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          "es" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ocurrencia de cada evento en funci&#243;n del grupo de exposici&#243;n&#46; An&#225;lisis mediante curvas de Kaplan-Meier de la necesidad de rescate intravenoso&#44; visita a urgencias&#44; reingreso&#44; muerte y del evento combinado compuesto por dichos eventos en los pacientes normo e hipoclor&#233;micos&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La insuficiencia cardiaca &#40;IC&#41; en Espa&#241;a es la primera causa de hospitalizaci&#243;n en mayores de 65<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os&#44; con una mortalidad intrahospitalaria del 5-10&#37;&#44; reingresos de hasta un 20-30&#37; en el primer mes y una mortalidad del 30-50&#37; a los 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; A pesar de los avances tanto terap&#233;uticos como en la valoraci&#243;n multiparam&#233;trica de la volemia &#40;uso de la ecograf&#237;a cl&#237;nica o marcadores anal&#237;ticos como NT-proBNP o Ca-125&#41;&#44; la congesti&#243;n es el problema fundamental&#44; presente hasta en el 50&#37; de los casos en el momento del alta tras una hospitalizaci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a>&#46; La congesti&#243;n y la resistencia al tratamiento diur&#233;tico se asocian con peor pron&#243;stico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3-5</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La IC suele asociar alteraciones electrol&#237;ticas&#44; tanto por la activaci&#243;n de ejes hormonales como por el uso de diur&#233;ticos en la terapia descongestiva&#46; Tradicionalmente&#44; la atenci&#243;n cl&#237;nica se ha centrado en el sodio como factor pron&#243;stico&#46; Sin embargo&#44; en los &#250;ltimos a&#241;os ha adquirido relevancia la cloremia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6-12</span></a>&#46; La hipocloremia&#44; por diluci&#243;n&#44; por un d&#233;ficit absoluto secundario al uso de diur&#233;ticos&#44; por restricci&#243;n de cloro en la dieta y&#47;o por una absorci&#243;n disminuida&#44; juega un rol fundamental en la resistencia diur&#233;tica&#44; independientemente de la natremia&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Varios estudios evidencian como la hipocloremia se relaciona con un peor pron&#243;stico en los pacientes con IC&#44; incluso de forma independiente respecto a otras variables&#44; como la fracci&#243;n de eyecci&#243;n del ventr&#237;culo izquierdo &#40;FEVI&#41; o los niveles de NT-proBNP<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6-9</span></a>&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; los pacientes con hipocloremia presentan una peor respuesta al tratamiento diur&#233;tico&#44; necesitando dosis m&#225;s altas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10-15</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El objetivo de nuestro estudio es describir el impacto de la hipocloremia como factor pron&#243;stico en los pacientes con IC en t&#233;rminos de necesidad de rescate con diur&#233;tico intravenoso&#44; visitas a urgencias&#44; reingresos y mortalidad tras un ingreso por descompensaci&#243;n de IC&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Materiales y m&#233;todos</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Pacientes y per&#237;odo de estudio</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dise&#241;amos un estudio de cohortes retrospectivo incluyendo los pacientes que&#44; tras un ingreso por IC en un hospital de segundo nivel&#44; comenzaron seguimiento en la unidad de IC de Medicina Interna&#46; El per&#237;odo de estudio abarca desde diciembre de 2020 a diciembre de 2022&#46; Para cada sujeto se tuvo en cuenta como fecha de inclusi&#243;n la fecha de alta del ingreso &#237;ndice&#44; con un per&#237;odo de seguimiento de tres meses a partir de entonces&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Incluimos todos los pacientes consecutivamente&#44; independientemente de su situaci&#243;n basal&#44; clase funcional&#44; antecedentes o comorbilidades&#46; El &#250;nico criterio de exclusi&#243;n fue no disponer de la cloremia en el primer mes de seguimiento&#46; La informaci&#243;n se obtuvo mediante una descarga disociada de los datos cl&#237;nicos &#40;sin referencias identificativas&#41; generados durante el proceso asistencial y almacenados en la historia cl&#237;nica&#46; El manejo cl&#237;nico de los pacientes se realiz&#243; de acuerdo con nuestra pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica habitual&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Diferenciamos dos grupos&#58; expuestos o pacientes hipoclor&#233;micos &#40;cloro s&#233;rico &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmol&#47;l&#41; y no expuestos o pacientes normoclor&#233;micos &#40;cloro s&#233;rico &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmol&#47;l&#41;&#44; seg&#250;n la cloremia en el mes posterior al alta &#40;extra&#237;do en la primera consulta de revisi&#243;n&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Eventos de inter&#233;s</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El evento de inter&#233;s primario fue el compuesto por&#58; 1&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>necesidad de rescate con diur&#233;tico intravenoso&#59; 2&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>visita a urgencias por IC&#59; 3&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>reingreso por IC&#44; o 4&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>muerte por causa cardiovascular&#46; Estos componentes por separado se consideran un evento de inter&#233;s secundario&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Tama&#241;o muestral</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Asumiendo una probabilidad de ocurrencia del evento combinado de 25&#37; y un riesgo 2&#44;5 veces superior &#40;hazard ratio &#91;HR&#93; 2&#44;5&#41; en expuestos&#44; para alcanzar una potencia estad&#237;stica de 80&#37; con un error alfa m&#225;ximo de 5&#37; y teniendo en cuenta la posibilidad de un 10&#37; de p&#233;rdidas de seguimiento&#44; ser&#225; necesario observar 38 eventos globalmente&#44; para lo que se deben reclutar 167 sujetos&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">An&#225;lisis estad&#237;stico</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La muestra se describe en base a la distribuci&#243;n de frecuencias de las variables categ&#243;ricas y la media y desviaci&#243;n est&#225;ndar &#40;DE&#41; o mediana y rango intercuart&#237;lico de las variables continuas&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Calculamos para cada grupo la tasa de incidencia del evento primario y de los eventos secundarios&#44; como la raz&#243;n entre los nuevos casos y el sumatorio de los tiempos de seguimiento expresado como casos por cada 1&#46;000 pacientes-d&#237;a de seguimiento&#46; La asociaci&#243;n entre la hipocloremia y el evento primario se estudia inicialmente con curvas de Kaplan-Meier y con un modelo de regresi&#243;n de riesgos proporcionales de Cox univariado&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se preestablece un an&#225;lisis por subgrupos en base a las siguientes variables&#58; sexo&#44; edad&#44; fracci&#243;n de eyecci&#243;n del ventr&#237;culo izquierdo &#40;FEVI &#62; o &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>50&#37;&#41;&#44; presencia de valvulopat&#237;a grave&#44; tasa de filtraci&#243;n glomerular &#40;TFG &#62; o &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;min&#47;1&#44;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&#44; NT-proBNP&#44; &#237;ndice de Charlson&#44; &#237;ndice PROFUND&#44; uso de furosemida a dosis altas &#40;&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>120<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;d&#237;a&#41;&#44; inhibidor del cotransportador de sodio-glucosa tipo<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2 &#40;iSGLT2&#41;&#44; inhibidor del receptor de angiotensina-neprilisina &#40;ARNI&#41;&#44; espironolactona y ferropenia&#46; Dado que no existe un punto de corte universal para discriminar grupos pron&#243;sticos en base a la edad&#44; el NT-proBNP&#44; el &#237;ndice de Charlson y el &#237;ndice PROFUND&#44; se tom&#243; como referencia el valor mediano en la muestra&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Evaluamos como potenciales factores modificadores del efecto aquellas variables del an&#225;lisis por subgrupos que presentaban una diferencia en el efecto cl&#237;nicamente relevante&#46; Para ello analizamos todas las variables mediante una prueba &#243;mnibus&#44; y solo si esta arrojase un valor de p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;10&#44; se considerar&#237;an cada una de las posibles interacciones por separado&#59; en caso contrario&#44; ser&#237;an desestimadas en bloque&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para detectar confusi&#243;n evaluamos si cada una de estas variables manten&#237;a una asociaci&#243;n relevante con la exposici&#243;n y el resultado &#40;HR &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;67 o HR &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;5&#41;&#59; las que cumpliesen este requisito y no fueran una variable intermedia&#44; se incluir&#237;an en un modelo de regresi&#243;n multivariado de Cox que consideramos m&#225;ximo&#46; Se analizaron todos los posibles submodelos y se retuvo aquel que conservara aquellas variables que induc&#237;an un cambio entre el efecto crudo y el ajustado &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#37; y que minimizara la amplitud del intervalo de confianza de la HR&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cada uno de los eventos de inter&#233;s secundarios se evalu&#243; mediante regresi&#243;n univariada con curvas de Kaplan-Meier y modelo de riesgos proporcionales de Cox&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los an&#225;lisis se llevaron a cabo con el paquete estad&#237;stico Stata 17&#47;BE&#44; Statacorp LLC&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Consideraciones &#233;ticas</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El estudio cuenta con la aprobaci&#243;n del Comit&#233; de &#201;tica de la Investigaci&#243;n Cl&#237;nica Fundaci&#243;n Jim&#233;nez D&#237;az &#40;c&#243;digo EO124-23&#95;HRJC&#41;&#46; Dada la naturaleza retrospectiva del estudio y la pseudonimizaci&#243;n de datos&#44; se exime de la obtenci&#243;n de consentimiento informado escrito&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Resultados</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se incluyeron 165 pacientes&#58; 105 con cloremia normal &#40;&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmol&#47;l&#41; y 60 que presentaban hipocloremia &#40;&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmol&#47;l&#41; en la anal&#237;tica en su primera consulta&#44; que en mediana se extrajo 9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>d&#237;as tras el alta &#40;p25-p75&#58; 7-14&#41;&#46; Las caracter&#237;sticas basales de los grupos se describen en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ambos grupos son similares en caracter&#237;sticas basales&#44; excepto en el sexo femenino&#44; la presencia de arteriopat&#237;a perif&#233;rica y de hepatopat&#237;a moderada-grave &#40;m&#225;s prevalentes en el grupo con hipocloremia&#44; aunque con pocos sujetos en ambos grupos&#41;&#46; Sin embargo&#44; difieren respecto a la estratificaci&#243;n pron&#243;stica&#44; con un &#237;ndice PROFUND significativamente m&#225;s alto en los