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the models of educational intervention are highly heterogeneous and no one educational program has been identified as being the most effective&#46; Nor has the necessary intensity level been identified<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#44; which is associated with prognostic improvement or changes in self-care&#46; This is&#44; in part&#44; due to the very limited number of available tools or questionnaires for demonstrating measurable changes in specific knowledge of the disease&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;8</span></a> meaning this is not generally quantified and is based on a subjective evaluation or on improvements in self-care and compliance as an expression of said knowledge&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;9</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On the other hand&#44; not all interventions seem to be effective<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#44; as the educational process must include ongoing assessment&#44; targeted educational intervention&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;12</span></a> and must also adapt to the characteristics of each patient&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The primary objective of our study is&#44; on the one hand&#44; to evaluate the validity and reliability of a questionnaire on specific HF knowledge and&#44; on the other hand&#44; to show the utility of repeated use as a guide for educational intervention to improve the prognosis and education of patients recently diagnosed with HF&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Material and methods</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We designed a prospective cohort study with an exposed group that received an educational intervention &#8220;guided&#8221; by the assessment and repeated quantification of knowledge via a questionnaire&#44; versus a group with standard education that did not measure learning&#44; with follow-up for at least one year&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We included consecutive patients post-HF diagnosis who started follow-up in the hospital&#8217;s HF clinic between September 2018 and September 2019 provided that they accepted the follow-up and intervention protocol in the unit for one year&#46; This is a single-centre study conducted in a specialised hospital with a direct population of 297&#44;797 in the southern part of central Granada and the metropolitan district&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The unit obtained SEC-Excelente accreditation as a specialised HF unit in 2018&#46; The core HF clinic medical team is made up of 2 cardiologists&#44; one internist and one nurse&#46; The study was approved by the hospital Ethics Committee &#40;code CECI-1-2019&#46;2&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All the patients signed the written informed consent&#44; and the research complies with the principles set forth in the Declaration of Helsinki&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients who experienced difficulty reading or were not able to complete the questionnaire on their own&#44; in the absence of a competent caregiver&#44; as well as patients who were not expected to be able to follow the protocol&#44; received the standard&#44; non-guided education&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">A&#46; Quantification of knowledge</span>&#46; Two methods were used&#46; The first was a HF knowledge assessment questionnaire &#40;CECIC&#41; &#40;Appendix A Additional material&#41; developed by the research team and organised into six parts&#46; Using 21 multiple choice questions with 4 possible answers&#44; it evaluated knowledge of the disease&#44; warning signs&#44; diet&#44; exercise&#44; drugs and self-care&#46; The questionnaire scoring system assigned one point per correct answer&#46; The patient and caregiver filled in the questionnaire after each educational intervention and the nurse reviewed it with them prior to the following intervention&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The second method was a qualitative evaluation of knowledge prior to each educational intervention using the Likert scale &#40;with a progression from 1 &#91;very low&#93; to 5 &#91;very high&#93;&#41; with 5 parts&#44; with a final score ranging from 5 to 25&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">B&#46; Educational intervention&#46;</span> This was centred around in-person and structured instruction by nursing staff as&#58; 1&#41; hospital pre-discharge in admitted patients with basic educational intervention on the ward&#59; 2&#41; an individual session at the first assessment with the unit&#44; 30&#8722;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#46; long&#59; 3&#41; a group session in the first or second month&#44; 90&#8722;120<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#46; and fewer than 8 patients per group&#44; and 4&#41; a final individual reinforcement session&#44; in addition to during each contact with the nurse over the course of the first year&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The content of each educational intervention was defined to address the topics of maintenance&#44; monitoring and self-management&#44; including both the patient and the regular caregiver when possible&#46; Support materials included a guided educational notebook&#44; an audio-visual presentation and paper documentation given to the patients&#44; as well as all the information available and accessible on the service&#8217;s website&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the group exposed to guided education&#44; knowledge was assessed repeatedly using the questionnaire prior to each session to confirm the level of learning achieved&#46; Depending on their knowledge&#44; the next educational session was conducted to reinforce the correctly learned content and to review incorrect knowledge&#44; reteaching and improving both comprehension and learning&#46;</p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Study outcomes</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For