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array:24 [ "pii" => "S2254887423001066" "issn" => "22548874" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rceng.2023.09.007" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2023-11-01" "aid" => "2137" "copyright" => "The Authors" "copyrightAnyo" => "2023" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Rev Clin Esp. 2023;223:542-51" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S0014256523001546" "issn" => "00142565" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rce.2023.07.007" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2023-11-01" "aid" => "2137" "copyright" => "The Authors" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Rev Clin Esp. 2023;223:542-51" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "es" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">ORIGINAL</span>" "titulo" => "Impacto pronóstico de metformina en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 e insuficiencia cardiaca aguda. Análisis combinado de los registros EAHFE y RICA" "tienePdf" => "es" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "es" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "es" 1 => "en" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "542" "paginaFinal" => "551" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Prognostic impact of metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and acute heart failure: Combined analysis of the EAHFE and RICA registries" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "es" => true "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figura 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1334 "Ancho" => 2068 "Tamanyo" => 112942 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "es" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Diagrama de flujo de los pacientes. 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"apellidos" => "Miró" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "en" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S2254887423001066" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rceng.2023.09.007" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2254887423001066?idApp=WRCEE" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0014256523001546?idApp=WRCEE" "url" => "/00142565/0000022300000009/v4_202312011111/S0014256523001546/v4_202312011111/es/main.assets" ] ] "itemSiguiente" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S2254887423001078" "issn" => "22548874" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rceng.2023.09.008" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2023-11-01" "aid" => "2135" "copyright" => "The Authors" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Rev Clin Esp. 2023;223:552-61" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original article</span>" "titulo" => "Assessment of frailty in the person with type 2 diabetes mellitus: Expert analysis" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "552" "paginaFinal" => "561" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Valoración de la fragilidad en la persona con diabetes mellitus tipo 2: análisis de expertos" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 2083 "Ancho" => 3329 "Tamanyo" => 805789 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0115" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Dimensions that impact frailty in individuals with DM2.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "L. Romera-Liebana, A. Urbina-Juez, R.M. Micó-Pérez, J.J. Mediavilla Bravo, A. Marco Martinez, F. Gómez-Peralta, P. Cubo-Romano, F. Formiga" "autores" => array:8 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "L." "apellidos" => "Romera-Liebana" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Urbina-Juez" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "R.M." "apellidos" => "Micó-Pérez" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J.J." "apellidos" => "Mediavilla Bravo" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Marco Martinez" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "F." "apellidos" => "Gómez-Peralta" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "P." "apellidos" => "Cubo-Romano" ] 7 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "F." "apellidos" => "Formiga" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S0014256523001522" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rce.2023.08.004" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0014256523001522?idApp=WRCEE" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2254887423001078?idApp=WRCEE" "url" => "/22548874/0000022300000009/v3_202311141514/S2254887423001078/v3_202311141514/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S2254887423001029" "issn" => "22548874" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rceng.2023.09.003" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2023-11-01" "aid" => "2131" "copyright" => "Elsevier España, S.L.U. and Sociedad Española de Medicina Interna (SEMI)" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Rev Clin Esp. 2023;223:532-41" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original article</span>" "titulo" => "Factors associated with unjustified chronic treatment with digoxin in patients with acute heart failure and relationship with short-term prognosis" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "532" "paginaFinal" => "541" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Factores asociados a tratamiento crónico no justificado con digoxina en pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca aguda y relación con el pronóstico a corto plazo" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1713 "Ancho" => 3341 "Tamanyo" => 465602 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0005" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">DIG-ICA study.</p> <p id="spar1005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">*CCB: calcium channel blockers. BB: beta blockers.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "E. Martín-Mojarro, V. Gil, P. Llorens, S. Flores-Quesada, O.J. Troiano-Ungerer, A. Alquézar-Arbé, J. Jacob, P. Herrero, C. Sánchez, Ò. Miró" "autores" => array:11 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "E." "apellidos" => "Martín-Mojarro" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "V." "apellidos" => "Gil" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "P." "apellidos" => "Llorens" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "S." "apellidos" => "Flores-Quesada" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "O.J." "apellidos" => "Troiano-Ungerer" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Alquézar-Arbé" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J." "apellidos" => "Jacob" ] 7 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "P." "apellidos" => "Herrero" ] 8 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "C." "apellidos" => "Sánchez" ] 9 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ò." "apellidos" => "Miró" ] 10 => array:1 [ "colaborador" => "ICA SEMES