pacientes con hipocloremia&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Respecto al tratamiento basal&#44; el grupo con hipocloremia recibe una dosis m&#225;s alta de furosemida &#40;media de 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;d&#237;a&#41;&#46; El 50&#37; de estos requieren dosis superiores a 120<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;d&#237;a&#46; Tambi&#233;n se observa una diferencia significativa en cuanto al tratamiento con espironolactona &#40;50&#37; de los pacientes hipoclor&#233;micos frente al 28&#37; en normoclor&#233;micos&#41;&#46; No se observaron diferencias en los dos grupos con respecto al resto de tratamientos&#44; ni en cuanto al tiempo de seguimiento&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La incidencia del evento de inter&#233;s primario fue mayor en los sujetos con hipocloremia &#40;12&#44;23 vs 5&#44;16 casos por cada 1&#46;000 pacientes-d&#237;a&#44; HR&#58; 2&#44;04&#44; IC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;29-3&#44;95&#41;&#44; y este patr&#243;n se reproduce en cada uno de los eventos individuales &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#41;&#46; El an&#225;lisis mediante curvas de Kaplan-Meier se muestra en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">figura 1</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En el an&#225;lisis por subgrupos&#44; las mayores diferencias en el efecto pron&#243;stico de la hipocloremia se dan entre mayores y menores de 86<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os &#40;HR&#58; 2&#44;83 vs 1&#44;57&#44; respectivamente&#41;&#44; pacientes con filtrado glomerular &#40;FG&#41; inferior y superior a 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;min&#47;1&#44;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; pacientes con y sin dosis altas de furosemida &#40;HR&#58; 1&#44;13 vs 2&#44;12&#41; y pacientes que toman y no toman ARNI &#40;HR&#58; 0&#44;71 vs 2&#44;26&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; No obstante&#44; la prueba &#243;mnibus arroj&#243; un valor de p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;10&#44; por lo que se consider&#243; que no existen interacciones estad&#237;sticamente significativas&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tras realizar el an&#225;lisis descrito se consider&#243; que pod&#237;an estar actuando como potenciales factores de confusi&#243;n entre el evento primario y la hipocloremia la toma de espironolactona y la toma de dosis altas de furosemida&#46; Tras evaluar todos los posibles submodelos con los criterios descritos&#44; se retuvo aquel que inclu&#237;a &#250;nicamente la toma de furosemida a dosis altas&#46; El modelo de regresi&#243;n multivariado as&#237; estimado muestra una HR de los pacientes hipoclor&#233;micos de 1&#44;59 &#40;IC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>95&#37;&#58; 0&#44;97-2&#44;62&#41; para el evento combinado&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Discusi&#243;n</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La hipocloremia en pacientes con IC tras un ingreso por descompensaci&#243;n se asoci&#243; a un peor pron&#243;stico en los 90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>d&#237;as tras el alta&#44; principalmente por una mayor necesidad de rescate diur&#233;tico intravenoso&#46; Nuestro estudio recoge una muestra muy representativa de la poblaci&#243;n con IC en uno de los momentos m&#225;s vulnerables de su evoluci&#243;n&#58; las primeras semanas tras un ingreso por descompensaci&#243;n&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este proceso se debe a la alteraci&#243;n de la absorci&#243;n de cloro a nivel intestinal por el edema de pared secundario a la congesti&#243;n espl&#225;cnica&#44; pero adem&#225;s la cloremia supone un elemento clave en la regulaci&#243;n de la homeostasis hidrosalina<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;15&#44;16</span></a>&#46; La disminuci&#243;n de cloro en la m&#225;cula densa activa la secreci&#243;n de renina del aparato yuxtaglomerular por la retroalimentaci&#243;n tubuloglomerular<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;8&#44;10-12&#44;14-19</span></a>&#46; Este <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">feedback</span> es fisiol&#243;gico y sensible al cloro y no al sodio&#46; El hecho de que los pacientes hipoclor&#233;micos necesiten dosis m&#225;s altas de diur&#233;tico de base y m&#225;s rescates con tratamiento depletivo intravenoso se puede interpretar tanto como causa como consecuencia de la resistencia diur&#233;tica&#46; Algunos autores&#44; como Maz&#243;n-Ruiz et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#44; proponen un abordaje &#171;cloro-centrista&#187; para el tratamiento de los pacientes con insuficiencia card&#237;aca y resistencia diur&#233;tica&#44; inclin&#225;ndose a favor del uso de los iSGLT2 y la acetazolamida para aumentar los niveles de cloro s&#233;rico y mejorar la respuesta al tratamiento y el pron&#243;stico&#46; Otros autores han propuesto la administraci&#243;n oral de cloro libre de sodio &#40;mediante cloruro de lisina&#41; para mejorar la cloremia sin empeorar la congesti&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7&#44;16&#44;21</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hemos incluido una muestra representativa de los pacientes de Medicina Interna con IC&#44; revisando todos los pacientes que inician seguimiento en la unidad tras un ingreso por descompensaci&#243;n&#46; Se trata de pacientes mayores &#40;edad media de 85<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os&#41;&#44; con importantes comorbilidades&#44; como la ERC&#44; incluyendo FG &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;min &#40;pacientes excluidos en gran parte de los estudios&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;16&#44;22-26</span></a>&#44; y la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva cr&#243;nica &#40;EPOC&#41;&#44; con clases funcionales avanzadas &#40;NYHA 3-4&#41; y con peor &#237;ndice pron&#243;stico &#40;PROFUND 7-10&#41;&#46; Nuestra cohorte recoge pacientes con FEVI reducida&#44; levemente deprimida y preservada&#44; principalmente pertenecientes a este &#250;ltimo grupo&#44; a diferencia de la mayor&#237;a de las publicaciones&#44; en las que se incluyen pacientes con FEVI reducida<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;15&#44;16</span></a> o parcialmente reducida<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Bas&#225;ndonos en nuestros resultados&#44; la hipocloremia puede interpretarse como un factor de mal pron&#243;stico en estos pacientes&#44; principalmente por requerir mayores dosis de diur&#233;tico &#40;tanto en su tratamiento oral&#44; como m&#225;s rescates intravenosos&#41;&#46; Aunque entre los eventos de inter&#233;s secundarios solo resulta significativo el rescate con diur&#233;tico<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IV&#44; el resto de los componentes del objetivo primario tienen tendencia a ser m&#225;s elevados en el grupo de la hipocloremia&#46; En nuestro estudio&#44; los pacientes hipoclor&#233;micos tienen una probabilidad de tener el evento combinado un 60&#37; mayor &#40;en l&#237;nea con lo publicado&#41;&#44; a expensas de las necesidades de rescate de diur&#233;tico intravenoso&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No existe una clara definici&#243;n sobre la resistencia a diur&#233;ticos&#46; Nuestro grupo lo ha estimado mediante la necesidad de rescate diur&#233;tico intravenoso&#46; Otros autores lo interpretan midiendo la natriuresis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a>&#44; o bien por p&#233;rdida de peso<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#44; relaci&#243;n entre la dosis de diur&#233;tico y p&#233;rdida de peso<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#44; la necesidad m&#225;s alta de diur&#233;tico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> o la congesti&#243;n residual<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#44; lo que dificulta las comparaciones&#46; Sin embargo&#44; todos ellos muestran una peor respuesta al tratamiento diur&#233;tico en los pacientes con hipocloremia&#46; En nuestro caso&#44; el riesgo es un 86&#37; mayor&#46; Hallazgos en l&#237;nea con lo descrito por Ter Maaten et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#44; que encontraron un riesgo 2-2&#44;25 veces mayor de requerir dosis m&#225;s altas de diur&#233;tico y una peor respuesta a este &#40;entendido como bajada de peso por 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg de furosemida&#41;&#44; aunque lejos de los resultados obtenidos por Hanberg et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#44; con un riesgo 7 veces mayor de presentar una pobre respuesta diur&#233;tica&#46; Esta diferencia puede deberse al diferente an&#225;lisis realizado &#40;en el caso de Hanberg usan odds ratios que pueden sobreestimar las asociaciones&#41;&#44; as&#237; como a diferencias en las caracter&#237;sticas basales de los pacientes&#59; en su caso los pacientes hipoclor&#233;micos reciben un tratamiento menos optimizado &#40;menor uso de IECA y betabloqueantes&#41; o peor FG que los pacientes normoclor&#233;micos&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ambos estudios se han realizado en diferentes etapas de la enfermedad&#58; Ter Maaten et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> en la hospitalizaci&#243;n&#44; mientras que Hanberg et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> analizan pacientes estables&#46; Nosotros hemos elegido la primera revisi&#243;n tras un ingreso por descompensaci&#243;n&#44; que supone un tercer escenario en que la hipocloremia tambi&#233;n se postula como factor pron&#243;stico de pobre respuesta diur&#233;tica&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El &#250;nico evento com&#250;n en todos los estudios es la mortalidad&#44; con diferencias en la duraci&#243;n del seguimiento&#44; desde 60 y 180<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>d&#237;as<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> hasta 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;24</span></a>&#44; siendo en todos ellos los resultados concordantes&#58; mayor mortalidad en los pacientes con hipocloremia&#46; Nosotros no podemos establecer una conclusi&#243;n&#44; ya que los resultados no fueron estad&#237;sticamente significativos&#44; probablemente por el tama&#241;o muestral y por la poca mortalidad de nuestra muestra &#40;solo 6 casos&#41; o por ser nuestro periodo de seguimiento algo menor&#46; La tendencia es similar a lo publicado&#44; con un 90&#37; m&#225;s de riesgo de mortalidad en los pacientes con hipocloremia&#46; Grodin et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> y Seo et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a>&#44; en estudios realizados solo con pacientes con FEVI preservada&#44; encontraron un aumento del riesgo de mortalidad del 50&#37; y del doble &#40;HR&#58; 2&#44;09&#41;&#44; respectivamente&#44; en los pacientes con hipocloremia&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En base a esto&#44; consideramos muy probable la existencia de un v&#237;nculo entre la hipocloremia y un peor pron&#243;stico global a lo largo de todo el espectro de la enfermedad&#46; Muy probablemente nuestras estimaciones han sido no significativas debido a la asunci&#243;n de un tama&#241;o del efecto superior al observado &#40;HR asumida 2&#44;5&#59; observada&#44; 1&#44;59&#41;&#46; Es esperable que con un mayor tama&#241;o muestral hubi&#233;semos observado un efecto similar&#44; pero