questionnaire validation&#44; in the guided group the final scores from both the questionnaire and the qualitative nursing assessment were used&#44; as the expression of maximum knowledge achieved&#44; as well as the final scores from the following questionnaires&#58; Minnesota Living with Heart Failures Questionnaire &#40;MLHFQ&#41;&#44; European Heart Failure Self-care Behaviour Scale &#40;EHFScBs&#41;&#44; compliance according to the 6-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale&#44; &#40;MMAS-6&#41;&#44; and qualitative evaluation of compliance with an ordinal 5-item scale &#40;with a score from 1 &#91;very low&#93; to 5 &#91;very high&#93;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To demonstrate the utility of the educational model&#44; the combined primary endpoint of death and&#47;or hospital admission or care received in the emergency department due to HF was determined&#46; According to previous studies on nursing interventions&#44; the sample size was calculated to be 71 patients per group&#44; assuming an absolute difference of 23&#37; for this objective&#44; with an event percentage of 55&#37; per year in the regular care group versus 32&#37; in the intervention group &#40;bilateral alpha&#58; 0&#46;05&#59; beta&#58; 0&#46;80&#41; and a loss rate of 1&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;15</span></a></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As secondary outcomes&#44; the types of mortality&#44; hospital admissions and emergency department visits were analysed&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">First&#44; a descriptive analysis of the baseline characteristics of the study subjects was performed&#46; To check the homogeneity of the groups&#44; a bivariate analysis was conducted to compare the primary gathered variables between the study groups &#40;guided&#47;control&#41;&#46; Pearson&#8217;s chi-squared or Fisher&#8217;s test was used for the qualitative variables and Student&#8217;s t-test or the Mann-Whitney test for the quantitative&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The average scores from the questionnaire and the qualitative evaluation were compared after each educational intervention using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for related samples&#46; The properties of the questionnaire were analysed&#46; To do this&#44; the validity was tested by means of an analysis of Pearson&#8217;s correlation coefficient comparing the scores for knowledge with the degree of quality of life&#44; self-care&#44; adherence and compliance&#46; Reliability was measured using Cronbach&#8217;s alpha coefficient&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The prognostic analysis was conducted by intention-to-treat and was performed using a time-to-first-event analysis via the Kaplan-Meier method&#46; The events were analysed after the scheduled follow-up visits at 1&#44; 3&#44; 6 and 12 months&#44; and by assessing the records in the patients&#8217; electronic medical records&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The potential influence of the baseline risk factors&#44; and the interactions were evaluated in an exploratory manner using the multivariate Cox regression model with the backward method which included the variables with significant differences in the bivariate analysis&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The analysis for the comparisons between the two groups was performed using the overall hazard ratio &#40;HR&#41; and stratified by the different components of the primary objective and by the relative risk &#40;RR&#41; of the other secondary objectives&#46; All the confidence intervals were calculated with a 95&#37; confidence interval &#40;95&#37; CI&#41;&#44; and all the hypothesis testing was conducted with a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-value<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05 as proof of significance&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The data were analysed with R statistical software version 4&#46;1&#46;1&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Results</span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Study population</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Of a total 495 patients seen in the HF clinic over the course of the year&#44; 152 new patients were included &#8220;without prior educational intervention&#8221;&#44; of which 88 patients received &#8220;guided&#8221; education and 64 patients received regular education&#46; In the exposed group&#44; only 70 patients completed the guided education protocol with a lack of compliance or drop-out rate of 13 patients &#40;15&#37;&#41;&#44; with 5 in the standard group &#40;8&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The baseline characteristics of the patients are listed in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46; The control group presented a higher percentage of patients with a non-formal education level &#40;26&#46;0 vs&#46; 45&#46;6&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01&#41; and worse renal function &#40;creatinine 1&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;5 vs&#46; 1&#46;48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;02&#41;&#46; This group was also older in age&#44; had a greater lack of competent caregivers&#44; excessive alcohol intake and comorbidity&#44; though these did not reach statistical significance&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Evaluation of the educational intervention and questionnaire</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Of the 70 patients who completed the educational protocol&#44; knowledge of HF increased&#44; from the first session to the last&#44; from 59 to 78&#46;5&#37; according to the mean questionnaire score &#40;12&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;0 to 16&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;0 out of 21 total points&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;018&#41;&#44; and from 33 to 64&#46;6&#37; according to the mean qualitative score given by the nursing staff &#40;8&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;0 