researchers" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S0014256523001480" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rce.2023.08.001" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0014256523001480?idApp=WRCEE" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2254887423001029?idApp=WRCEE" "url" => "/22548874/0000022300000009/v3_202311141514/S2254887423001029/v3_202311141514/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:19 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original article</span>" "titulo" => "Prognostic impact of metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and acute heart failure: Combined analysis of the EAHFE and RICA registries" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "542" "paginaFinal" => "551" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "M. Povar-Echeverría, M. Méndez-Bailón, F.J. Martín-Sánchez, M. Montero-Pérez-Barquero, J.C. Trullàs, Ò. Miró" "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Povar-Echeverría" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "mpovar@salud.aragon.es" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Méndez-Bailón" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "F.J." "apellidos" => "Martín-Sánchez" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Montero-Pérez-Barquero" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "J.C." "apellidos" => "Trullàs" "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">f</span>" "identificador" => "aff0030" ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Ò." "apellidos" => "Miró" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">e</span>" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:6 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Internal Medicine Service, Hospital Comarcal de Barbastro, Barbastro, Huesca, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Internal Medicine Service, Hospital Universitario Clínico San Carlos, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IDISS), Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Internal Medicine Service, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Internal Medicine Service, Hospital d’Olot i Comarcal de la Garrotxa, Olot, Girona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] 4 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Emergencies Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "e" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] 5 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Grupo de Investigación en Reparación y Regeneración Q2 Tisular (TR2Lab), Institut de Recerca i Innovació en Ciències de la Vida i de la Salut a la Catalunya Central, Barcelona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "f" "identificador" => "aff0030" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Impacto pronóstico de metformina en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 e insuficiencia cardiaca aguda. Análisis combinado de los registros EAHFE y RICA" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1334 "Ancho" => 2068 "Tamanyo" => 112942 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0530" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Patient flowchart.</p> <p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Acronyms: Epidemiology of Acute Heart Failure in Emergency Departments (EAHFE) Registry; National Registry of Patients with Heart Failure (RICA, for its initials in Spanish) Registry; Diabetes Mellitus (DM).</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The prevalence and incidence of heart failure (HF) and diabetes mellitus (DM) have progressively increased in the last decade.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,2</span></a> Type 2 DM is considered an independent factor for the development of HF<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> and is in turn associated with a worse HF prognosis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4,5</span></a> In patients hospitalized due to HF, DM is associated with a longer hospital stay, higher readmission rate,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6,7</span></a> and greater associated comorbidity.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7,8</span></a> However, the role of DM in in-hospital and long-term mortality in patients with HF remains controversial.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9,10</span></a> Data from the National Registry of Patients with Heart Failure (RICA, for its initials in Spanish) show that patients with type 2 DM have higher readmission rates due to HF and higher long-term mortality compared to those who do not have the disease, though in-hospital mortality appears to be equal in both groups.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The neurohormonal treatment that have become in recent years has improved the prognosis of patients with HF.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> Two groups of hypoglycemic drugs—sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) and glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists (GLP-1ra)—have demonstrated cardiovascular benefits in patients with and without type 2 DM.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12–27</span></a> The most recent European guidelines on DM<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> recommend these drugs as initial treatment in patients with high or very high cardiovascular risk who are not yet receiving metformin.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Metformin is a classic drug in type 2 DM treatment.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29,30</span></a> Given the evidence that it decreases macrovascular complications,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> the guidelines recommend it as the first treatment option in most patients. However, its effect on the prognosis of patients with HF has yet to be investigated. The principal aim of this study was to analyze whether patients with DM and acute HF who receive treatment with metformin at discharge have a better prognosis at one year of follow-up.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Material and methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Design and data source</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This work is a prospective, observational cohort study which combines data from patients included in the two main Spanish HF registries: the Epidemiology of Acute Heart Failure in Emergency Departments (EAHFE) Registry and the RICA Registry. This is an effectiveness which aims to evaluate the use of metformin in a real-world population and its prognostic impact at one year of follow-up.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The EAHFE Registry is a multicenter, non-interventional, analytical cohort study with prospective follow-up.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32–34</span></a> It is managed by the HF working group of the Spanish Society of Emergency Medicine (SEMES, for its initials in Spanish). A total of 45 Spanish hospital emergency departments (HED) participate in it and it includes 18,370 patients diagnosed with acute heart failure (AHF) between 2007 and 2018 during six one- to two-month recruitment periods every two or three years. This registry does not include any planned interventions nor does it change the care received from the attending physician, which is based on clinical practice guidelines and each hospital’s protocols.