con un intervalo de estimaci&#243;n m&#225;s estrecho&#46;</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nuestro estudio tiene algunas limitaciones&#46; En primer lugar&#44; es un estudio observacional retrospectivo y unic&#233;ntrico&#44; por lo que la extrapolaci&#243;n de conclusiones debe realizarse con prudencia&#46; No obstante&#44; nuestra muestra abarca una poblaci&#243;n m&#225;s representativa de las consultas de Medicina Interna por edad y comorbilidad&#44; informaci&#243;n valiosa en este perfil de pacientes&#46; Por otro lado&#44; recogemos una cifra puntual de cloro en la primera revisi&#243;n en consulta&#44; siendo esta en un momento aleatorio en las primeras dos semanas tras el alta&#59; ser&#237;a conveniente establecer el momento clave para dicha medici&#243;n o valorar si la evoluci&#243;n de la cloremia modifica este valor pron&#243;stico&#46; La gran mayor&#237;a de pacientes tienen esta determinaci&#243;n en los primeros quince d&#237;as tras el alta&#44; por lo que es poco probable que existan diferencias relevantes basadas en los pocos d&#237;as de diferencia en la extracci&#243;n&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Conclusiones</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La hipocloremia tras ingreso por IC descompensada se asocia a mayor necesidad de rescate diur&#233;tico intravenoso y a peor pron&#243;stico global a lo largo de todo el espectro de la enfermedad&#44; tanto en pacientes con disfunci&#243;n sist&#243;lica como con FEVI preservada&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Financiaci&#243;n</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este trabajo no ha recibido ning&#250;n tipo de financiaci&#243;n&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran no tener ning&#250;n conflicto de intereses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2024-03-13"
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            1 => "Chloride"
            2 => "Heart failure"
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    "resumen" => array:2 [
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Antecedentes y objetivo</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Algunos estudios sugieren que la hipocloremia es un marcador de riesgo en el pron&#243;stico de la insuficiencia card&#237;aca &#40;IC&#41; en pacientes con descompensaci&#243;n reciente&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Material y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio de cohortes retrospectivo de pacientes dados de alta por descompensaci&#243;n de IC que inician seguimiento en consulta monogr&#225;fica&#46; Se definen dos grupos&#58; pacientes con hipocloremia &#40;cloro &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmol&#47;l&#41; y pacientes normoclor&#233;micos &#40;cloro &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmol&#47;l&#41; en la primera determinaci&#243;n dentro del primer mes tras el alta&#46; Se comparan la tasa de rescate diur&#233;tico intravenoso&#44; las visitas a urgencias&#44; el reingreso por IC y la muerte de origen cardiovascular &#40;CV&#41;&#44; mediante un modelo de riesgos proporcionales de Cox&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Resultados</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se incluyeron 165 pacientes &#40;59&#37; mujeres&#44; edad media 85<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os&#41;&#44; 60 &#40;36&#37;&#41; con hipocloremia&#46; Ambos grupos eran comparables en cuanto a caracter&#237;sticas basales&#44; salvo sexo femenino&#44; presencia de arteriopat&#237;a perif&#233;rica&#44; hepatopat&#237;a moderada-grave &#40;m&#225;s prevalentes en el grupo con hipocloremia&#41;&#44; &#237;ndice PROFUND y dosis basal de furosemida &#40;m&#225;s altos en pacientes con hipocloremia&#41;&#46; La incidencia del evento primario fue mayor en los sujetos con hipocloremia que en los sujetos normoclor&#233;micos &#40;HR&#58; 1&#44;59&#59; IC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>95&#37;&#58; 0&#44;97-2&#44;62&#41;&#44; sobre todo a expensas de las necesidades de rescates de diur&#233;tico intravenoso &#40;HR&#58; 1&#44;86&#59; IC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;07-3&#44;24&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La hipocloremia tras un ingreso por descompensaci&#243;n de IC se asocia a mayor necesidad de terapia de rescate diur&#233;tico intravenoso y probablemente a peor pron&#243;stico global a lo largo de todo el espectro de la enfermedad&#44; independientemente de la fracci&#243;n de eyecci&#243;n del ventr&#237;culo izquierdo &#40;FEVI&#41;&#46;</p><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#46;</p></span>"
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            "titulo" => "Material y m&#233;todos"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Background</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Some studies suggest that hypochloremia is a risk factor in the prognosis of heart failure &#40;HF&#41; in patients with recent decompensation&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Materials and methods</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Retrospective cohort study of patients discharged due to HF decompensation who began follow-up in a specialized clinic&#46; Two groups are defined&#58; patients with hypochloremia &#40;chloride &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmol&#47;L&#41; and normochloremic patients &#40;chloride &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmol&#47;L&#41; in the initial assessment within the first month after discharge&#46; The rate of intravenous diuretic rescue&#44; emergency department visits&#44; readmission for HF and cardiovascular &#40;CV&#41; death are compared using a Cox proportional hazards model&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Results</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">165 patients were included &#40;59&#37; women&#44; mean age 85<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>years&#41;&#44; with 60 &#40;36&#37;&#41; having hypochloremia&#46; Both groups were comparable in terms of baseline characteristics&#44; except for female sex&#44; presence of peripheral artery disease&#44; moderate-to-severe liver disease &#40;more prevalent in the hypochloremia group&#41;&#44; PROFUND index&#44; and baseline furosemide dose &#40;higher in patients with hypochloremia&#41;&#46; The incidence of the primary event was higher in subjects with hypochloremia than in normochloremic subjects &#40;HR&#58; 1&#46;59&#59; 95&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>CI&#58; 0&#46;97-2&#46;62&#41;&#44; mainly due to the need for intravenous diuretic rescue &#40;HR&#58; 1&#46;86&#59; 95&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>CI&#58; 1&#46;07-3&#46;24&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Hypochloremia following admission for HF decompensation is associated with a greater need for intravenous diuretic rescue therapy and probably worse overall prognosis across the spectrum of the disease&#44; regardless of left ventricular ejection fraction &#40;LVEF&#41;&#46;</p></span>"
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">An&#225;lisis por subgrupos del efecto de la hipocloremia sobre el evento combinado&#46; Efecto de la hipocloremia sobre el evento combinado en distintos grupos de pacientes&#46; Se examinan como posibles modificadores del efecto todas aquellas variables que presenten diferencias cl&#237;nicamente relevantes en el tama&#241;o del efecto en los estratos&#46;</p> <p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ARNI&#58; inhibidor del receptor de angiotensina-neprilisina&#59; FEVI&#58; fracci&#243;n de eyecci&#243;n del ventr&#237;culo izquierdo&#59; HR&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">hazard ratio</span>&#59; IC&#58; intervalo de confianza&#59; iSGLT2&#58; inhibidor del cotransportador de sodio-glucosa tipo<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#59; TFG&#58; tasa de filtraci&#243;n glomerular&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Normocloremia &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>105&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Variables antropom&#233;tricas</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sexo femenino</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">53 &#40;50&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">44 &#40;73&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;004&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Edad &#40;a&#241;os&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">86 &#40;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">85 &#40;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;256&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">IMC &#40;kg&#47;m</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">26&#44;1 &#40;23&#44;8-30&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">26&#44;6 &#40;22&#44;1-31&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;509&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Factores de riesgo y enfermedad cardiovascular</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hipertensi&#243;n arterial</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">96 &#40;91&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">54 &#40;90&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;759&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tabaquismo activo</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;3&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;5&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;183&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Diabetes mellitus</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">46 &#40;43&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">28 &#40;46&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;723&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Dislipemia</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">70 &#40;66&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">39 &#40;65&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;828&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cardiopat&#237;a isqu&#233;mica</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">30 &#40;28&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">12 &#40;20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;224&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fibrilaci&#243;n auricular</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">67 &#40;63&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">37 &#40;61&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;920&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Valvulopat&#237;a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">38 &#40;37&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">22 &#40;37&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;997&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hipertensi&#243;n pulmonar</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">46 &#40;45&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">27 &#40;45&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;935&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Arteriopat&#237;a perif&#233;rica</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;6&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">11 &#40;18&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;021&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enfermedad cerebrovascular</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">17 &#40;16&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">13 &#40;21&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;380&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Otra comorbilidad</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">EPOC</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">19 &#40;18&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;15&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;610&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enfermedad renal cr&#243;nica</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">62 &#40;59&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">40 &#40;66&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;333&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hepatopat&#237;a moderada-grave</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;2&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;052&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demencia</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">38 &#40;36&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">22 &#40;36&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;951&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#205;ndice de Charlson</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;3-5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;3-6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;246&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Estratificaci&#243;n pron&#243;stica de la insuficiencia card&#237;aca</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NYHA 3-4</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">42 &#40;40&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">23 &#40;38&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;833&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">FEVI</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Reducida&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">14 &#40;13&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;11&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;833&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Levemente reducida&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">13 &#40;12&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;10&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Preservada&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">76 &#40;73&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">46 &#40;78&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#205;ndice PROFUND</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;4-13&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">10 &#40;6-13&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;019&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Anal&#237;tica basal</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">TFG &#40;ml&#47;min&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">49 &#40;33-59&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">44&#44;5 &#40;34&#44;5-57&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;498&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">TFG &#40;&#60;30 ml&#47;min&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">16 &#40;15&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;10&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;341&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sodio &#40;mmol&#47;l&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">141 &#40;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">137 &#40;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Potasio &#40;mmol&#47;l&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4&#44;5 &#40;0&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;360&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cloro &#40;mmol&#47;l&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">102&#46;2 &#40;2&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">94&#44;2 &#40;2&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Alb&#250;mina &#40;g&#47;l&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3&#44;9 &#40;0&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3&#44;9 &#40;0&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;954&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hemoglobina &#40;g&#47;dl&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">12 &#40;1&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">12 &#40;1&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;605&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ferritina</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">115 &#40;58-259&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">174 &#40;107-265&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;032&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;846&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NT-proBNP</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;304 &#40;1&#46;124-4&#46;248&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;989 &#40;719-4&#46;780&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Tratamiento basal</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Furosemida &#40;mg&#47;d&#237;a&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">80 &#40;40-80&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">100 &#40;80-160&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Furosemida &#40;&#62; 120 mg&#47;d&#237;a&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tiazidas</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;11&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Acetazolamida</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Betabloqueante</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">60 &#40;57&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;789&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Calcioantagonista</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">14 &#40;23&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;513&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Amiodarona</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;4&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;3&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;661&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Digoxina</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">14 &#40;13&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;15&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;766&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">IECA</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">28 &#40;26&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">12 &#40;20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;336&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ARA2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">22 &#40;21&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">11 &#40;18&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;686&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ARNI</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">10 &#40;9&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;6&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;526&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ferroterapia intravenosa</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">23 &#40;21&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;11&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;101&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Seguimiento</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Primera consulta &#40;d&#237;as&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10 &#40;7-14&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;7-13&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;785&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Seguimiento &#40;d&#237;as&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">90 &#40;16-90&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">74 &#40;21-90&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;498&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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                0 => "xTab3530161.png"
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Caracter&#237;sticas basales de los participantes</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Evento&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Normocloremia &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>105&#41;</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Incidencia &#40;IC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>95&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Incidencia &#40;IC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>95&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">HR &#40;IC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>95&#37;&#41; uni&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">HR &#40;IC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>95&#37;&#41; multi&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Combinado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#44;16 &#40;3&#44;72-7&#44;15&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">38&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&#44;23 &#40;8&#44;94-16&#44;88&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#44;04 &#40;1&#44;29-3&#44;25&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;59 &#40;0&#44;97-2&#44;62&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Tratamiento ambulatorio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#44;46 &#40;2&#44;34-5&#44;12&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#44;25 &#40;4&#44;90-10&#44;74&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;86 &#40;1&#44;07-3&#44;24&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Urgencias&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;54 &#40;0&#44;89-2&#44;65&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#44;24 &#40;1&#44;92-5&#44;46&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;91 &#40;0&#44;88-4&#44;11&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Reingreso&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;41 &#40;0&#44;80-2&#44;48&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#44;90 &#40;1&#44;68-4&#44;99&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;87 &#40;0&#44;84-4&#44;18&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Muerte&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;67 &#40;0&#44;30-1&#44;49&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;07 &#40;0&#44;442-56&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;93 &#40;0&#44;56-6&#44;68&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab3530162.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          "notaPie" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0005"
              "etiqueta" => "a"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Se incluye como variable confusora la furosemida a dosis altas&#46;</p> <p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">La tasa de incidencia se expresa en eventos por 1&#46;000 pacientes y d&#237;a de seguimiento&#46;</p>"
            ]
          ]
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Original
Impacto de la hipocloremia como factor pronóstico en pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca, estudio de cohortes retrospectivo
Impact of hypochloremia as a prognostic factor in patients with heart failure, a retrospective cohort study
P. de Peralta Garcíaa,b, M. Bolzonia,
Corresponding author
martina.bolzoni@hospitalreyjuancarlos.es

Autor para correspondencia.
