Urinary infection in the elderly | Revista Clínica Española

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Álvarez Artero, A. Campo Nuñez, M. Garcia Bravo, O. Cores Calvo, M. Belhassen Garcia, J. Pardo Lledias" "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "E." "apellidos" => "Álvarez Artero" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Campo Nuñez" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Garcia Bravo" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "O." "apellidos" => "Cores Calvo" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 4 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "M." 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"apellidos" => "Pardo Lledias" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "Javipard2@hotmail.es" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "e" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 6 => array:2 [ "colaborador" => "en nombre del Grupo colaborativo de estudio de infecciones urinarias en el anciano" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "◊" "identificador" => "fn0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Río Carrión, Complejo Asistencial de Palencia (CAUPA), Palencia, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Río Carrión, CAUPA, Palencia, Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Microbiología, CAUSA, Salamanca, Spain" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Medicina Interna, Sección de Enfermedades Infecciosas, CAUSA, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] 4 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla (HUMV), Santander, Cantabria, Spain" "etiqueta" => "e" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Infección urinaria en el anciano" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "BackgroundUrinary tract infections (UTIs) are the second leading cause of community-acquired infection resulting in hospitalization,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110">1,2</a> the third leading cause of nosocomial infection and a risk factor associated with mortality in patients hospitalized for any reason.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120">3,4</a> Advanced age is the risk factor most closely linked to the onset of UTIs and one of the main indicators of mortality.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0130">5,6</a> In elderly patients, UTIs consistently present the characteristics of a complicated infection generally associated with diabetes, immunosuppression, obstructive uropathy and urinary catheterization. In a recent study conducted in Europe, the highest antimicrobial resistance rates occurred in the elderly.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">7</a> In Spain, individuals older than 65 years already exceed 16% of the total population and, according to estimates, will reach approximately 32% percent before 2050.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145">8</a>The aim of this study was to describe the main epidemiological, clinical and microbiological characteristics of elderly patients hospitalized for UTI and to assess the suitability of empiric treatments according to the final cultures and their relationship with mortality.MethodologyWe conducted an observational study during 2013–2015 in 4 hospitals of Castilla y León, Spain: Hospital Río Carrión and Hospital of San Telmo (Palencia) and Hospital Virgen de la Vega and Hospital Martínez Anido (Salamanca).The inclusion criteria for the patients were the following: (a) age >65 years and hospitalization in an internal medicine department; (2) cystic syndrome, acute pyelonephritis or criteria for systemic inflammatory response syndrome (severe sepsis or septic shock were considered when it met the criteria of the 2001 SCCM/ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS consensus conference<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">9</a>); and (3) microbiological criteria of UTI, confirmed through uropathogen isolation in urine cultures (>105 colony-forming units/mL) or blood cultures (in this case, always accompanied by a systematic urinalysis with positive esterases or nitrites). The diagnostic criterion of polymicrobial UTI was established upon detecting 2 isolated strains in the urine culture.We employed the Friedman criteria for classifying the UTIs as nosocomial (healthcare-related) or community-acquired<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155">10</a> and used the SPSS-22 software for the statistical study. The results are expressed as mean±standard deviation (SD) and percentage. The risk factors are expressed as odds ratios (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI). We employed the chi-squared test for the bivariate analysis and to assess factors related to the microbiological isolates and the detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producers. The multivariate analysis was only performed on those variables that showed statistical significance (p<0.05) in the univariate analysis. To assess and compare the validity of the biomarkers of shock, we created receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves.ResultsThe study included 349 episodes corresponding to 330 patients. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> shows the main characteristics of the study population. Of all the episodes, 48.6% (169/349) were community-acquired, 24.9% (87/349) were healthcare-related, and 26.6% (93/349) were nosocomial. Fifty-five percent of the UTI episodes were associated with indwelling bladder catheters. The percentage of patients with urinary catheterization was significantly higher in the group with healthcare and nosocomial-related UTIs than in the group with community-acquired UTIs (OR, 2.6; 95% CI 1.6–4.0; p<0.001).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Some 83.1% (290/349) of the patients presented episodes of pyelonephritis, 57 of whom (16.3%) developed severe sepsis or septic shock. In terms of the inflammatory markers, procalcitonin was a better biomarker of severe sepsis/septic shock than C-reactive protein (area under the ROC curve, 0.73 vs. 0.57; p<0.001). Total mortality was 10% (37), with a range of 4.85% (community-acquired infections) to 16.8% (healthcare-related/nosocomial infections), half of which was directly attributable to UTI. Of the analyzed epidemiological and clinical variables, age (p<0.05), healthcare-related or nosocomial UTIs (OR, 3.8; 95% CI 1.72–8.78, p<0.001), dementia (OR, 4.1; 95% CI 1.75–9.9; p<0.001) and clinical presentation such as severe sepsis/septic shock (OR, 4.89; 95% CI 2.3–10.1; p<0.001) were associated with mortality.The most frequently isolated microorganism was Escherichia coli (E. coli) (57.0%), followed by Klebsiella species (9.7%) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>). We detected polymicrobial infection in 9.3% of the cases. In general, we found no significant differences between the patient groups in terms of microbial spectrum, except in the case of UTI associated with indwelling bladder catheters, which showed a higher rate of infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) (OR, 3.9; 95% CI 1.3–11.9; p=0.009), as well as polymicrobial infections (OR, 3.3; 95% CI 1.3–7.8; p=0.004).Of all isolated strains, 48 (13.9%) exhibited the ESBL phenotype: E. coli (38), Kleibsella spp.