to 16&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;0 out of 25 points&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;018&#41;&#44; with a progressive and significant increase following each training session &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The maximum knowledge achieved separated by quartiles was for questionnaire Q1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14&#44; Q2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17 and Q3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>19 and&#44; for the qualitative evaluation&#44; Q1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14&#44; Q2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15 and Q3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18&#46; A total of 25&#37; of the patients achieved the maximum knowledge of the disease and responded correctly to over 90&#37; of the questionnaire&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With the increase in knowledge&#44; the scores for the following aspects also improved from the first session through to the last&#58; quality of life &#40;40&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>21&#46;0 vs&#46; 33&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17&#46;0&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;0001&#41;&#44; self-care &#40;22&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#46;0 vs&#46; 18&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;0&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; adherence &#40;21&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;0 vs&#46; 24&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;0&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;025&#41;&#44; no changes to adherence &#40;5&#46;71<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;6 vs&#46; 5&#46;74<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;6&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;8&#41;&#46; There was a significant association between the increase of the questionnaire score &#40;qs&#41; and greater self-care &#40;28&#46;5&#8722;0&#46;6&#42;qs&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;04&#41; and this also suggested a trend towards an association with better quality of life &#40;51&#46;1&#8722;1&#46;1&#42;pc&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;09&#41;&#44; adherence &#40;5&#46;02<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;04&#42;qs&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;06&#41; and compliance &#40;18&#46;48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;28&#42;qs&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;08&#41;&#44; better than with the qualitative evaluation&#46; However&#44; there was wide variability in the scores which resulted in low R-squared&#44; affecting the precision of the predictions &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lastly&#44; the reliability of the questionnaire was acceptable with a Cronbach&#8217;s alpha coefficient of 0&#46;75 which&#44; with the elimination or recodification of questions 4 and 7 from the questionnaire&#44; allowed for this to be discreetly increased to up to 0&#46;78&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Follow-up and prognostic analysis</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patient follow-up was 16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4 months with an average of five visits with the nursing staff&#44; this being similar for both groups&#46; However&#44; the number of educational sessions in the intervention group was higher&#44; with an average of three versus one in the control group&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There were no differences in final pharmacological treatment nor in the rate of device implants&#44; only slightly higher&#44; though not significant&#44; percentages of optimisation in the exposed group &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The primary composite endpoint occurred in 12 patients &#40;13&#46;6&#37;&#41; from the intervention group compared to 19 patients &#40;29&#46;7&#37;&#41; in the standard group &#40;HR&#58; 0&#46;46&#59; 95&#37; CI&#58; 0&#46;24&#8722;0&#46;88&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;019&#41;&#44; mainly due to the decrease in hospital admissions due to HF and a tendency towards lower mortality &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46; Regarding secondary objectives&#44; there were no differences in type of mortality nor emergency department visits nor all-cause admissions&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the multivariate analysis&#44; the following were predictors of the primary endpoint&#58; the presence of atrial fibrillation&#44; age&#44; NT-proBNP level and non-formal education level&#44; while the educational intervention did not reach statistical significance &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Discussion</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These results show that our specific questionnaire on HF knowledge is valid and reliable tool and is useful for guiding educational intervention in a specialised unit&#46; The nursing staff-led education&#44; guided by the repeated evaluation of HF knowledge using a specific questionnaire&#44; makes it possible to systematise assessment&#44; quantify its results&#44; and show progressive improvement in knowledge&#46;</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The qualitative impression of our study had worse validity and underestimated learning&#46; However&#44; until now it has been the regular&#44; and only&#44; subjective method used by nursing staff in these services&#44; and requires sufficient experience and training for it to be useful&#46;</p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our cyclical method of teaching content&#44; verifying comprehension and reteaching in order to improve learning has been shown to be effective in patients with chronic diseases<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#59; however&#44; there was little data regarding efficacy in patients with