, M. Yebra Yebraa,b, M. Asenjo Martineza,b, M. Arrondo Turradoa, M.A. Domínguez Sepúlvedaa, J.A. Rueda Caminoa,c, R. Barba Martína,c
a Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Madrid, España
b Unidad de Insuficiencia Cardíaca, Medicina Interna, Hospital Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Madrid, España
c Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, España
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visitas a urgencias&#44; reingresos y mortalidad tras un ingreso por descompensaci&#243;n de IC&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Materiales y m&#233;todos</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Pacientes y per&#237;odo de estudio</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dise&#241;amos un estudio de cohortes retrospectivo incluyendo los pacientes que&#44; tras un ingreso por IC en un hospital de segundo nivel&#44; comenzaron seguimiento en la unidad de IC de Medicina Interna&#46; El per&#237;odo de estudio abarca desde diciembre de 2020 a diciembre de 2022&#46; Para cada sujeto se tuvo en cuenta como fecha de inclusi&#243;n la fecha de alta del ingreso &#237;ndice&#44; con un per&#237;odo de seguimiento de tres meses a partir de entonces&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Incluimos todos los pacientes consecutivamente&#44; 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seg&#250;n la cloremia en el mes posterior al alta &#40;extra&#237;do en la primera consulta de revisi&#243;n&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Eventos de inter&#233;s</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El evento de inter&#233;s primario fue el compuesto por&#58; 1&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>necesidad de rescate con diur&#233;tico intravenoso&#59; 2&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>visita a urgencias por IC&#59; 3&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>reingreso por IC&#44; o 4&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>muerte por causa cardiovascular&#46; Estos componentes por separado se consideran un evento de inter&#233;s secundario&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Tama&#241;o muestral</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Asumiendo una probabilidad de ocurrencia del evento combinado de 25&#37; y un riesgo 2&#44;5 veces superior &#40;hazard ratio &#91;HR&#93; 2&#44;5&#41; en expuestos&#44; para alcanzar una potencia estad&#237;stica de 80&#37; con un error alfa m&#225;ximo de 5&#37; y teniendo en cuenta la posibilidad de un 10&#37; de p&#233;rdidas de seguimiento&#44; ser&#225; necesario observar 38 eventos globalmente&#44; para lo que se deben reclutar 167 sujetos&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">An&#225;lisis estad&#237;stico</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La muestra se describe en base a la distribuci&#243;n de frecuencias de las variables categ&#243;ricas y la media y desviaci&#243;n est&#225;ndar &#40;DE&#41; o mediana y rango intercuart&#237;lico de las variables continuas&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Calculamos para cada grupo la tasa de incidencia del evento primario y de los eventos secundarios&#44; como la raz&#243;n entre los nuevos casos y el sumatorio de los tiempos de seguimiento expresado como casos por cada 1&#46;000 pacientes-d&#237;a de seguimiento&#46; La asociaci&#243;n entre la hipocloremia y el evento primario se estudia inicialmente con curvas de Kaplan-Meier y con un modelo de regresi&#243;n de riesgos proporcionales de Cox univariado&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se preestablece un an&#225;lisis por subgrupos en base a las siguientes variables&#58; sexo&#44; edad&#44; fracci&#243;n de eyecci&#243;n del ventr&#237;culo izquierdo &#40;FEVI &#62; o &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>50&#37;&#41;&#44; presencia de valvulopat&#237;a grave&#44; tasa de filtraci&#243;n glomerular &#40;TFG &#62; o &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;min&#47;1&#44;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&#44; NT-proBNP&#44; &#237;ndice de Charlson&#44; &#237;ndice PROFUND&#44; uso de furosemida a dosis altas &#40;&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>120<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;d&#237;a&#41;&#44; inhibidor del cotransportador de sodio-glucosa tipo<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2 &#40;iSGLT2&#41;&#44; inhibidor del receptor de angiotensina-neprilisina &#40;ARNI&#41;&#44; espironolactona y ferropenia&#46; Dado que no existe un punto de corte universal para discriminar grupos pron&#243;sticos en base a la edad&#44; el NT-proBNP&#44; el &#237;ndice de Charlson y el &#237;ndice PROFUND&#44; se tom&#243; como referencia el valor mediano en la muestra&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Evaluamos como potenciales factores modificadores del efecto aquellas variables del an&#225;lisis por subgrupos que presentaban una diferencia en el efecto cl&#237;nicamente relevante&#46; Para ello analizamos todas las variables mediante una prueba &#243;mnibus&#44; y solo si esta arrojase un valor de p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;10&#44; se considerar&#237;an cada una de las posibles interacciones por separado&#59; en caso contrario&#44; ser&#237;an desestimadas en bloque&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para detectar confusi&#243;n evaluamos si cada una de estas variables manten&#237;a una asociaci&#243;n relevante con la exposici&#243;n y el resultado &#40;HR &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;67 o HR &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;5&#41;&#59; las que cumpliesen este requisito y no fueran una variable intermedia&#44; se incluir&#237;an en un modelo de regresi&#243;n multivariado de Cox que consideramos m&#225;ximo&#46; Se analizaron todos los posibles submodelos y se retuvo aquel que conservara aquellas variables que induc&#237;an un cambio entre el efecto crudo y el ajustado &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#37; y que minimizara la amplitud del intervalo de confianza de la HR&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cada uno de los eventos de inter&#233;s secundarios se evalu&#243; mediante regresi&#243;n univariada con curvas de Kaplan-Meier y modelo de riesgos proporcionales de Cox&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los an&#225;lisis se llevaron a cabo con el paquete estad&#237;stico Stata 17&#47;BE&#44; Statacorp LLC&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Consideraciones &#233;ticas</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El estudio cuenta con la aprobaci&#243;n del Comit&#233; de &#201;tica de la Investigaci&#243;n Cl&#237;nica Fundaci&#243;n Jim&#233;nez D&#237;az &#40;c&#243;digo EO124-23&#95;HRJC&#41;&#46; Dada la naturaleza retrospectiva del estudio y la pseudonimizaci&#243;n de datos&#44; se exime de la obtenci&#243;n de consentimiento informado escrito&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Resultados</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se incluyeron 165 pacientes&#58; 105 con cloremia normal &#40;&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmol&#47;l&#41; y 60 que presentaban hipocloremia &#40;&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmol&#47;l&#41; en la anal&#237;tica en su primera consulta&#44; que en mediana se extrajo 9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>d&#237;as tras el alta &#40;p25-p75&#58; 7-14&#41;&#46; Las caracter&#237;sticas basales de los grupos se describen en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ambos grupos son similares en caracter&#237;sticas basales&#44; excepto en el sexo femenino&#44; la presencia de arteriopat&#237;a perif&#233;rica y de hepatopat&#237;a moderada-grave &#40;m&#225;s prevalentes en el grupo con hipocloremia&#44; aunque con pocos sujetos en ambos grupos&#41;&#46; Sin embargo&#44; difieren respecto a la estratificaci&#243;n pron&#243;stica&#44; con un &#237;ndice PROFUND significativamente m&#225;s alto en los pacientes con hipocloremia&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Respecto al tratamiento basal&#44; el grupo con hipocloremia recibe una dosis m&#225;s alta de furosemida &#40;media de 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;d&#237;a&#41;&#46; El 50&#37; de estos requieren dosis superiores a 120<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;d&#237;a&#46; Tambi&#233;n se observa una diferencia significativa en cuanto al tratamiento con espironolactona &#40;50&#37; de los pacientes hipoclor&#233;micos frente al 28&#37; en normoclor&#233;micos&#41;&#46; No se observaron diferencias en los dos grupos con respecto al resto de tratamientos&#44; ni en cuanto al tiempo de seguimiento&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La incidencia del evento de inter&#233;s primario fue mayor en los sujetos con hipocloremia &#40;12&#44;23 vs 5&#44;16 casos por cada 1&#46;000 pacientes-d&#237;a&#44; HR&#58; 2&#44;04&#44; IC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;29-3&#44;95&#41;&#44; y este patr&#243;n se reproduce en cada uno de los eventos individuales &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#41;&#46; El an&#225;lisis mediante curvas de Kaplan-Meier se muestra en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">figura 1</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En el an&#225;lisis por subgrupos&#44; las mayores diferencias en el efecto pron&#243;stico de la hipocloremia se dan entre mayores y menores de 86<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os &#40;HR&#58; 2&#44;83 vs 1&#44;57&#44; respectivamente&#41;&#44; pacientes con filtrado glomerular &#40;FG&#41; inferior y superior a 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;min&#47;1&#44;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; pacientes con y sin dosis altas de furosemida &#40;HR&#58; 1&#44;13 vs 2&#44;12&#41; y pacientes que toman y no toman ARNI &#40;HR&#58; 0&#44;71 vs 2&#44;26&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; No obstante&#44; la prueba &#243;mnibus arroj&#243; un valor de p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;10&#44; por lo que se consider&#243; que no existen interacciones estad&#237;sticamente significativas&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tras realizar el an&#225;lisis descrito se consider&#243; que pod&#237;an estar actuando como potenciales factores de confusi&#243;n entre el evento primario y la hipocloremia la toma de espironolactona y la toma de dosis altas de furosemida&#46; Tras evaluar todos los posibles submodelos con los criterios descritos&#44; se retuvo aquel que inclu&#237;a &#250;nicamente la toma de furosemida a dosis altas&#46; El modelo de regresi&#243;n multivariado as&#237; estimado muestra una HR de los pacientes hipoclor&#233;micos de 1&#44;59 &#40;IC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>95&#37;&#58; 0&#44;97-2&#44;62&#41; para el evento combinado&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Discusi&#243;n</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La hipocloremia en pacientes con IC tras un ingreso por descompensaci&#243;n se asoci&#243; a un peor pron&#243;stico en los 90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>d&#237;as tras el alta&#44; principalmente por una mayor necesidad de rescate diur&#233;tico intravenoso&#46; Nuestro estudio recoge una muestra muy representativa de la poblaci&#243;n con IC en uno de los momentos m&#225;s vulnerables de su evoluci&#243;n&#58; las primeras semanas tras un ingreso por descompensaci&#243;n&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este proceso se debe a la alteraci&#243;n de la