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">6</a> and polymicrobials.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125">4</a> There were no strains of Kleibsella spp. or E. coli resistant to carbapenem. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> shows the variables statistically associated with ESBL infection. In the multivariate analysis, the only predictors of ESBL were the previous use of antibiotics (OR, 5.5; 95% CI 2.4–12.6; p<0.001), healthcare-related/nosocomial UTI (OR, 2.8; 95% CI 1.3–6.0; p=0.008) and infection associated with indwelling bladder catheter (OR, 2.3; 95% CI 1.04–5.1; p=0.039). Some 87.2% of the isolated strains of ESBL E. coli showed multiresistance criteria (resistant to 3 or more classes of antibiotics). In our series, Enterococcus spp. showed sensitivity rates of 84% to ampicillin and 100% to vancomycin.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia>Empiric antibiotic treatment was administered in 294 (84.2%) episodes. The most widely employed empiric antibiotics in our setting were third-generation cephalosporins (21%), followed by penicillins with beta-lactamase inhibitors (piperacillin/tazobactam) (19%) and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (15%), carbapenem (12%) and fluoroquinolones (10%). Combined antibiotic therapy was chosen for 8% of the patients. The use of carbapenem was associated with patients with bladder catheters (OR, 3.04; 95% CI 1.4–6.6; p=0.004), especially with a clinical presentation of septic shock (OR, 4.9; 95% CI 1.8–13.4; p<0.001). The initial empiric antibiotic treatment was appropriate for only 72.6% of the final isolates. We found no differences related to the patients’ residence (p<0.05). Appropriate treatment was associated with a lower mortality than was associated with inadequate treatment (6.6 vs. 17.2%; OR, 0.38; 95% CI 0.8–1; p=0.009).DiscussionThe aging of the population, which is especially relevant in our community, and the high rate of UTIs in this group have led to a growing interest in knowing how UTIs behave in elderly patients and how they should be treated.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160">11</a> In this study, we included elderly patients with a definitive diagnosis, with significant comorbidities and who, in many cases, carried indwelling urinary catheters. The most common clinical presentation was pyelonephritis with systemic inflammatory response syndrome, which was often associated with severe sepsis or septic shock.Our study found that E. coli was responsible for more than half of the UTIs, followed by Klebsiella spp., Enterococcus spp., P. aeruginosa and Proteus spp. We found no significant differences between microorganisms or subgroups, except in UTIs associated with urinary catheters, in which the most common infection was by P. aeruginosa or polymicrobial. The prevalence of ESBL-producing enterobacteria was lower than expected, and independent predictors were the prior use of antibiotics, healthcare-related UTIs and indwelling catheter-associated infection. These factors are similar to those described in a recent study on urinary tract infection.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165">12</a>Another of our study's objectives was to report on the overall mortality and attributable mortality. Given the patients’ advanced age and the importance of present comorbidities, we considered only the hospital mortality and not the mortality at 30 days. During the hospitalization, more than 10% of the patients died, although only half of these were directly attributable to the UTI. This mortality rate was somewhat higher than that recorded in other series on overall UTIs in which the rate ranged from 3% to 8.8%<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170">13–15</a> and was identical to that provided by other series on UTIs in the elderly.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185">16</a> Among the study variables, only age, healthcare-associated/nosocomial infection, dementia and severe sepsis/septic shock were associated with mortality. In our series, we found no other previously described epidemiological, clinical or laboratory variables associated with high mortality.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180">15,16</a>Our study assessed the antibiotic treatment protocol administered during the study period. We have shown that inadequate empiric treatment, based on the microbiological results, was generally associated with higher mortality. These data are similar to those of a recent meta-analysis of infection by Gram-negative bacilli<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190">17,18</a> and differ from those of a recent study on catheter-associated UTI.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200">19</a> This high mortality rate supports the implementation of empiric treatment protocols to treat UTIs in elderly patients with mortality risk factors using broad-spectrum beta-lactams and carbapenems, as suggested in the recent guidelines of the Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">20</a>Lastly, it is worth noting that therapeutic compliance with the SEIMC guidelines increases the use of empiric antibiotic treatments with broad-spectrum carbapenems or beta-lactams in our elderly patients, which would lead to an increase in the consumption of these antibiotics in our hospitals. It is also possible, however, that in the near future, with the implementation of new microbiological rapid-identification methods, such as matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, for direct sampling of urine cultures and blood cultures, we could identify the uropathogen causing the infection and determine its resistance profile in a timely manner.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">21</a>In conclusion, UTIs in elderly hospitalized patients are frequently associated with the use of urinary catheters and present high mortality. In our setting, the presence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae is still low and is linked to the use of antimicrobial agents, a nursing home origin and the carrying of an indwelling urinary catheter. Inadequate selection of empiric antimicrobial treatments is associated with high mortality." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:10 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1183870" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Material and methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1104290" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1183869" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Introducción" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Material y métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1104291" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Background" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Methodology" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack404222" "titulo" => "Acknowledgements" ] 9 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2018-06-13" "fechaAceptado" => "2018-10-08" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1104290" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Urinary tract infection" 1 => "Empirical treatment" 2 => "Mortality" 3 => "Elderly" 4 => "Infection associated with bladder catheter" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1104291" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Infección tracto urinario" 1 => "Tratamiento empírico" 2 => "Mortalidad" 3 => "Anciano" 4 => "Infección asociada a sonda vesical" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "IntroductionUrinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most frequent infections. In the elderly, they have multiple comorbidities. The objective of this work is to describe the clinical and microbiological epidemiology of elderly persons admitted for UTIs and to evaluate the suitability of empirical treatments and their implications regarding mortality. Material and methodsAn observational study was conducted during 2013–2015 in 4 public hospitals, with patients older than 65 years who were admitted to the Internal Medicine service with a microbiological diagnosis of UTI. Cases of asymptomatic bacteriuria were excluded. In-hospital mortality was analyzed. Univariate analysis and multivariate analysis was carried out. ResultsA total of 349 episodes were selected, with a mean age of 82±11 years, 51% female. Mortality was 10.3% and was associated with age, dementia and sepsis and septic shock (p<0.05). The most frequent organisms were Escherichia coli (E. coli) (53.6%), Klebsiella spp. (8.7%) and Enterococcus spp. (6.6%). E. coli and Klebsiella spp. with extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (13% of the total isolated) were associated with the previous use of antibiotics, community care treatment and a permanent urinary catheter (p<0.05). The empirical treatment was adequate only in 73.6% of cases. As these treatments were associated with higher mortality, they were not considered adequate. ConclusionsIn the elderly, UTIs show a high mortality. Empirical treatment is often inadequate and may be associated with increased mortality." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Material and methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "IntroducciónLas infecciones del tracto urinario (ITU) constituyen una de las infecciones más frecuentes. En el anciano presentan diversas comorbilidades. El objetivo de este trabajo es conocer la epidemiologia clínica y microbiológica en el anciano ingresado por ITU y evaluar la idoneidad de los tratamientos empíricos y su implicación con la mortalidad. Material y métodosEstudio observacional del 2013 al 2015 en 4hospitales en pacientes mayores de 65 años ingresados en Medicina Interna con diagnóstico clínico y confirmación microbiológica. Se excluyeron los casos de bacteriuria asintomática. Se evaluó la mortalidad intrahospitalaria. Se realizó un análisis univariante y multivariante. ResultadosSe seleccionaron 349 episodios de pacientes con edad media 82 ±11 años, 51% mujeres. La mortalidad fue del 10,3%, asociada a la edad, demencia y presentación como sepsis grave/shock séptico (p < 0,05). Los aislamientos más frecuentes fueron Escherichia coli (E. coli) (53,6%), Klebsiella spp. (8,7%) y Enterococcus spp. (6,6%). Un 13% del total de los aislamientos correspondían a E. coli y Klebsiella spp. con betalactamasas de espectro extendido; el uso previo de antibióticos, cuidados socio-sanitarios y catéter urinario permanente fueron predictores independientes (p < 0,05). El tratamiento empírico resultó adecuado solo en el 73,6% de los casos. La falta de adecuación se asoció a una mayor mortalidad (p < 0,05). ConclusionesLa ITU del anciano que ingresa presenta una alta mortalidad. El tratamiento empírico es frecuentemente inadecuado y puede asociarse a una mayor mortalidad." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Introducción" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Material y métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "etiqueta" => "◊" "nota" => "The names of the components of the Collaborative Group for the study of urinary tract infections in the elderly are related in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0025">Appendix A</a>." "identificador" => "fn0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "Please cite this article as: Álvarez Artero E, Campo Nuñez A, Garcia Bravo M, Cores Calvo O, Belhassen Garcia M, Pardo Lledias J, et al. Infección urinaria en el anciano. Rev Clin Esp. 2019;219:189–193." ] ] "apendice" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "apendice" => "María Garcia García, Department of Internal Medicine, University Healthcare Complex of Salamanca (CAUSA), Salamanca, Spain; Inmaculada Galindo Pérez, Primary Care Center, Puente San Miguel, Santander, Cantabria, Spain; Adela Carpio-Pérez, Department of Internal Medicine, CAUSA, Salamanca, Spain." "etiqueta" => "Appendix A" "titulo" => "Collaborative Study Group for Urinary Infections in the Elderly" "identificador" => "sec0025" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Main characteristic \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Mean age±SD, years \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">82±11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Sex (female), n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">178 (51) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Location of the infection, n (%)</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Community \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">169 (48.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Healthcare \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">93 (24.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Nosocomial \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">87 (24.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Risk factors, n (%)</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Charlson index \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">6.6±2.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Diabetes mellitus \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">128 (36.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Indwelling urinary catheter \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">192 (56.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Immunosuppression \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">38 (10.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Structural uropathy \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">181 (51.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Antibiotic in the past 6 months \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">158 (45.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Hospitalization in the past 3 months \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">102 (29.