Ares-Blanco J, Pujante-Alarcón P, Lambert C, Morales-Sánchez P, Delgado-Álvarez E, Menéndez-Torre EL. Efectos en vida real de la adición de semaglutida subcutánea semanal al tratamiento con insulina en diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Rev Clin Esp. 2022;222:516–522.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:6 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 988 "Ancho" => 2508 "Tamanyo" => 132044 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0005" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Data on the evolution of HbA1c (%) at six and 12 months in the three groups: total group, GLP-1ra naive group, and GLP-1ra experienced group. GLP-1ra: GLP-1 receptor agonist.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1021 "Ancho" => 2508 "Tamanyo" => 124382 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0010" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Data on the evolution of weight (kg) in six and 12 months in the three groups: total group, GLP-1ra naive group, and GLP-1ra experienced group. GLP-1ra: GLP-1 receptor agonist.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1042 "Ancho" => 2500 "Tamanyo" => 135537 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0015" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Data on the evolution of IU of insulin (IU) at six and 12 months in the three groups: total group, GLP-1ra naive group, and the GLP-1ra experienced group. GLP-1ra: GLP-1 receptor agonist; IU: insulin dose.</p>" ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0020" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Data are expressed as frequencies (percentages) or means ± SD.</p><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">IU: insulin dose; OAD: oral antidiabetics; SGLT2i: SGLT2 inhibitors.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">GLP-1ra naive \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">GLP-1ra experienced \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">N (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">117 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">80 (69) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">37 (32) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Time since onset (years) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">16.64 ± 7.99 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">16.08 ± 8.52 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">17.86 ± 6.65 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Age (years) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">64.23 ± 9.43 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">63.51 ± 9.47 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">65.78 ± 9.30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">No. of OAD \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.62 ± 1.02 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.63 ± 1.09 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.62 ± 0.86 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">SGLT2i (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">54 (46) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">33 (41) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">21 (57) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Weight (kg) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">97.28 ± 18.43 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">95.54 ± 19.21 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">100.95 ± 16.34 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">HbA1c (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.31 ± 1.33 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.39 ± 1.33 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.13 ± 1.32 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">HbA1c <7% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">17 (15) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8 (10) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9 (24) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Total insulin dose (IU) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">63.78 ± 39.69 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">63.00 ± 38.64 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">65.46 ± 42.36 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Basal dose (IU) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">44.29 ± 21.33 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">42.85 ± 20.23 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">47.44 ± 23.52 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Prandial dose (IU) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">25.69 ± 19.49 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">20.15 ± 25.27 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">18.05 ± 25.55 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">IU insulin/kg weight \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.67 ± 0.44 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.69 ± 0.46 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.64 ± 0.39 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Patients’ baseline characteristics.</p>" ] ] 4 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0025" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><elsevierMultimedia ident="202210281854022551"></elsevierMultimedia> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Summary of results after starting treatment with semaglutide.</p>" ] ] 5 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "202210281854022551" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "fx1.jpeg" "Alto" => 729 "Ancho" => 2917 "Tamanyo" => 291978 ] ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:21 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2022 Abridged for Primary Care Providers. 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