HF&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#44;18</span></a></p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To our knowledge&#44; there is only one self-administered questionnaire with only 10 items that is validated for HF<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> which has similar internal consistency to ours&#44; though it is not used to guide education&#46;</p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On the other hand&#44; our study shows that the group selected for guided education had less morbidity and mortality&#44; mainly due to the decrease in hospital admissions for HF&#46; Previous studies have shown that a multidisciplinary HF program reduces mortality and readmissions<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5&#44;11&#44;12</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#44; though the effect that is attributed solely to education is not clear&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> Kommuri et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> previously showed that a measurable improvement in knowledge is associated with clinical results and changes in self-care&#46;</p><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our study&#44; it has not been determined that the better prognosis in the intervention group can be attributed to the effect of the education&#46; Given that certain ability or support was needed to complete the questionnaire independently&#44; this led to a higher number of patients with lower education levels in the control group&#44; this being a predictor of events&#46; Previous publications have shown that education level is associated with self-care&#44; adherence and prognosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21&#44;22</span></a> What&#8217;s more&#44; this control group was older in age and had more comorbidity as factors for worse progression&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a></p><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The beneficial effect of education on prognosis would be justified by improvement in self-care and treatment adherence<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5&#44;24</span></a>&#44; thought the low strength of association in our study may be a reflection that knowledge on its own is likely not sufficient&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;25</span></a> The applicability of our educational intervention in practice could be extended to two thirds of patients who are starting follow-up in a HF service in our environment&#46; These numbers show the challenge of monitoring patients in HF programs<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a>&#44; including the diversity in education level&#44; age&#44; culture and individual attitudes&#46;</p><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study has various limitations&#46; It is an observational study in which the exposed cohort was selected from participants who were capable of following the protocol&#44; with a higher percentage of patients with a non-formal education level in the not exposed group&#46; The results were adjusted in the multivariate model and was determinant regardless of evolution&#46; We argue that this strategy is a reflection of real-life practice&#44; with more intensive educational intervention focused on competent patients&#44; and it allowed us to limit the study period in order to achieve the desired educational outcome&#46;</p><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The characteristics of the sample were representative of the HF patient population according to other observational registries<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26&#44;27</span></a> with a high proportion of elderly population and low levels of education&#46; We consider excluding this population from the educational intervention&#44; to demonstrate prognostic benefit in future studies&#44; to be inappropriate for ethical reasons&#46; Likewise&#44; conducting the sessions adapted for age&#44; culture&#44; and education level would represent significant logistical and applicability limitations&#46;</p><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On the other hand&#44; considering it is a single-centre study with a small sample&#44; the findings cannot be generalised to other environments&#46;</p><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; our study suggests that the self-made questionnaire for measuring HF knowledge is valid and reliable&#44; and its repeated use for guiding educational intervention improves knowledge of the disease&#46; Nevertheless&#44; this guided education requires certain patient skill&#44; which determined a selected population with better prognosis that cannot be attributed to the educational intervention <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">per se</span>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Funding</span><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study was funded by the <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs0005">Spanish Society of Cardiology</span> &#40;Research Project SEC-ROVI 2018 for the Promotion of Heart Failure Research&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are no conflicts of interest regarding this study&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "titulo" => "Material and methods"
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            0 => array:2 [
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              "titulo" => "Evaluation of the educational intervention and questionnaire"
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          "titulo" => "References"
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    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2022-01-09"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2022-03-28"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
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        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
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          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1569602"
          "palabras" => array:7 [
            0 => "Heart failure"