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Previous UTI \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">154 (44.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Dementia \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">157 (44.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Clinical context, n (%)</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Cystitis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">59 (16.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Pyelonephritis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">290 (83.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Severe sepsis or shock \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">57 (16.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Positive blood cultures<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">a</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">87 (40.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">In-hospital mortality \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">36 (10.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Isolated strains<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">b</a>, n (%)</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Escherichia coli \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">199 (57.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Klebsiella spp. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">34 (9.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Proteus spp. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">27 (7.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Enterococcus spp. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">26 (7.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Pseudomonas aeruginosa \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">30 (8.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Morganella morganii \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">7 (2.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Citrobacter spp. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">5 (1.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Enterobacter spp. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">8 (2.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Providencia spp. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">4 (1.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Others \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">16 (4.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2017979.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "86% of 211 patients with blood cultures performed." ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0010" "etiqueta" => "b" "nota" => "9.3% of the patients who had more than one isolated strain (polymicrobial)." ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Patient characteristics." ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "Abbreviations: UTIs, urinary tract infections; PUs, pressure ulcers." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Study variables \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">% ESBL \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">OR (95% CI) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Age >85 vs. ≤85 years \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">20.4 vs. 20.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.0 (0.53–1.889) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.096 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Women vs. men \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">14.8 vs. 27.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.4 (0.24–0.88) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.018 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Dementia vs. no dementia \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">23.8 vs. 15.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.98 (1.01–3.85) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.042 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Diabetes vs. no diabetes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">18.6 vs. 20.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.8 (0.44–1.70) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.68 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Steroids vs. no steroids \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">33.3 vs. 18.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.2 (0.93–5.33) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.066 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">PU vs. no PU \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">37.7 vs. 18.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.64 (1.18–5.91) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.015 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Healthcare vs. community \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">30.4 vs. 10.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.70 (1.80–7.44) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Previous UTI vs. no UTI \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">26.7 vs. 15.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.06 (1.07–3.96) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.027 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Antibiotics <6 months<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">a</a> vs. no antibiotics \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">34.3 vs. 7.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6.33 (2.85–14.04) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Previous hospitalization <3 months<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020">b</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">36.7 vs. 14.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.39 (1.69–6.78) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Indwelling urinary catheter \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">28.5 vs. 11.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.18 (1.58–6.38) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2017978.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0015" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "Use of prescribed antibiotics in the 6 months prior to admission." ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0020" "etiqueta" => "b" "nota" => "Hospital admission in the past 3 months." ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Risk factors for infection by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. in urinary tract infections in elderly hospitalized patients univariate study." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:21 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0110" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Infectious disease in primary care: 1-year prospective study" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "C. 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Urinary infection in the elderly