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The RICA Registry is a multicenter, prospective cohort study<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35,36</span></a> by the HF and Atrial Fibrillation Working Group of the Spanish Society of Internal Medicine (SEMI). Fifty-two public and private centers across Spain participate in it and it has been active since 2008. It includes unique consecutive patients older than 50 years of age with a diagnosis of HF upon hospital discharge after an episode of decompensation of new-onset HF, in accordance with the definition in the current European Society of Cardiology guidelines.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Study population</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This work included all patients in the RICA Registry up to 2018 and the populations from EAHFE-5 (inclusion period from January 1 to February 29, 2016, with the participation of 30 HED) and EAHFE-6 (inclusion period from February 1 to March 31, 2018, with the participation of 34 HED) in which data related to DM treatment were collected. After completing the necessary procedures for authorization to process data from both registries, a joint database was created that maintained all the common variables and eliminated those which did not coincide, in order to jointly analyze both study populations. Within this population group, patients with type 2 DM (if it was recorded as a previous diagnosis, if they took hypoglycemic drugs, or if their glycated hemoglobin concentration upon admission was >6.5%) were selected as the study population.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Variables</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clinical and treatment variables defined in other previous articles on the RICA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> and EAHFE registries<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a> were collected. The follow-up period was 12 months from hospital discharge from the index AHF episode. All-cause mortality at one year was recorded by consulting the medical record or direct contact. If necessary, the death was verified in the social security registry, as patients who have passed away are deregistered the day after death. Patients who died in the hospital during the index episode were excluded from the study. To calculate the follow-up time variable, either the study end date (one year of follow-up after the index episode), the date of death, or the date of loss to follow-up if it occurred before one year (censure date for the survival study) were used.</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Ethical considerations</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The RICA Registry protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Reina Sofía University Hospital of Córdoba (Spain) and the EAHFE Registry protocol was approved by the Central University Hospital of Asturias (Oviedo, Spain). The reference numbers for phases 5 and 6 are 160/15 and 205/17, respectively. Data were entered into anonymized databases and have been managed according to RD 1720/2007, which implements Organic Law 15/1999, of December 13, on Personal Data Protection.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4,35,36</span></a> The study was conducted in strict compliance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. As they are observational cohort studies, both registries followed the STROBE guidelines for this method.</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Qualitative variables are expressed as frequency and percentage. Continuous quantitative variables are shown as mean and standard deviation after performing the Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test. The bivariate comparative analysis was conducted using the chi-square test when there were two categorical tests and ANOVA for the comparison of quantitative variables from more than two groups. For the mortality analysis, Kaplan-Meier survival curves and the log-rank test were calculated. A multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was conducted using a conditional backward stepwise method for variables shown to have a statistically significant relationship to probability of death on the univariate analysis. The risk associated with all-cause death in patients in treatment with metformin was expressed as relative risk (RR) with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI) compared to patients who did not receive metformin. A forest plot was created to evaluate how metformin behaved in different subpopulations of patients. All statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS 26.0 (SPSS, version 26.0, IBM, Chicago, IL). Statistical significance was established as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> < 0.05 or if the 95% CI of the HR did not include the value of 1.</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Results</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Of the 10,122 patients included by combining the EAHFE and RICA databases, 4403 patients had type 2 DM, 43.5% of the total. The subgroup analysis was conducted based on whether or not they received treatment with metformin at discharge from the index decompensation episode (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> describes the characteristics of the group of patients with type 2 DM and both subgroups. The 1453 patients who received treatment with metformin after hospital discharge represent 33% of all patients with type 2 DM. These patients were younger (77 vs 79 years, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> < 0.001), had less comorbidity, and the prevalence of ischemic heart disease (29% versus 34%, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> < 0.011) and chronic kidney disease (24% versus 50%; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> < 0.01) was significantly lower. In addition, they have a better functional status evidenced by a lower percentage of NYHA III-IV functional class (35% versus 29%; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> < 0.001) and higher Barthel Index scores (from 84 versus 79; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> < 0.01). The drugs that both groups received for HF treatment are shown in the table. In regard to DM treatment, the metformin group received associated oral antidiabetics more often and there was a lower percentage of insulin use (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After 12 months of follow-up (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>), it was observed that patients with metformin upon discharge had significantly lower mortality (22% versus 32%, log-rank test <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> < 0.001).