            1 => "Patient education"
            2 => "Knowledge"
            3 => "Questionnaire"
            4 => "Heart failure clinic"
            5 => "Outcomes"
            6 => "Teach-back"
          ]
        ]
      ]
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          "clase" => "keyword"
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          "palabras" => array:7 [
            0 => "Insuficiencia card&#237;aca"
            1 => "Educaci&#243;n de pacientes"
            2 => "Conocimiento"
            3 => "Cuestionario"
            4 => "Unidad de insuficiencia card&#237;aca"
            5 => "Resultados"
            6 => "Teach-back"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction and objective</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Patient education by nurses is a cornerstone of any heart failure &#40;HF&#41; program&#44; but the models are widely heterogeneous and few specific instruments exist&#46; Our objective is to evaluate our own questionnaire and its utility as a guide for educational intervention&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This work is a prospective cohort study of patients followed-up on in a specialized unit after diagnosis of HF&#46; The intervention group received educational sessions guided according to their knowledge using the questionnaire and was compared to a group which received standard education&#46; The validity and reliability of the questionnaire was evaluated&#46; The utility of the educational model was determined by the primary composite endpoint of death and&#47;or hospital admission or emergency care for HF&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A total of 152 patients were included&#44; 88 which received guided education and 64 which received standard education&#44; with a mean follow-up time of 16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4 months&#46; In the guided education group&#44; the evaluation questionnaire score &#40;qs&#41; rose from 59&#37; to 78&#46;5&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;018&#41;&#44; which was associated with greater self-care &#40;28&#46;5&#8722;0&#46;6&#42;qs&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;04&#41;&#44; a tendency toward better quality of life &#40;51&#46;1&#8722;1&#46;1&#42;qs&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;09&#41;&#44; and adherence &#40;5&#46;02<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;04&#42;qs&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;06&#41;&#44; with acceptable reliability &#40;Cronbach&#8217;s alpha 0&#46;75&#41;&#46; The primary composite endpoint was met in 12 patients &#40;13&#46;6&#37;&#41; in the intervention group compared to 19 &#40;29&#46;7&#37;&#41; in the control group &#40;hazard ratio&#58; 0&#46;46&#59; 95&#37; confidence interval&#58; 0&#46;24&#8722;0&#46;88&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;019&#41;&#46; Only educational level&#44; age&#44; NT-proBNP&#44; and atrial fibrillation were predictors in the multivariate analysis&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The HF knowledge questionnaire proposed is a valid&#44; reliable tool and allows for quantifying learning&#46; Its utility in guiding education requires a certain degree of skill from the patient that determines a group with better prognosis&#46;</p></span>"
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          0 => array:2 [
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            "titulo" => "Introduction and objective"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introducci&#243;n y objetivo</span><p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La educaci&#243;n por enfermer&#237;a es una pieza clave en todo programa de insuficiencia card&#237;aca &#40;IC&#41;&#44; pero existen modelos muy heterog&#233;neos y faltan instrumentos de medida&#46; Nuestro objetivo ha sido evaluar un cuestionario propio y su utilidad como gu&#237;a de la educaci&#243;n&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio de cohortes prospectivo de pacientes tras el diagn&#243;stico de IC seguidos en una unidad especializada&#46; El grupo expuesto recibi&#243; sesiones educativas guiadas por evaluaci&#243;n del conocimiento mediante el cuestionario&#44; y se compar&#243; con un grupo con educaci&#243;n est&#225;ndar&#46; Se evalu&#243; la validez y la fiabilidad del cuestionario&#46; La utilidad del modelo educativo se determin&#243; por la variable combinada principal de muerte y&#47;o ingreso hospitalario o atenci&#243;n en urgencias por IC&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se incluyeron 152 pacientes&#44; 88 con educaci&#243;n guiada y 64 est&#225;ndar&#44; con un seguimiento medio de 16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4 meses&#46; En el grupo guiado&#44; la puntuaci&#243;n del cuestionario de evaluaci&#243;n &#40;pc&#41; subi&#243; del 59 al 78&#44;5&#37; &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;018&#41; y se asoci&#243; con un mayor autocuidado &#40;28&#44;5&#8722;0&#44;6&#42;pc&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;04&#41; y una tendencia a mejor calidad de vida &#40;51&#44;1&#8722;1&#44;1&#42;pc&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;09&#41; y adherencia &#40;5&#44;02<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;04&#42;pc&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;06&#41;&#44; con una fiabilidad aceptable &#40;Alfa de Cronbach&#58; 0&#44;75&#41;&#46; La variable combinada principal ocurri&#243; en 12 pacientes &#40;13&#44;6&#37;&#41; con educaci&#243;n guiada frente a 19 &#40;29&#44;7&#37;&#41; con la est&#225;ndar &#40;hazard ratio&#58; 0&#44;46&#59; intervalo de confianza del 95&#37;&#58; 0&#44;24&#8722;0&#44;88&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;019&#41;&#44; aunque en el an&#225;lisis multivariante&#44; solo fueron predictores&#58; el nivel educativo&#44; la edad&#44; NT-proBNP y la fibrilaci&#243;n auricular&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusi&#243;n</span><p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El cuestionario de conocimientos en IC propuesto es una herramienta v&#225;lida y fiable&#44; y permite cuantificar el aprendizaje&#46; Su utilidad para guiar la educaci&#243;n precisa de cierta habilidad del paciente que determina un grupo con mejor pron&#243;stico&#46;</p></span>"