Infección urinaria en el anciano

E. Álvarez Arteroa, A. Campo Nuñeza, M. Garcia Bravob, O. Cores Calvoc, M. Belhassen Garciad,

Corresponding author

mbelhassen@hotmail.com

Corresponding author.

, J. Pardo Llediase,

Corresponding author

Javipard2@hotmail.es

Corresponding author.

, en nombre del Grupo colaborativo de estudio de infecciones urinarias en el anciano ◊

a Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Río Carrión, Complejo Asistencial de Palencia (CAUPA), Palencia, Spain

b Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Río Carrión, CAUPA, Palencia, Spain

c Servicio de Microbiología, CAUSA, Salamanca, Spain

d Servicio de Medicina Interna, Sección de Enfermedades Infecciosas, CAUSA, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain

e Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla (HUMV), Santander, Cantabria, Spain

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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Background</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Urinary tract infections &#40;UTIs&#41; are the second leading cause of community-acquired infection resulting in hospitalization&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> the third leading cause of nosocomial infection and a risk factor associated with mortality in patients hospitalized for any reason&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a> Advanced age is the risk factor most closely linked to the onset of UTIs and one of the main indicators of mortality&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a> In elderly patients&#44; UTIs consistently present the characteristics of a complicated infection generally associated with diabetes&#44; immunosuppression&#44; obstructive uropathy and urinary catheterization&#46; In a recent study conducted in Europe&#44; the highest antimicrobial resistance rates occurred in the elderly&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> In Spain&#44; individuals older than 65 years already exceed 16&#37; of the total population and&#44; according to estimates&#44; will reach approximately 32&#37; percent before 2050&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The aim of this study was to describe the main epidemiological&#44; clinical and microbiological characteristics of elderly patients hospitalized for UTI and to assess the suitability of empiric treatments according to the final cultures and their relationship with mortality&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Methodology</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We conducted an observational study during 2013&#8211;2015 in 4 hospitals of Castilla y Le&#243;n&#44; Spain&#58; Hospital R&#237;o Carri&#243;n and Hospital of San Telmo &#40;Palencia&#41; and Hospital Virgen de la Vega and Hospital Mart&#237;nez Anido &#40;Salamanca&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The inclusion criteria for the patients were the following&#58; &#40;a&#41; age &#62;65 years and hospitalization in an internal medicine department&#59; &#40;2&#41; cystic syndrome&#44; acute pyelonephritis or criteria for systemic inflammatory response syndrome &#40;severe sepsis or septic shock were considered when it met the criteria of the 2001 SCCM&#47;ESICM&#47;ACCP&#47;ATS&#47;SIS consensus conference<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#41;&#59; and &#40;3&#41; microbiological criteria of UTI&#44; confirmed through uropathogen isolation in urine cultures &#40;&#62;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span> colony-forming units&#47;mL&#41; or blood cultures &#40;in this case&#44; always accompanied by a systematic urinalysis with positive esterases or nitrites&#41;&#46; The diagnostic criterion of polymicrobial UTI was established upon detecting 2 isolated strains in the urine culture&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We employed the Friedman criteria for classifying the UTIs as nosocomial &#40;healthcare-related&#41; or community-acquired<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> and used the SPSS-22 software for the statistical study&#46; The results are expressed as mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>standard deviation &#40;SD&#41; and percentage&#46; The risk factors are expressed as odds ratios &#40;OR&#41; with a 95&#37; confidence interval &#40;95&#37; CI&#41;&#46; We employed the chi-squared test for the bivariate analysis and to assess factors related to the microbiological isolates and the detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase &#40;ESBL&#41;-producers&#46; The multivariate analysis was only performed on those variables that showed statistical significance &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41; in the univariate analysis&#46; To assess and compare the validity of the biomarkers of shock&#44; we created receiver operating characteristic &#40;ROC&#41; curves&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Results</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study included 349 episodes corresponding to 330 patients&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> shows the main characteristics of the study population&#46; Of all the episodes&#44; 48&#46;6&#37; &#40;169&#47;349&#41; were community-acquired&#44; 24&#46;9&#37; &#40;87&#47;349&#41; were healthcare-related&#44; and 26&#46;6&#37; &#40;93&#47;349&#41; were nosocomial&#46; Fifty-five percent of the UTI episodes were associated with indwelling bladder catheters&#46; The percentage of patients with urinary catheterization was significantly higher in the group with healthcare and nosocomial-related UTIs than in the group with community-acquired UTIs &#40;OR&#44; 2&#46;6&#59; 95&#37; CI 1&#46;6&#8211;4&#46;0&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Some 83&#46;1&#37; &#40;290&#47;349&#41; of the patients presented episodes of pyelonephritis&#44; 57 of whom &#40;16&#46;3&#37;&#41; developed severe sepsis or septic shock&#46; In terms of the inflammatory markers&#44; procalcitonin was a better biomarker of severe sepsis&#47;septic shock than C-reactive protein &#40;area under the ROC curve&#44; 0&#46;73 vs&#46; 0&#46;57&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46; Total mortality was 10&#37; &#40;37&#41;&#44; with a range of 4&#46;85&#37; &#40;community-acquired infections&#41; to 16&#46;8&#37; &#40;healthcare-related&#47;nosocomial infections&#41;&#44; half of which was directly attributable to UTI&#46; Of the analyzed epidemiological and clinical variables&#44; age &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#44; healthcare-related or nosocomial UTIs &#40;OR&#44; 3&#46;8&#59; 95&#37; CI 1&#46;72&#8211;8&#46;78&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#44; dementia &#40;OR&#44; 4&#46;1&#59; 95&#37; CI 1&#46;75&#8211;9&#46;9&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; and clinical presentation such as severe sepsis&#47;septic shock &#40;OR&#44; 4&#46;89&#59; 95&#37; CI 2&#46;3&#8211;10&#46;1&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; were