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed on mortality at one-year of follow-up (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>). In the adjusted analysis, the patients who had greater mortality at one-year of follow-up were older (RR 1.025; 95% CI 1.018–1.033; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> < 0.001), more often had associated comorbidity such as ischemic heart disease (RR 1.155; 95% CI 1.020–1.307; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> = 0.023) or chronic kidney disease (RR 1.360; 95% CI 1.210–1.529; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> < 0.001), and had worse functional class (NYHA functional class III–IV) (RR 1.280; 95% CI 1.139–1.438; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> < 0.001). In this analysis, treatment with ACEi (RR 0.839; 95%CI 0.736–0.956; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> < 0.01), ARB (RR 0.766; 95%CI 0.668–0.878; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> < 0.001), beta blockers (RR 0.822; 95% CI 0.731–0.925; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> < 0.01), and metformin were protective factors.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results of the forest plot are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>. As can be seen, metformin maintains its protective effect on mortality in most subgroups except for the SGLT2i, sulfonylureas, and medical history of hypertension groups.</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients who receive treatment with metformin have significantly lower mortality at one year of follow-up (RR 0.814; 95% CI 0.712–0.930; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> < 0.01) regardless of the rest of variables (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Discussion</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">First, it is noteworthy that metformin was prescribed at discharge in just one-third of patients with DM, less than what is to be expected according to clinical practice guidelines (CPG) recommendations. Patients from the EAHFE and RICA registries are cared for in HED or the internal medicine hospitalization ward and tend to have a more geriatric profile than the population included in randomized clinical trials (RCT); namely, they are older, frailer, and have more comorbidities. This difference in the population is a possible explanation for the low prescribing rate in our study. Other population studies have also reported a significant percentage of underuse of drugs such as metformin, GLP-1ra, and SGLT2i.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a> They attribute it to the significant percentage of older adult patients in the Spanish population, whose particular characteristics may limit the use of some drugs.</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However, the underuse of metformin may also be explained by adherence to CPG or due to fear of adverse effects (AE). This drug is contraindicated when the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is <30 mL/min/1.73 m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> and it is recommended to suspend it in severe patients with risk of acute renal failure or metabolic acidosis. The fear of developing AE, in particular lactic acidosis, is the main reason for the tendency toward systematically suspending this drug in hospitalized patients regardless of their clinical situation, despite the fact that scientific evidence in this regard has progressed in recent years. In the past, although some studies already suggested that this relationship could be casual,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a> the use of metformin in patients with decompensated or advanced HF (NYHA III-IV) was not recommended in the CPGs. Later, it was demonstrated in registries and observational studies that the risk of this complication is regardless of whether the patient takes metformin or not.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41,42</span></a> The most recent CPGs on DM<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> establish that metformin is safe in all phases of HF with conserved or moderately reduced renal function (GFR > 30 mL/min/1.73 m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>) and entails a lower risk of mortality or admission due to HF compared to insulin and sulfonylureas. This document also rejects the risk of lactic acidosis related to this drug.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41,43,44</span></a></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As stated above, metformin was demonstrated to reduce cardiovascular complications in DM, decreasing total and cardiovascular-related mortality by 30%, acute myocardial infarction by 39%, and cerebrovascular accident by 41% in the first ten years following diagnosis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> However, to date, no RCTs have been conducted that evaluate the cardiovascular effects of metformin. After pivotal studies on GLP-1ra and SGLT2i, these drugs are now included in DM guidelines<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> as drugs of choice in patients with DM and very high cardiovascular risk; they are even recommended as initial treatment in some cases. Nevertheless, when these RCTs were conducted, most received concomitant treatment with metformin and its effects together with those of this drug were evaluated. The DANIsh RCT with the Met-HeFT substudy is designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of metformin in patients with chronic HF; it is currently in phase 4. For the first time, it will provide data from an RCT on the risk of lactic acidosis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span></a> While awaiting its publication, the currently available scientific evidence allows for both HF<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> and DM CPGs<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> to recommend the use of metformin in this patient profile. The results of this study strengthen this recommendation, as patients with type 2 DM and HF in treatment with metformin had lower mortality at one year of follow-up regardless of the rest of factors. Therefore, the authors believe that prescribing this drug in this group of patients must continue to be a fundamental pillar of treatment and underprescribing due to fear of potential AE must be avoided.</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Second, it should be noted that in this study, the percentage of patients in treatment with drugs from the GLP-1ra and SGLT2i groups is very small. This is due to the fact that patient inclusion ended in 2018, before their use became widespread in this patient profile. Although a larger percentage of patients with type 2 DM treated with metformin had associated SGLT2i use than the group without metformin in this study, they were still just 40 patients out of a total of 1453 patients with DM in treatment with metformin. Therefore, it is not believed that the results have been biased due to the influence of this drug group. It would be of interest to conduct this analysis again on the EAHFE and RICA cohorts after 2018, in which the percentage of patients treated with these drug groups would presumably be greater.