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        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar2005">Please cite this article as&#58; S&#225;nchez-Ramos JG&#44; Lerma-Barba MD&#44; Segura-Rodr&#237;guez D&#44; Pardo-Cabello A&#44; Molina-Ruiz MT&#44; Burillo-G&#243;mez F&#44; Mart&#237;nez-Huertas S&#44; et al&#46; Evaluaci&#243;n de un cuestionario de conocimientos en insuficiencia card&#237;aca y su utilidad para guiar la intervenci&#243;n educativa&#46; Rev Clin Esp&#46; 2022&#59;222&#58;567&#46;</p>"
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            "apendice" => "<p id="par0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following is Supplementary data to this article&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p>"
            "etiqueta" => "Appendix A"
            "titulo" => "Supplementary data"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Evolution of knowledge scores&#46; The questionnaire scores range from 0 to 21 and the qualitative evaluation from 0 to 25&#46; The higher scores indicate greater knowledge of HF&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Relationship between knowledge scores and quality of life&#44; self-care&#44; adherence and compliance&#46;</p> <p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ac&#58; self-care measured by EHFScBs &#40;12&#8211;60&#44; lower score represent better self-care&#41;&#59; Ad&#58; adherence measured by MMAS-6 &#40;0&#8211;6&#44; higher scores represent better adherence&#41;&#59; C&#58; compliance &#40;5&#8211;25&#44; higher scores represent better compliance&#41;&#59; QL&#58; quality of life measured by MLHFQ &#40;0&#8211;105&#44; lower scores indicate fewer symptoms and physical limitations&#41;&#59; Qs&#58; questionnaire score&#59; Pe&#58; qualitative score&#59; Sqr&#58; R-squared&#46;</p> <p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Graphic representation&#44; diagram of points&#44; line central tendency&#44; and line equation&#46;</p>"
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        "etiqueta" => "Figure 3"
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        "figura" => array:1 [
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Kaplan-Meier cumulative survival for the primary objective and multivariate Cox model&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ACEI&#58; angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor&#59; AICD&#58; automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator&#59; ARB-II&#58; angiotensin receptor blockers&#59; BMI&#58; body mass index&#59; HF&#58; heart failure&#59; IQR&#58; interquartile range&#59; iSGLT2&#44; sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors&#59; LVEF&#58; left ventricular ejection fraction&#59; MRA&#58; mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists&#59; NOAC&#58; new oral anticoagulants&#59; NT-proBNP&#58; N-terminal proBNP&#59; NYHA&#58; New York Heart Association&#46;</p><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The data are expressed as n &#40;&#37;&#41;&#44; mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>standard deviation or n&#44; median &#40;interquartile range&#41;&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>BMI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">28&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">28&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Education level &#8220;informal&#8221;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">23 &#40;26&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">29 &#40;45&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Competent caretaker&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">72 &#40;81&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">46 &#40;71&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Risk factors</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Arterial hypertension&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">62 &#40;70&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">38 &#40;59&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Diabetes mellitus&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">37 &#40;42&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">29 &#40;45&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;69&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Smoker&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">22 &#40;25&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15 &#40;23&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;82&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Alcohol &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;day&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;8&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11 &#40;17&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Heart disease</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ischaemic heart disease&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">39 &#40;44&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">26 &#40;40&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>HF with reduced LVEF&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">73 &#40;83&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">58 &#40;90&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mean LVEF<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">32&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">31&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Initial NYHA III-IV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">32 &#40;36&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">27 &#40;42&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;48&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Median NT-proBNP &#40;IQR&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1830 &#40;3652&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2070 &#40;4996&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Atrial