associated with mortality&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The most frequently isolated microorganism was <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Escherichia coli</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; coli</span>&#41; &#40;57&#46;0&#37;&#41;&#44; followed by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Klebsiella</span> species &#40;9&#46;7&#37;&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; We detected polymicrobial infection in 9&#46;3&#37; of the cases&#46; In general&#44; we found no significant differences between the patient groups in terms of microbial spectrum&#44; except in the case of UTI associated with indwelling bladder catheters&#44; which showed a higher rate of infection by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pseudomonas aeruginosa</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#46; aeruginosa</span>&#41; &#40;OR&#44; 3&#46;9&#59; 95&#37; CI 1&#46;3&#8211;11&#46;9&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;009&#41;&#44; as well as polymicrobial infections &#40;OR&#44; 3&#46;3&#59; 95&#37; CI 1&#46;3&#8211;7&#46;8&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;004&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Of all isolated strains&#44; 48 &#40;13&#46;9&#37;&#41; exhibited the ESBL phenotype&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; coli</span> &#40;38&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Kleibsella</span> spp&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> and polymicrobials&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> There were no strains of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Kleibsella</span> spp&#46; or <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; coli</span> resistant to carbapenem&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> shows the variables statistically associated with ESBL infection&#46; In the multivariate analysis&#44; the only predictors of ESBL were the previous use of antibiotics &#40;OR&#44; 5&#46;5&#59; 95&#37; CI 2&#46;4&#8211;12&#46;6&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#44; healthcare-related&#47;nosocomial UTI &#40;OR&#44; 2&#46;8&#59; 95&#37; CI 1&#46;3&#8211;6&#46;0&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;008&#41; and infection associated with indwelling bladder catheter &#40;OR&#44; 2&#46;3&#59; 95&#37; CI 1&#46;04&#8211;5&#46;1&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;039&#41;&#46; Some 87&#46;2&#37; of the isolated strains of ESBL <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; coli</span> showed multiresistance criteria &#40;resistant to 3 or more classes of antibiotics&#41;&#46; In our series&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enterococcus</span> spp&#46; showed sensitivity rates of 84&#37; to ampicillin and 100&#37; to vancomycin&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Empiric antibiotic treatment was administered in 294 &#40;84&#46;2&#37;&#41; episodes&#46; The most widely employed empiric antibiotics in our setting were third-generation cephalosporins &#40;21&#37;&#41;&#44; followed by penicillins with beta-lactamase inhibitors &#40;piperacillin&#47;tazobactam&#41; &#40;19&#37;&#41; and amoxicillin&#47;clavulanic acid &#40;15&#37;&#41;&#44; carbapenem &#40;12&#37;&#41; and fluoroquinolones &#40;10&#37;&#41;&#46; Combined antibiotic therapy was chosen for 8&#37; of the patients&#46; The use of carbapenem was associated with patients with bladder catheters &#40;OR&#44; 3&#46;04&#59; 95&#37; CI 1&#46;4&#8211;6&#46;6&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;004&#41;&#44; especially with a clinical presentation of septic shock &#40;OR&#44; 4&#46;9&#59; 95&#37; CI 1&#46;8&#8211;13&#46;4&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46; The initial empiric antibiotic treatment was appropriate for only 72&#46;6&#37; of the final isolates&#46; We found no differences related to the patients&#8217; residence &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#46; Appropriate treatment was associated with a lower mortality than was associated with inadequate treatment &#40;6&#46;6 vs&#46; 17&#46;2&#37;&#59; OR&#44; 0&#46;38&#59; 95&#37; CI 0&#46;8&#8211;1&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;009&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Discussion</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The aging of the population&#44; which is especially relevant in our community&#44; and the high rate of UTIs in this group have led to a growing interest in knowing how UTIs behave in elderly patients and how they should be treated&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> In this study&#44; we included elderly patients with a definitive diagnosis&#44; with significant comorbidities and who&#44; in many cases&#44; carried indwelling urinary catheters&#46; The most common clinical presentation was pyelonephritis with systemic inflammatory response syndrome&#44; which was often associated with severe sepsis or septic shock&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our study found that <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; coli</span> was responsible for more than half of the UTIs&#44; followed by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Klebsiella</span> spp&#46;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enterococcus</span> spp&#46;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#46; aeruginosa</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Proteus</span> spp&#46; We found no significant differences between microorganisms or subgroups&#44; except in UTIs associated with urinary catheters&#44; in which the most common infection was by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#46; aeruginosa</span> or polymicrobial&#46; The prevalence of ESBL-producing enterobacteria was lower than expected&#44; and independent predictors were the prior use of antibiotics&#44; healthcare-related UTIs and indwelling catheter-associated infection&#46; These factors are similar to those described in a recent study on urinary tract infection&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another of our study&#39;s objectives was to report on the overall mortality and attributable mortality&#46; Given the patients&#8217; advanced age and the importance of present comorbidities&#44; we considered only the hospital mortality and not the mortality at 30 days&#46; During the hospitalization&#44; more than 10&#37; of the patients died&#44; although only half of these were directly attributable to the UTI&#46; This mortality rate was somewhat higher than that recorded in other series on overall UTIs in which the rate ranged from 3&#37; to 8&#46;8&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#8211;15</span></a> and was identical to that provided by other series on UTIs in the elderly&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Among the study variables&#44; only