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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The aging of the population has led to a growing group of elderly patients with multiple simultaneous diseases&#44; functional and cognitive limitations and a risk of psychophysical decline due to multiple triggers&#44; which generates a significant and growing rate of hospitalizations&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hospitalizing an elderly individual can lead to negative effects on their state of health&#44; a loss of functional capacity and a reduced quality of life&#46; Hospitalization can also result in the patient being unable to return home and to transfers to convalescence or long-stay centers&#44; regardless of the reason for the hospitalization&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The various proposed solutions for alleviating this phenomenon include a search for alternatives to conventional hospitalization&#44; such as short-stay units &#40;SSUs&#41;&#44; which were created to provide a hospital care modality that helps shorten the hospitalization time to the essential minimum&#46; These units have proven useful in reducing the impact of conventional hospitalization on elderly patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To learn more about the appropriateness of using these devices&#44; we need articles such as the one by Fern&#225;ndez Alonso et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> published in this issue of <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">Revista Cl&#237;nica Espa&#241;ola</span>&#46; The authors analyzed the effect of a multidimensional intervention on the short-term progress of a cohort of frail elderly patients&#44; after hospitalization in an SSU&#46; The study included patients 75 years of age or older &#40;identified as &#8220;frail&#8221; based on a score &#61;2 on the Identification of Seniors at Risk &#91;ISAR&#93; scale<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#41;&#44; comparing the postdischarge progress of 2 cohorts&#58; a preintervention control group &#40;81 patients treated in 2013&#41; and an intervention group &#40;137 patients treated in 2016&#41;&#46; The intervention was started by scheduling a medical appointment soon after the discharge and detecting and changing potentially inappropriate prescriptions&#46; This type of intervention should be practiced systematically for any elderly hospitalized patient&#46; We can therefore assume that this intervention was performed to some measure in the control cohort within standard clinical practice&#46; The study also performed &#40;when deemed necessary&#41; a nutritional intervention &#40;interconsultation with a specialist and prescribing energy-protein supplements as indicated&#41;&#44; functional intervention &#40;appointment with rehabilitation or occupational therapist in case of potentially reversible acute functional impairment&#41;&#44; cognitive intervention &#40;appointment with the specialist and the start of psychoactive drugs&#44; if appropriate&#41; and social intervention &#40;by the social worker&#44; providing information and managing new social resources&#44; if necessary&#41;&#46; Finally&#44; primary care was contacted at discharge to ensure continuity of care&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our opinion as internists dedicated to geriatric care&#44; this set of measures should be systematic and is essential for proper clinical practice when caring for elderly patients&#44; who should be treated holistically and not just as a collection of isolated &#8220;diseases&#8221;&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> enhances the importance of not stopping at the Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment &#40;CGA&#41; but rather applying the corresponding intervention&#46; The multivariate analysis showed that a multidimensional intervention acts as a protective factor for the future onset of adverse events &#40;death&#47;readmission for any cause&#47;severe functional impairment&#41; during the 30 days after discharge &#40;adjusted relative risk&#44; 0&#46;40&#59; 95&#37; confidence interval 0&#46;23&#8211;0&#46;68&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#41;&#46; This benefit was achieved despite the possible differences between the control and intervention groups&#44; which characterize a quasi-experimental study&#46; The study could not rule out &#8220;contamination&#8221; in which the control group could have undergone undocumented geriatric intervention&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Beyond its design&#44; the study had a number of significant limitations&#44; which were recognized by the authors&#44; such as its single-center nature and the fact that the care plan was established at the physician&#39;s discretion&#44; according to the affected domains of the abbreviated CGA&#44; but without establishing certain predetermined objective criteria for generating the intervention&#46; Compliance after the intervention could not be ensured&#44; the intervention was not differentiated according to the predominant disease&#44; and the follow-up was not face-to-face&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It would have been interesting to determine the progress of the group that was excluded from the intervention&#44; because it probably included patients who&#44; because of the CGA&#44; were indicated measures that could have improved the health results of the control group&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The most beneficial approach for treating elderly patients and the one with the highest level of evidence is the CGA&#44; which is based on a clinical&#44; functional&#44; cognitive&#44; social and nutritional assessment &#40;domains all measured in the aforementioned study&#41; and leads to the design of a treatment plan and follow-up&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> There are&#44; however&#44; a number of constraints&#44; such as the time needed to perform the CGA &#40;15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min for its abbreviated version&#44; according to the authors&#41; and the potential difficulty that a short hospitalization can represent for correctly assessing all of its components&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is important that healthcare teams treating elderly patients have the geriatric training &#40;and sensitivity&#41; to systematically incorporate &#40;in a multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary manner&#41; the CGA data into the medical records&#44; as is performed with the cardiovascular antecedents and surgical interventions&#46; If the CGA is available at the hospital admission&#44; interventions