</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study has several limitations. First, as it is a retrospective analysis, the results are correlational and do not imply causality. Therefore, they only allow for formulating hypotheses. Second, there may be selection bias because patients come from centers which voluntarily joined and because the study period was very extensive. The third limitation is related to a high degree of variability of the participating centers in terms of both structure and management. Indeed, the considerable heterogeneity of management and follow-up strategies for HF in Spain is well-known.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">46,47</span></a> Fourth, the patients’ diagnosis was established according to clinical criteria. Although it was confirmed with natriuretic peptides or echocardiography in most cases, there still is a possibility of diagnostic error. Fifth, assigning patients to groups with and without treatment with metformin was done based on prescribing at the time of discharge, but this aspect was not monitored during follow-up. For this reason, there may be patients who changed group.</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nevertheless, given the experience there is with this drug, we believe that the percentage of patients who may have changed group is small. Sixth, although the patient’s degree of dependence (measured using the Barthel Index) was taken into account in the adjusted models, frailty was not. This aspect has an important impact on older patients and specifically in patients with HF.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48,49</span></a> Lastly, a sample size estimation was not performed in this analysis. Therefore, it is possible that beta statistical error may have occurred in some estimates. However, given that the results are based on information obtained from the two main multicentric registries of patients with HF in Spain, it is believed they are representative and potentially able to be extrapolated to the whole of the Spanish population.</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion, patients with DM and HF in this study who receive treatment with metformin had lower mortality at one year of follow-up. Therefore, we believe that prescribing this drug in this patient profile must continue to be a fundamental treatment pillar and underprescribing due to fear of potential AE must be avoided.</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Funding</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This research has not received specific grants from agencies in the public, commercial, or non-profit sectors.</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they do not have any conflicts of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:11 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres2010088" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1721991" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres2010089" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Introducción" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1721992" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Material and methods" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Design and data source" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Study population" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Variables" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Ethical considerations" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Statistical analysis" ] ] ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 10 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2023-06-02" "fechaAceptado" => "2023-07-29" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1721991" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Heart failure" 1 => "Diabetes mellitus" 2 => "Metformin" 3 => "Prognostic" 4 => "Registry" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1721992" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Insuficiencia cardiaca" 1 => "Diabetes mellitus" 2 => "Metformina" 3 => "Pronóstico" 4 => "Registro" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and heart failure (HF) have a worse prognosis despite therapeutic advances in both diseases. Sodium-glucose co-transporter type 2 and GLP-1 receptor agonists have shown cardiovascular benefits and they have been positioned as the first step in the treatment of DM in patients with HF or high cardiovascular risk. However, in the pivotal trials the majority of patients receive concomitant treatment with metformin. Randomized clinical trials have not yet been developed to assess the prognostic impact of metformin at the cardiovascular level. Our objective has been centered in analyzing whether patients with DM and acute HF who receive treatment with metformin at the time of discharge may have a better prognosis at one year of follow-up.</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Prospective cohort trial using the combined analysis of the two main Spanish HF registries, the EAHFE Registry (Epidemiology of Acute Heart Failure in Emergency Departments) and the RICA (National Registry of Patients with Heart Failure).</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">33% (1453) of a total of 4403 patients with DM type 2 received treatment with metformin. This group presents significantly lower mortality after one year of treatment (22 versus 32%; Log Rank test <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> < 0.001). In the adjusted analysis of mortality, patients receiving treatment with metformin have lower mortality at one year of follow-up regardless of the rest of the variables (RR 0,814; 95%IC 0,712–0,930; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> < 0.01).</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Patients with DM type 2 and acute HF who receive metformin have a better prognosis after one year of follow-up, so we believe that this drug should continue to be a fundamental pillar in the treatment of these patients.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introducción</span><p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los pacientes con diabetes mellitus (DM) e insuficiencia cardiaca (IC) presentan peor pronóstico a pesar de los avances terapéuticos en ambas enfermedades. Los inhibidores del cotransportador sodio-glucosa tipo 2 y agonistas del receptor de GLP-1 han demostrado beneficios cardiovasculares y se han posicionado como primer escalón en el tratamiento de DM en pacientes con IC o elevado riesgo cardiovascular. Sin embargo, en los ensayos pivotales la mayoría de pacientes recibe tratamiento concomitante con metformina. Todavía no se han desarrollado ensayos clínicos aleatorizados para evaluar el impacto pronóstico de la metformina a nivel cardiovascular. Nuestro objetivo fue analizar si los pacientes con DM e IC aguda que reciben tratamiento con metformina en el momento del alta pueden presentar mejor pronóstico al año de seguimiento.</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Métodos</span><p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ensayo de cohortes prospectivo mediante el análisis combinado de los dos principales registros españoles de IC, el Registro EAHFE (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Epidemiology of Acute Heart Failure in Emergency Departments</span>) y el RICA (Registro Nacional de Pacientes con Insuficiencia Cardiaca).