age&#44; healthcare-associated&#47;nosocomial infection&#44; dementia and severe sepsis&#47;septic shock were associated with mortality&#46; In our series&#44; we found no other previously described epidemiological&#44; clinical or laboratory variables associated with high mortality&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;16</span></a></p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our study assessed the antibiotic treatment protocol administered during the study period&#46; We have shown that inadequate empiric treatment&#44; based on the microbiological results&#44; was generally associated with higher mortality&#46; These data are similar to those of a recent meta-analysis of infection by Gram-negative bacilli<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#44;18</span></a> and differ from those of a recent study on catheter-associated UTI&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> This high mortality rate supports the implementation of empiric treatment protocols to treat UTIs in elderly patients with mortality risk factors using broad-spectrum beta-lactams and carbapenems&#44; as suggested in the recent guidelines of the Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology &#40;SEIMC&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lastly&#44; it is worth noting that therapeutic compliance with the SEIMC guidelines increases the use of empiric antibiotic treatments with broad-spectrum carbapenems or beta-lactams in our elderly patients&#44; which would lead to an increase in the consumption of these antibiotics in our hospitals&#46; It is also possible&#44; however&#44; that in the near future&#44; with the implementation of new microbiological rapid-identification methods&#44; such as matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry&#44; for direct sampling of urine cultures and blood cultures&#44; we could identify the uropathogen causing the infection and determine its resistance profile in a timely manner&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a></p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; UTIs in elderly hospitalized patients are frequently associated with the use of urinary catheters and present high mortality&#46; In our setting&#44; the presence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae is still low and is linked to the use of antimicrobial agents&#44; a nursing home origin and the carrying of an indwelling urinary catheter&#46; Inadequate selection of empiric antimicrobial treatments is associated with high mortality&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Urinary tract infections &#40;UTIs&#41; are one of the most frequent infections&#46; In the elderly&#44; they have multiple comorbidities&#46; The objective of this work is to describe the clinical and microbiological epidemiology of elderly persons admitted for UTIs and to evaluate the suitability of empirical treatments and their implications regarding mortality&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Material and methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">An observational study was conducted during 2013&#8211;2015 in 4 public hospitals&#44; with patients older than 65 years who were admitted to the Internal Medicine service with a microbiological diagnosis of UTI&#46; Cases of asymptomatic bacteriuria were excluded&#46; In-hospital mortality was analyzed&#46; Univariate analysis and multivariate analysis was carried out&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A total of 349 episodes were selected&#44; with a mean age of 82<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11 years&#44; 51&#37; female&#46; Mortality was 10&#46;3&#37; and was associated with age&#44; dementia and sepsis and septic shock &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#46; The most frequent organisms were <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Escherichia coli</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; coli</span>&#41; &#40;53&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Klebsiella</span> spp&#46; &#40;8&#46;7&#37;&#41; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enterococcus</span> spp&#46; &#40;6&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; coli</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Klebsiella</span> spp&#46; with extended-spectrum beta-lactamases &#40;13&#37; of the total isolated&#41; were associated with the previous use of antibiotics&#44; community care treatment and a permanent urinary catheter &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#46; The empirical treatment was adequate only in 73&#46;6&#37; of cases&#46; As these treatments were associated with higher mortality&#44; they were not considered adequate&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In the elderly&#44; UTIs show a high mortality&#46; Empirical treatment is often inadequate and may be associated with increased mortality&#46;</p></span>"
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      "es" => array:3 [
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Las infecciones del tracto urinario &#40;ITU&#41; constituyen una de las infecciones m&#225;s frecuentes&#46; En el anciano presentan diversas comorbilidades&#46; El objetivo de este trabajo es conocer la epidemiologia cl&#237;nica y microbiol&#243;gica en el anciano ingresado por ITU y evaluar la idoneidad de los tratamientos emp&#237;ricos y su implicaci&#243;n con la mortalidad&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Material y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio observacional del 2013 al 2015 en 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hospitales en pacientes mayores de 65 a&#241;os ingresados en Medicina Interna con diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico y confirmaci&#243;n microbiol&#243;gica&#46; Se excluyeron los casos de bacteriuria asintom&#225;tica&#46; Se evalu&#243; la mortalidad intrahospitalaria&#46; Se realiz&#243; un an&#225;lisis univariante y multivariante&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se seleccionaron 349 episodios de pacientes con edad media 82 &#177;11 a&#241;os&#44; 51&#37; mujeres&#46; La mortalidad fue del 10&#44;3&#37;&#44; asociada a la edad&#44; demencia y presentaci&#243;n como sepsis grave&#47;shock s&#233;ptico &#40;p &#60; 0&#44;05&#41;&#46; Los aislamientos m&#225;s frecuentes fueron <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Escherichia coli &#40;E&#46; coli&#41;</span> &#40;53&#44;6&#37;&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Klebsiella</span> spp&#46; &#40;8&#44;7&#37;&#41; y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enterococcus</span> spp&#46; &#40;6&#44;6&#37;&#41;&#46; Un 13&#37; del total de los aislamientos correspond&#237;an a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; coli</span> y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Klebsiella</span> spp&#46; con betalactamasas de espectro extendido&#59; el uso previo de antibi&#243;ticos&#44; cuidados socio-sanitarios y cat&#233;ter urinario permanente fueron predictores independientes &#40;p &#60; 0&#44;05&#41;&#46; El tratamiento emp&#237;rico result&#243; adecuado solo en el 73&#44;6&#37; de los casos&#46; La falta de adecuaci&#243;n se asoci&#243; a una mayor mortalidad &#40;p &#60; 0&#44;05&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La ITU del anciano que ingresa presenta una alta mortalidad&#46; El tratamiento emp&#237;rico es frecuentemente inadecuado y puede asociarse a una mayor mortalidad&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0025"