absorci&#243;n de cloro a nivel intestinal por el edema de pared secundario a la congesti&#243;n espl&#225;cnica&#44; pero adem&#225;s la cloremia supone un elemento clave en la regulaci&#243;n de la homeostasis hidrosalina<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;15&#44;16</span></a>&#46; La disminuci&#243;n de cloro en la m&#225;cula densa activa la secreci&#243;n de renina del aparato yuxtaglomerular por la retroalimentaci&#243;n tubuloglomerular<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;8&#44;10-12&#44;14-19</span></a>&#46; Este <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">feedback</span> es fisiol&#243;gico y sensible al cloro y no al sodio&#46; El hecho de que los pacientes hipoclor&#233;micos necesiten dosis m&#225;s altas de diur&#233;tico de base y m&#225;s rescates con tratamiento depletivo intravenoso se puede interpretar tanto como causa como consecuencia de la resistencia diur&#233;tica&#46; Algunos autores&#44; como Maz&#243;n-Ruiz et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#44; proponen un abordaje &#171;cloro-centrista&#187; para el tratamiento de los pacientes con insuficiencia card&#237;aca y resistencia diur&#233;tica&#44; inclin&#225;ndose a favor del uso de los iSGLT2 y la acetazolamida para aumentar los niveles de cloro s&#233;rico y mejorar la respuesta al tratamiento y el pron&#243;stico&#46; Otros autores han propuesto la administraci&#243;n oral de cloro libre de sodio &#40;mediante cloruro de lisina&#41; para mejorar la cloremia sin empeorar la congesti&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7&#44;16&#44;21</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hemos incluido una muestra representativa de los pacientes de Medicina Interna con IC&#44; revisando todos los pacientes que inician seguimiento en la unidad tras un ingreso por descompensaci&#243;n&#46; Se trata de pacientes mayores &#40;edad media de 85<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os&#41;&#44; con importantes comorbilidades&#44; como la ERC&#44; incluyendo FG &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;min &#40;pacientes excluidos en gran parte de los estudios&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;16&#44;22-26</span></a>&#44; y la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva cr&#243;nica &#40;EPOC&#41;&#44; con clases funcionales avanzadas &#40;NYHA 3-4&#41; y con peor &#237;ndice pron&#243;stico &#40;PROFUND 7-10&#41;&#46; Nuestra cohorte recoge pacientes con FEVI reducida&#44; levemente deprimida y preservada&#44; principalmente pertenecientes a este &#250;ltimo grupo&#44; a diferencia de la mayor&#237;a de las publicaciones&#44; en las que se incluyen pacientes con FEVI reducida<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;15&#44;16</span></a> o parcialmente reducida<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Bas&#225;ndonos en nuestros resultados&#44; la hipocloremia puede interpretarse como un factor de mal pron&#243;stico en estos pacientes&#44; principalmente por requerir mayores dosis de diur&#233;tico &#40;tanto en su tratamiento oral&#44; como m&#225;s rescates intravenosos&#41;&#46; Aunque entre los eventos de inter&#233;s secundarios solo resulta significativo el rescate con diur&#233;tico<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IV&#44; el resto de los componentes del objetivo primario tienen tendencia a ser m&#225;s elevados en el grupo de la hipocloremia&#46; En nuestro estudio&#44; los pacientes hipoclor&#233;micos tienen una probabilidad de tener el evento combinado un 60&#37; mayor &#40;en l&#237;nea con lo publicado&#41;&#44; a expensas de las necesidades de rescate de diur&#233;tico intravenoso&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No existe una clara definici&#243;n sobre la resistencia a diur&#233;ticos&#46; Nuestro grupo lo ha estimado mediante la necesidad de rescate diur&#233;tico intravenoso&#46; Otros autores lo interpretan midiendo la natriuresis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a>&#44; o bien por p&#233;rdida de peso<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#44; relaci&#243;n entre la dosis de diur&#233;tico y p&#233;rdida de peso<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#44; la necesidad m&#225;s alta de diur&#233;tico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> o la congesti&#243;n residual<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#44; lo que dificulta las comparaciones&#46; Sin embargo&#44; todos ellos muestran una peor respuesta al tratamiento diur&#233;tico en los pacientes con hipocloremia&#46; En nuestro caso&#44; el riesgo es un 86&#37; mayor&#46; Hallazgos en l&#237;nea con lo descrito por Ter Maaten et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#44; que encontraron un riesgo 2-2&#44;25 veces mayor de requerir dosis m&#225;s altas de diur&#233;tico y una peor respuesta a este &#40;entendido como bajada de peso por 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg de furosemida&#41;&#44; aunque lejos de los resultados obtenidos por Hanberg et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#44; con un riesgo 7 veces mayor de presentar una pobre respuesta diur&#233;tica&#46; Esta diferencia puede deberse al diferente an&#225;lisis realizado &#40;en el caso de Hanberg usan odds ratios que pueden sobreestimar las asociaciones&#41;&#44; as&#237; como a diferencias en las caracter&#237;sticas basales de los pacientes&#59; en su caso los pacientes hipoclor&#233;micos reciben un tratamiento menos optimizado &#40;menor uso de IECA y betabloqueantes&#41; o peor FG que los pacientes normoclor&#233;micos&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ambos estudios se han realizado en diferentes etapas de la enfermedad&#58; Ter Maaten et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> en la hospitalizaci&#243;n&#44; mientras que Hanberg et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> analizan pacientes estables&#46; Nosotros hemos elegido la primera revisi&#243;n tras un ingreso por descompensaci&#243;n&#44; que supone un tercer escenario en que la hipocloremia tambi&#233;n se postula como factor pron&#243;stico de pobre respuesta diur&#233;tica&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El &#250;nico evento com&#250;n en todos los estudios es la mortalidad&#44; con diferencias en la duraci&#243;n del seguimiento&#44; desde 60 y 180<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>d&#237;as<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> hasta 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;24</span></a>&#44; siendo en todos ellos los resultados concordantes&#58; mayor mortalidad en los pacientes con hipocloremia&#46; Nosotros no podemos establecer una conclusi&#243;n&#44; ya que los resultados no fueron estad&#237;sticamente significativos&#44; probablemente por el tama&#241;o muestral y por la poca mortalidad de nuestra muestra &#40;solo 6 casos&#41; o por ser nuestro periodo de seguimiento algo menor&#46; La tendencia es similar a lo publicado&#44; con un 90&#37; m&#225;s de riesgo de mortalidad en los pacientes con hipocloremia&#46; Grodin et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> y Seo et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a>&#44; en estudios realizados solo con pacientes con FEVI preservada&#44; encontraron un aumento del riesgo de mortalidad del 50&#37; y del doble &#40;HR&#58; 2&#44;09&#41;&#44; respectivamente&#44; en los pacientes con hipocloremia&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En base a esto&#44; consideramos muy probable la existencia de un v&#237;nculo entre la hipocloremia y un peor pron&#243;stico global a lo largo de todo el espectro de la enfermedad&#46; Muy probablemente nuestras estimaciones han sido no significativas debido a la asunci&#243;n de un tama&#241;o del efecto superior al observado &#40;HR asumida 2&#44;5&#59; observada&#44; 1&#44;59&#41;&#46; Es esperable que con un mayor tama&#241;o muestral hubi&#233;semos observado un efecto similar&#44; pero con un intervalo de estimaci&#243;n m&#225;s estrecho&#46;</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nuestro estudio tiene algunas limitaciones&#46; En primer lugar&#44; es un estudio observacional retrospectivo y unic&#233;ntrico&#44; por lo que la extrapolaci&#243;n de conclusiones debe realizarse con prudencia&#46; No obstante&#44; nuestra muestra abarca una poblaci&#243;n m&#225;s representativa de las consultas de Medicina Interna por edad y comorbilidad&#44; informaci&#243;n valiosa en este perfil de pacientes&#46; Por otro lado&#44; recogemos una cifra puntual de cloro en la primera revisi&#243;n en consulta&#44; siendo esta en un momento aleatorio en las primeras dos semanas tras el alta&#59; ser&#237;a conveniente establecer el momento clave para dicha medici&#243;n o valorar si la evoluci&#243;n de la cloremia modifica este valor pron&#243;stico&#46; La gran mayor&#237;a de pacientes tienen esta determinaci&#243;n en los primeros quince d&#237;as tras el alta&#44; por lo que es poco probable que existan diferencias relevantes basadas en los pocos d&#237;as de diferencia en la extracci&#243;n&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Conclusiones</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La hipocloremia tras ingreso por IC descompensada se asocia a mayor necesidad de rescate diur&#233;tico intravenoso y a peor pron&#243;stico global a lo largo de todo el espectro de la enfermedad&#44; tanto en pacientes con disfunci&#243;n sist&#243;lica como con FEVI preservada&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Financiaci&#243;n</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este trabajo no ha recibido ning&#250;n tipo de financiaci&#243;n&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran no tener ning&#250;n conflicto de intereses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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              "titulo" => "Background"
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              "identificador" => "sec0020"
              "titulo" => "Eventos de inter&#233;s"
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              "titulo" => "Tama&#241;o muestral"
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              "titulo" => "An&#225;lisis estad&#237;stico"
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          "titulo" => "Conclusiones"
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          "titulo" => "Financiaci&#243;n"
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          "titulo" => "Conflicto de intereses"
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          "titulo" => "Bibliograf&#237;a"
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    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2024-03-13"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2024-03-15"
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          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
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          "palabras" => array:6 [
            0 => "Hipocloremia"
            1 => "Cloro"
            2 => "Insuficiencia card&#237;aca"
            3 => "Resistencia diur&#233;tica"
            4 => "Diur&#233;ticos"
            5 => "Pron&#243;stico"
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        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1818016"
          "palabras" => array:6 [
            0 => "Hypochloremia"
            1 => "Chloride"
            2 => "Heart failure"
            3 => "Diuretic resistance"
            4 => "Diuretics"
            5 => "Prognosis"