can be performed&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> We agree with the authors that it is better to have the information related to function&#44; cognition&#44; nutritional risk and social risk during hospitalization than after discharge&#46; This information would probably be useful for all hospitalized patients older than 75 years and even for nonagenarians&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> not just for those selected by a screening scale such as ISAR&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is also advisable&#44; through expert consensus&#44; to systematize the scales and procedures for applying the various items of the CGA&#44; to standardize the expected results of a possible intervention and make it as efficient as possible&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> The evaluated study used widely disseminated scales&#44; although it is worth examining how frailty was assessed&#46; There are 2 methods for assessing frailty&#46; The first method considers frailty to be a phenotype characterized by objective deficits in physical function that precede dependence but are&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">a priori</span>&#44; independent of comorbidity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> The second method considers frailty as the consequence of the accumulated deficits composed of diseases&#44; disability&#44; clinical symptoms and laboratory data&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> The authors&#8217; use of an ISAR score &#61;2 is in keeping with the second approach&#46; The ISAR scale evaluates the need for assistance for daily life activities and more assistance after the acute process&#44; as well as the sensory deficit&#44; cognitive impairment&#44; hospitalization in the past 6 months and consumption of 3 or more drugs&#46; A very easy-to-apply alternative is the FRAIL questionnaire&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> which evaluates fatigue&#44; resistance&#44; ambulation&#44; comorbidities and weight loss through 5 simple questions&#46; The questionnaire is of considerable usefulness for an initial approach to frailty in hospitalized patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; the comprehensive health assessment of elderly hospitalized patients is essential&#44; not only by determining the disease that motives the hospitalization but also through an assessment that includes&#44; at least&#44; the basic aspects of the CGA&#58; comorbidity&#44; polypharmacy&#44; function&#44; cognition&#44; nutrition and social risk&#46; Prevention&#44; early detection and treatment of geriatric syndromes &#40;delirium&#44; insomnia&#44; falls&#44; etc&#46;&#41; should also be added during hospitalization&#44; as well as incorporating daily frailty assessments for elderly patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> The results of the study by Fern&#225;ndez Alonso et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> reinforce the idea &#40;shared by the editors&#41; that not understanding the elderly patient in their entirety is a major clinical mistake&#46;</p></span>"
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Editorial
A geriatric assessment followed by geriatric intervention is essential for elderly hospitalized patients
Es básico realizar una valoración e intervención geriátricas en el paciente anciano hospitalizado
F. Formiga?
Corresponding author
fformiga@bellvitgehospital.cat

Corresponding author.
, D. Chivite
Programa de Geriatría, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitari Bellvitge, IDIBELL, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The aging of the population has led to a growing group of elderly patients with multiple simultaneous diseases&#44; functional and cognitive limitations and a risk of psychophysical decline due to multiple triggers&#44; which generates a significant and growing rate of hospitalizations&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hospitalizing an elderly individual can lead to negative effects on their state of health&#44; a loss of functional capacity and a reduced quality of life&#46; Hospitalization can also result in the patient being unable to return home and to transfers to convalescence or long-stay centers&#44; regardless of the reason for the hospitalization&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The various proposed solutions for alleviating this phenomenon include a search for alternatives to conventional hospitalization&#44; such as short-stay units &#40;SSUs&#41;&#44; which were created to provide a hospital care modality that helps shorten the hospitalization time to the essential minimum&#46; These units have proven useful in reducing the impact of conventional hospitalization on elderly patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To learn more about the appropriateness of using these devices&#44; we need articles such as the one by Fern&#225;ndez Alonso et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> published in this issue of <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">Revista Cl&#237;nica Espa&#241;ola</span>&#46; The authors analyzed the effect of a multidimensional intervention on the short-term progress of a cohort of frail elderly patients&#44; after hospitalization in an SSU&#46; The study included patients 75 years of age or older &#40;identified as &#8220;frail&#8221; based on a score &#61;2 on the Identification of Seniors at Risk &#91;ISAR&#93; scale<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#41;&#44; comparing the postdischarge progress of 2 cohorts&#58; a preintervention control group &#40;81 patients treated in 2013&#41; and an intervention group &#40;137 patients treated in 2016&#41;&#46; The intervention was started by scheduling a medical appointment soon after the discharge and detecting and changing potentially inappropriate prescriptions&#46; This type of intervention should be practiced systematically for any elderly hospitalized patient&#46; We can therefore assume that this intervention was performed to some measure in the control cohort within standard clinical practice&#46; The study also performed &#40;when deemed necessary&#41; a nutritional intervention &#40;interconsultation with a specialist and prescribing energy-protein supplements as indicated&#41;&#44; functional intervention &#40;appointment with rehabilitation or occupational therapist in case of potentially reversible acute functional impairment&#41;&#44; cognitive intervention &#40;appointment with the specialist and the start of psychoactive drugs&#44; if appropriate&#41; and social intervention &#40;by the social worker&#44; providing information and managing new social resources&#44; if