            "titulo" => "Introducci&#243;n"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0030"
            "titulo" => "Material y m&#233;todos"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0040"
            "titulo" => "Conclusiones"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "NotaPie" => array:2 [
      0 => array:3 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9674;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0030">The names of the components of the Collaborative Group for the study of urinary tract infections in the elderly are related in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0025">Appendix A</a>&#46;</p>"
        "identificador" => "fn0005"
      ]
      1 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0025">Please cite this article as&#58; &#193;lvarez Artero E&#44; Campo Nu&#241;ez A&#44; Garcia Bravo M&#44; Cores Calvo O&#44; Belhassen Garcia M&#44; Pardo Lledias J&#44; et al&#46; Infecci&#243;n urinaria en el anciano&#46; Rev Clin Esp&#46; 2019&#59;219&#58;189&#8211;193&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
    "apendice" => array:1 [
      0 => array:1 [
        "seccion" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "apendice" => "<p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mar&#237;a Garcia Garc&#237;a&#44; Department of Internal Medicine&#44; University Healthcare Complex of Salamanca &#40;CAUSA&#41;&#44; Salamanca&#44; Spain&#59; Inmaculada Galindo P&#233;rez&#44; Primary Care Center&#44; Puente San Miguel&#44; Santander&#44; Cantabria&#44; Spain&#59; Adela Carpio-P&#233;rez&#44; Department of Internal Medicine&#44; CAUSA&#44; Salamanca&#44; Spain&#46;</p>"
            "etiqueta" => "Appendix A"
            "titulo" => "Collaborative Study Group for Urinary Infections in the Elderly"
            "identificador" => "sec0025"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Main characteristic&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mean age</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SD&#44; years</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">82<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sex &#40;female&#41;&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">178 &#40;51&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Location of the infection&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Community&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">169 &#40;48&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Healthcare&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">93 &#40;24&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Nosocomial&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">87 &#40;24&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Risk factors&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Charlson index&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Diabetes mellitus&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">128 &#40;36&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Indwelling urinary catheter&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">192 &#40;56&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Immunosuppression&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">38 &#40;10&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Structural uropathy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">181 &#40;51&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Antibiotic in the past 6 months&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">158 &#40;45&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hospitalization in the past 3 months&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">102 &#40;29&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Previous UTI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">154 &#40;44&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Dementia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">157 &#40;44&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Clinical context&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cystitis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">59 &#40;16&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Pyelonephritis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">290 &#40;83&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Severe sepsis or shock&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">57 &#40;16&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Positive blood cultures<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">87 &#40;40&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>In-hospital mortality&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">36 &#40;10&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Isolated strains</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Escherichia coli&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">199 &#40;57&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Klebsiella spp&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">34 &#40;9&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Proteus spp&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">27 &#40;7&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Enterococcus spp&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">26 &#40;7&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Pseudomonas aeruginosa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">30 &#40;8&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7 &#40;2&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Citrobacter spp&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4 &#40;1&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Abbreviations</span>&#58; UTIs&#44; urinary tract infections&#59; PUs&#44; pressure ulcers&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Study variables&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">OR &#40;95&#37; CI&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Age &#62;85 vs&#46; &#8804;85 years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;027&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;39 &#40;1&#46;69&#8211;6&#46;78&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;18 &#40;1&#46;58&#8211;6&#46;38&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Article information

ISSN: 22548874
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.rceng.2018.10.014

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