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    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "es" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Antecedentes y objetivo</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Algunos estudios sugieren que la hipocloremia es un marcador de riesgo en el pron&#243;stico de la insuficiencia card&#237;aca &#40;IC&#41; en pacientes con descompensaci&#243;n reciente&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Material y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio de cohortes retrospectivo de pacientes dados de alta por descompensaci&#243;n de IC que inician seguimiento en consulta monogr&#225;fica&#46; Se definen dos grupos&#58; pacientes con hipocloremia &#40;cloro &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmol&#47;l&#41; y pacientes normoclor&#233;micos &#40;cloro &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmol&#47;l&#41; en la primera determinaci&#243;n dentro del primer mes tras el alta&#46; Se comparan la tasa de rescate diur&#233;tico intravenoso&#44; las visitas a urgencias&#44; el reingreso por IC y la muerte de origen cardiovascular &#40;CV&#41;&#44; mediante un modelo de riesgos proporcionales de Cox&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Resultados</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se incluyeron 165 pacientes &#40;59&#37; mujeres&#44; edad media 85<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os&#41;&#44; 60 &#40;36&#37;&#41; con hipocloremia&#46; Ambos grupos eran comparables en cuanto a caracter&#237;sticas basales&#44; salvo sexo femenino&#44; presencia de arteriopat&#237;a perif&#233;rica&#44; hepatopat&#237;a moderada-grave &#40;m&#225;s prevalentes en el grupo con hipocloremia&#41;&#44; &#237;ndice PROFUND y dosis basal de furosemida &#40;m&#225;s altos en pacientes con hipocloremia&#41;&#46; La incidencia del evento primario fue mayor en los sujetos con hipocloremia que en los sujetos normoclor&#233;micos &#40;HR&#58; 1&#44;59&#59; IC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>95&#37;&#58; 0&#44;97-2&#44;62&#41;&#44; sobre todo a expensas de las necesidades de rescates de diur&#233;tico intravenoso &#40;HR&#58; 1&#44;86&#59; IC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;07-3&#44;24&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La hipocloremia tras un ingreso por descompensaci&#243;n de IC se asocia a mayor necesidad de terapia de rescate diur&#233;tico intravenoso y probablemente a peor pron&#243;stico global a lo largo de todo el espectro de la enfermedad&#44; independientemente de la fracci&#243;n de eyecci&#243;n del ventr&#237;culo izquierdo &#40;FEVI&#41;&#46;</p><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Antecedentes y objetivo"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "Material y m&#233;todos"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
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          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0020"
            "titulo" => "Conclusiones"
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      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Background</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Some studies suggest that hypochloremia is a risk factor in the prognosis of heart failure &#40;HF&#41; in patients with recent decompensation&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Materials and methods</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Retrospective cohort study of patients discharged due to HF decompensation who began follow-up in a specialized clinic&#46; Two groups are defined&#58; patients with hypochloremia &#40;chloride &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmol&#47;L&#41; and normochloremic patients &#40;chloride &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmol&#47;L&#41; in the initial assessment within the first month after discharge&#46; The rate of intravenous diuretic rescue&#44; emergency department visits&#44; readmission for HF and cardiovascular &#40;CV&#41; death are compared using a Cox proportional hazards model&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Results</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">165 patients were included &#40;59&#37; women&#44; mean age 85<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>years&#41;&#44; with 60 &#40;36&#37;&#41; having hypochloremia&#46; Both groups were comparable in terms of baseline characteristics&#44; except for female sex&#44; presence of peripheral artery disease&#44; moderate-to-severe liver disease &#40;more prevalent in the hypochloremia group&#41;&#44; PROFUND index&#44; and baseline furosemide dose &#40;higher in patients with hypochloremia&#41;&#46; The incidence of the primary event was higher in subjects with hypochloremia than in normochloremic subjects &#40;HR&#58; 1&#46;59&#59; 95&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>CI&#58; 0&#46;97-2&#46;62&#41;&#44; mainly due to the need for intravenous diuretic rescue &#40;HR&#58; 1&#46;86&#59; 95&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>CI&#58; 1&#46;07-3&#46;24&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Hypochloremia following admission for HF decompensation is associated with a greater need for intravenous diuretic rescue therapy and probably worse overall prognosis across the spectrum of the disease&#44; regardless of left ventricular ejection fraction &#40;LVEF&#41;&#46;</p></span>"
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            "titulo" => "Results"
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">An&#225;lisis por subgrupos del efecto de la hipocloremia sobre el evento combinado&#46; Efecto de la hipocloremia sobre el evento combinado en distintos grupos de pacientes&#46; Se examinan como posibles modificadores del efecto todas aquellas variables que presenten diferencias cl&#237;nicamente relevantes en el tama&#241;o del efecto en los estratos&#46;</p> <p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ARNI&#58; inhibidor del receptor de angiotensina-neprilisina&#59; FEVI&#58; fracci&#243;n de eyecci&#243;n del ventr&#237;culo izquierdo&#59; HR&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">hazard ratio</span>&#59; IC&#58; intervalo de confianza&#59; iSGLT2&#58; inhibidor del cotransportador de sodio-glucosa tipo<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#59; TFG&#58; tasa de filtraci&#243;n glomerular&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ARA2&#58; antagonista del receptor de angiotensina<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#59; ARNI&#58; inhibidor del receptor de angiotensina-neprilisina&#59; EPOC&#58; enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva cr&#243;nica&#59; FEVI&#58; fracci&#243;n de eyecci&#243;n del ventr&#237;culo izquierdo&#59; IECA&#58; inhibidor de la enzima conversora de angiotensina&#59; IMC&#58; &#237;ndice de masa corporal&#59; iSGLT2&#58; inhibidor del cotransportador de sodio-glucosa tipo<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#59; IST&#58; &#237;ndice de saturaci&#243;n de transferrina&#59; NYHA&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">New York Heart Association</span>&#59; TFG&#58; tasa de filtraci&#243;n glomerular&#46;</p><p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Las variables categ&#243;ricas se describen seg&#250;n distribuci&#243;n de frecuencias &#91;n &#40;&#37;&#41;&#93; y las cuantitativas seg&#250;n media &#40;desviaci&#243;n est&#225;ndar&#41; o mediana &#40;p25-p75&#41;&#44; seg&#250;n corresponda&#46; p seg&#250;n test de ji-cuadrado&#44; t de Student o test de la mediana&#44; seg&#250;n corresponda&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;5&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;183&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Diabetes mellitus</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">46 &#40;43&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">28 &#40;46&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;723&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Dislipemia</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">70 &#40;66&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">39 &#40;65&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;828&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cardiopat&#237;a isqu&#233;mica</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">30 &#40;28&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">12 &#40;20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;224&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fibrilaci&#243;n auricular</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">67 &#40;63&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">37 &#40;61&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;920&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Valvulopat&#237;a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">38 &#40;37&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">22 &#40;37&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;997&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hipertensi&#243;n pulmonar</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">46 &#40;45&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">27 &#40;45&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;935&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Arteriopat&#237;a perif&#233;rica</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;6&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">11 &#40;18&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;021&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enfermedad cerebrovascular</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">17 &#40;16&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">13 &#40;21&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;380&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Otra comorbilidad</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">EPOC</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">19 &#40;18&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;15&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;610&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enfermedad renal cr&#243;nica</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">62 &#40;59&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">40 &#40;66&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;333&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hepatopat&#237;a moderada-grave</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;2&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;052&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demencia</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">38 &#40;36&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">22 &#40;36&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;951&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#205;ndice de Charlson</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;3-5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;3-6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;246&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Estratificaci&#243;n pron&#243;stica de la insuficiencia card&#237;aca</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NYHA 3-4</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">42 &#40;40&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">23 &#40;38&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;833&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">FEVI</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Reducida&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">14 &#40;13&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;11&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;833&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Levemente