fibrillation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25 &#40;28&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">19 &#40;29&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;86&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Recent admission for HF&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">54 &#40;61&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">45 &#40;70&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;33&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Comorbidity</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Chronic respiratory disease&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20 &#40;22&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18 &#40;28&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;45&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Neoplasia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15 &#40;17&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12 &#40;18&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;78&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Barthel index&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">92&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">86&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Charlson index&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Creatinine &#40;mg&#47;dL&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Haemoglobin &#40;g&#47;dL&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;27&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Quality of life</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">41&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>21&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">48&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Self-care</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">23&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">24&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;67&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Final treatment</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Beta blockers&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">87 &#40;98&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">62 &#40;96&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;78&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Dose at 50&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">68 &#40;78&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">48 &#40;71&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;31&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ACEI or ARB-II&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">40 &#40;45&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">34 &#40;53&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Dose at 50&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">35 &#40;87&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">24 &#40;72&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Sacubitril&#47;valsartan&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">44 &#40;50&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">31 &#40;48&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;85&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Dose at 50&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">34 &#40;77&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">18 &#40;58&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>MRA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">65 &#40;73&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">48 &#40;75&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;87&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>iSGLT2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25 &#40;28&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12 &#40;18&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Diuretics&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">41 &#40;46&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">HR&#58; 0&#46;43 &#40;0&#46;21&#8722;0&#46;89&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">HR&#58; 0&#46;36 &#40;0&#46;12&#8722;1&#46;08&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">HR&#58; 0&#46;26 &#40;0&#46;06&#8722;0&#46;79&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">8 &#40;9&#46;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;14&#46;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">HR&#58; 0&#46;58 &#40;0&#46;22&#8722;1&#46;52&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;27&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">RR&#58; 0&#46;48 &#40;0&#46;14&#8722;1&#46;65&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Non-cardiovascular&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;1&#46;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;6&#46;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">RR&#58; 0&#46;18 &#40;0&#46;02&#8722;1&#46;59&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">RR&#58; 1&#46;15 &#40;0&#46;83&#8722;1&#46;61&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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Original article
Evaluation of a heart failure knowledge questionnaire and its use in guiding the educational intervention
Evaluación de un cuestionario de conocimientos en insuficiencia cardíaca y su utilidad para guiar la intervención educativa
J.G. Sánchez-Ramosa,b,
Corresponding author
jgsr525@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, M.D. Lerma-Barbaa, D. Segura-Rodrígueza,b, A. Pardo-Cabellob,c, M.T. Molina-Ruizd, F. Burillo-Gómezd, S. Martínez-Huertasd, E. Nieto-Garcíad,e, P. Giner-Escobarf, E. Moreno-Escobarb,d
a Unidad de Insuficiencia Cardíaca, Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain
b Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
c Unidad de Insuficiencia Cardíaca, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain
d Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain
e Departamento de Enfermería, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
f Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain

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