</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">De un total de 4403 pacientes con DM tipo 2, recibió tratamiento con metformina el 33% (1453). Este grupo presentó mortalidad significativamente inferior al año de tratamiento (22 versus 32%; test de Log Rank <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> <,001). En el análisis ajustado de mortalidad, los pacientes que recibieron tratamiento con metformina presentaron menor mortalidad al año de seguimiento independientemente del resto de variables (RR 0,814; IC95% 0,712–0,930; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> <,01).</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los pacientes con DM tipo 2 e IC aguda que reciben metformina presentan mejor pronóstico al año de seguimiento, por lo que consideramos que este fármaco debe continuar siendo un pilar fundamental en el tratamiento de estos pacientes.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Introducción" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:5 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1334 "Ancho" => 2068 "Tamanyo" => 112942 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0530" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Patient flowchart.</p> <p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Acronyms: Epidemiology of Acute Heart Failure in Emergency Departments (EAHFE) Registry; National Registry of Patients with Heart Failure (RICA, for its initials in Spanish) Registry; Diabetes Mellitus (DM).</p>" ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1429 "Ancho" => 2508 "Tamanyo" => 142656 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0535" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ratio of metformin in different patient subpopulations.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 2380 "Ancho" => 2508 "Tamanyo" => 328853 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0540" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Differences in all-cause mortality at one year in patients with type 2 DM and heart failure who are prescribed metformin at discharge compared to those who do not receive treatment with this drug.</p>" ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0545" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Acronyms: EAHFE: Epidemiology of Acute Heart Failure in Emergency Departments Registry; RICA: National Registry of Patients with Heart Failure (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Registro Nacional de Pacientes con Insuficiencia Cardiaca</span> in Spanish); HT: hypertension; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; NYHA: New York Heart Association; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB: angiotensin II receptor blockers; ARNI: angiotensin receptor/neprilysin inhibitor; DOAC: Direct oral anticoagulants; DM: diabetes mellitus; OADs: oral antidiabetics; DPP4i: dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors; GLP-1ra: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; SGLT2i: sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors; ICD: implantable cardioverter-defibrillator.</p><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Bold values mean statistically significant p values.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Patients with type 2 DM treated with metformin</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Total patients with type 2 DM \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="middle" scope="col"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> value</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">N = 4403 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">N = 2950 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">N = 1453 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Registry</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>EAHFE \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2019 (45.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1408 (69.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">611 (30.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><0.001</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>RICA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2384 (54.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1542 (64.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">842 (35.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Demographic data</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Age <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">*</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">79.26 (8.99) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">79.87 (8.88) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">77.85 (9.17) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><0.001</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Male sex \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2087 (47.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1395 (47.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">692 (47.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0.825</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Female sex \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2314 (52.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1554 (52.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">760 (52.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Comorbidities</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>HT \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4034 (91.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2710 (91.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1324 (91.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.403 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Dyslipidemia \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2776 (63) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1825 (61.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">951 (65.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.02 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ischemic heart disease \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1425 (32.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1003 (34) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">422 (29) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><0.001</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Chronic kidney disease \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1834 (41.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1479 (50.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">355 (24.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><0.001</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cerebrovascular disease \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">614 (13.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">408 (13.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">206 (14.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.755 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="