necessary&#41;&#46; Finally&#44; primary care was contacted at discharge to ensure continuity of care&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our opinion as internists dedicated to geriatric care&#44; this set of measures should be systematic and is essential for proper clinical practice when caring for elderly patients&#44; who should be treated holistically and not just as a collection of isolated &#8220;diseases&#8221;&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> enhances the importance of not stopping at the Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment &#40;CGA&#41; but rather applying the corresponding intervention&#46; The multivariate analysis showed that a multidimensional intervention acts as a protective factor for the future onset of adverse events &#40;death&#47;readmission for any cause&#47;severe functional impairment&#41; during the 30 days after discharge &#40;adjusted relative risk&#44; 0&#46;40&#59; 95&#37; confidence interval 0&#46;23&#8211;0&#46;68&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#41;&#46; This benefit was achieved despite the possible differences between the control and intervention groups&#44; which characterize a quasi-experimental study&#46; The study could not rule out &#8220;contamination&#8221; in which the control group could have undergone undocumented geriatric intervention&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Beyond its design&#44; the study had a number of significant limitations&#44; which were recognized by the authors&#44; such as its single-center nature and the fact that the care plan was established at the physician&#39;s discretion&#44; according to the affected domains of the abbreviated CGA&#44; but without establishing certain predetermined objective criteria for generating the intervention&#46; Compliance after the intervention could not be ensured&#44; the intervention was not differentiated according to the predominant disease&#44; and the follow-up was not face-to-face&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It would have been interesting to determine the progress of the group that was excluded from the intervention&#44; because it probably included patients who&#44; because of the CGA&#44; were indicated measures that could have improved the health results of the control group&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The most beneficial approach for treating elderly patients and the one with the highest level of evidence is the CGA&#44; which is based on a clinical&#44; functional&#44; cognitive&#44; social and nutritional assessment &#40;domains all measured in the aforementioned study&#41; and leads to the design of a treatment plan and follow-up&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> There are&#44; however&#44; a number of constraints&#44; such as the time needed to perform the CGA &#40;15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min for its abbreviated version&#44; according to the authors&#41; and the potential difficulty that a short hospitalization can represent for correctly assessing all of its components&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is important that healthcare teams treating elderly patients have the geriatric training &#40;and sensitivity&#41; to systematically incorporate &#40;in a multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary manner&#41; the CGA data into the medical records&#44; as is performed with the cardiovascular antecedents and surgical interventions&#46; If the CGA is available at the hospital admission&#44; interventions can be performed&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> We agree with the authors that it is better to have the information related to function&#44; cognition&#44; nutritional risk and social risk during hospitalization than after discharge&#46; This information would probably be useful for all hospitalized patients older than 75 years and even for nonagenarians&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> not just for those selected by a screening scale such as ISAR&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is also advisable&#44; through expert consensus&#44; to systematize the scales and procedures for applying the various items of the CGA&#44; to standardize the expected results of a possible intervention and make it as efficient as possible&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> The evaluated study used widely disseminated scales&#44; although it is worth examining how frailty was assessed&#46; There are 2 methods for assessing frailty&#46; The first method considers frailty to be a phenotype characterized by objective deficits in physical function that precede dependence but are&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">a priori</span>&#44; independent of comorbidity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> The second method considers frailty as the consequence of the accumulated deficits composed of diseases&#44; disability&#44; clinical symptoms and laboratory data&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> The authors&#8217; use of an ISAR score &#61;2 is in keeping with the second approach&#46; The ISAR scale evaluates the need for assistance for daily life activities and more assistance after the acute process&#44; as well as the sensory deficit&#44; cognitive impairment&#44; hospitalization in the past 6 months and consumption of 3 or more drugs&#46; A very easy-to-apply alternative is the FRAIL questionnaire&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> which evaluates fatigue&#44; resistance&#44; ambulation&#44; comorbidities and weight loss through 5 simple questions&#46; The questionnaire is of considerable usefulness for an initial approach to frailty in hospitalized patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; the comprehensive health assessment of elderly hospitalized patients is essential&#44; not only by determining the disease that motives the hospitalization but also through an assessment that includes&#44; at least&#44; the basic aspects of the CGA&#58; comorbidity&#44; polypharmacy&#44; function&#44; cognition&#44; nutrition and social risk&#46; Prevention&#44; early detection and treatment of geriatric syndromes &#40;delirium&#44; insomnia&#44; falls&#44; etc&#46;&#41; should also be added during hospitalization&#44; as well as incorporating daily frailty assessments for elderly patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> The results of the study by Fern&#225;ndez Alonso et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> reinforce the idea &#40;shared by the editors&#41; that not understanding the elderly patient in their entirety is a major clinical mistake&#46;</p></span>"
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