reducida&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">13 &#40;12&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;10&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Preservada&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">76 &#40;73&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">46 &#40;78&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#205;ndice PROFUND</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;4-13&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">10 &#40;6-13&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;019&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Anal&#237;tica basal</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">TFG &#40;ml&#47;min&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">49 &#40;33-59&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">44&#44;5 &#40;34&#44;5-57&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;498&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">TFG &#40;&#60;30 ml&#47;min&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">16 &#40;15&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;10&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;341&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sodio &#40;mmol&#47;l&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">141 &#40;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">137 &#40;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Potasio &#40;mmol&#47;l&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4&#44;5 &#40;0&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4&#44;4 &#40;0&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;360&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cloro &#40;mmol&#47;l&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">102&#46;2 &#40;2&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">94&#44;2 &#40;2&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Alb&#250;mina &#40;g&#47;l&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3&#44;9 &#40;0&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;954&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hemoglobina &#40;g&#47;dl&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">12 &#40;1&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">12 &#40;1&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;605&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ferritina</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">115 &#40;58-259&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">174 &#40;107-265&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;032&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">IST &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">20 &#40;12-27&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">20 &#40;14-29&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;846&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NT-proBNP</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;304 &#40;1&#46;124-4&#46;248&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;989 &#40;719-4&#46;780&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;662&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Tratamiento basal</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Furosemida &#40;mg&#47;d&#237;a&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">80 &#40;40-80&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">100 &#40;80-160&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Furosemida &#40;&#62; 120 mg&#47;d&#237;a&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">20 &#40;19&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">30 &#40;50&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Espironolactona</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Primera consulta &#40;d&#237;as&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Incidencia &#40;IC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>95&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Incidencia &#40;IC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>95&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">HR &#40;IC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>95&#37;&#41; uni&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">HR &#40;IC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>95&#37;&#41; multi&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Combinado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#44;16 &#40;3&#44;72-7&#44;15&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">38&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&#44;23 &#40;8&#44;94-16&#44;88&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#44;04 &#40;1&#44;29-3&#44;25&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;59 &#40;0&#44;97-2&#44;62&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Tratamiento ambulatorio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#44;46 &#40;2&#44;34-5&#44;12&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#44;25 &#40;4&#44;90-10&#44;74&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;86 &#40;1&#44;07-3&#44;24&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Urgencias&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;54 &#40;0&#44;89-2&#44;65&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#44;24 &#40;1&#44;92-5&#44;46&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;91 &#40;0&#44;88-4&#44;11&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Reingreso&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;41 &#40;0&#44;80-2&#44;48&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#44;90 &#40;1&#44;68-4&#44;99&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;87 &#40;0&#44;84-4&#44;18&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Muerte&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;67 &#40;0&#44;30-1&#44;49&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;07 &#40;0&#44;442-56&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;93 &#40;0&#44;56-6&#44;68&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Comparaci&#243;n de los resultados en ambos grupos&#46; An&#225;lisis univariado del efecto de la hipocloremia sobre la necesidad de tratamiento intravenoso ambulatorio&#44; visitas a urgencias&#44; reingreso por insuficiencia card&#237;aca o muerte de origen cardiovascular</p>"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                      "titulo" => "Costs and healthcare utilisation of patients with heart failure in Spain"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
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                            0 => "C&#46; Escobar"
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                            2 => "B&#46; Palacios"
                            3 => "M&#46; Capel"
                            4 => "A&#46; Sicras"
                            5 => "A&#46; Sicras"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1186/s12913-020-05828-9"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "BMC Health Serv Res&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2020"
                        "volumen" => "20"
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                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33081776"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Relief and recurrence of congestion during and after hospitalization for acute heart failure&#58; Insights from Diuretic Optimization Strategy Evaluation in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure &#40;DOSE-AHF&#41; and Cardiorenal Rescue Study in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure &#40;CARESS-HF&#41;"
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                          "etal" => true
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                            2 => "R&#46;J&#46; Mentz"
                            3 => "S&#46;M&#46; Dunlay"
                            4 => "J&#46;M&#46; Vader"
                            5 => "O&#46;F&#46; AbouEzzeddine"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.114.001957"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Circ Heart Fail&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2015"
                        "volumen" => "8"
                        "paginaInicial" => "741"
                        "paginaFinal" => "748"
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                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26041600"
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                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Prevalence and prognostic impact of subclinical pulmonary congestion at discharge in patients with acute heart failure"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Rivas-Lasarte"
                            1 => "A&#46; Maestro"
                            2 => "J&#46; Fern&#225;ndez-Mart&#237;nez"
                            3 => "L&#46; L&#243;pez-L&#243;pez"
                            4 => "E&#46; Sol&#233;-Gonz&#225;lez"
                            5 => "M&#46; Vives-Borr&#225;s"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1002/ehf2.12842"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "ESC Heart Fail&#46;"
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                        "volumen" => "7"
                        "paginaInicial" => "2621"
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                0 => array:2 [
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Persistent pulmonary congestion before discharge predicts rehospitalization in heart failure&#58; A lung ultrasound study"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "L&#46; Gargani"
                            1 => "P&#46;S&#46; Pang"
                            2 => "F&#46; Frassi"
                            3 => "M&#46;H&#46; Miglioranza"
                            4 => "F&#46;L&#46; Dini"
                            5 => "P&#46; Landi"
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                      "doi" => "10.1186/s12947-015-0033-4"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Cardiovasc Ultrasound&#46;"
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                      "titulo" => "Prognostic value of residual pulmonary congestion at discharge assessed by lung ultrasound imaging in heart failure"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "S&#46; Coiro"
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                            2 => "G&#46; Ambrosio"
                            3 => "E&#46; Carluccio"
                            4 => "G&#46; Alunni"
                            5 => "A&#46; Murrone"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1002/ejhf.344"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Eur J Heart Fail&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2015"
                        "volumen" => "17"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1172"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1181"
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                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26417699"
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                0 => array:2 [
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Serum chloride and heart failure"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "N&#46; Arora"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.xkme.2023.100614"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Kidney Med&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2023"
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Article information
ISSN: 00142565
Original language: Spanish
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