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revisaron de forma independiente las citas en ingl&#233;s de la base de datos Medline de la Biblioteca Nacional de Medicina desde 1970 hasta el 28 de febrero de 2019&#46; Antes de 1970 no se dispon&#237;a de datos sobre el ant&#237;geno del core del VHB &#40;HBcAg&#41;&#44; a&#241;o en el que se desarroll&#243; la primera prueba para su detecci&#243;n&#46; Llevamos a cabo nuestra b&#250;squeda en 4 motores de bases de datos Medline &#40;Embase&#44; Grateful Med&#44; Ovid y PubMed&#41;&#46; La b&#250;squeda Medline se limit&#243; a los estudios en humanos publicados en la literatura inglesa&#46; Aplicamos el siguiente algoritmo en encabezamientos de temas m&#233;dicos y en palabras de texto libre&#58; &#40;&#171;HEPATITIS B&#187; o &#171;HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTION&#187; o &#171;HBsAg POSITIVE STATUS&#187; o &#171;HBc ANTIBODY POSITIVE STATUS&#187;&#41; y &#40;&#171;CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE&#187; o &#171;CKD&#187; o &#171;END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE&#187; or &#171;ESKD&#187; o &#171;END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE&#187; o &#171;ESRD&#187; o &#171;LOW GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE&#187; o &#171;RENAL IMPAIRMENT&#187; o &#171;RENAL INSUFFICIENCY&#187; o &#171;RENAL FAILURE&#187; o &#171;PROTEINURIA&#187;&#41; y &#40;&#171;RELATIVE RISK&#187; o &#171;RISK RATIO&#187; o &#171;RR&#187; o &#171;ODDS RATIO&#187; o &#171;OR&#187; o &#171;HAZARD RATIO&#187; o &#171;HR&#187; o &#171;INCIDENCE&#187;&#41;&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; se realiz&#243; una investigaci&#243;n m&#225;s con b&#250;squedas electr&#243;nicas en la Biblioteca Cochrane&#59; a fin de identificar toda la literatura pertinente se efectuaron b&#250;squedas manuales de revistas especializadas seleccionadas&#46; Tambi&#233;n se analizaron las listas de referencias de las revisiones cualitativas y de los estudios cl&#237;nicos publicados&#46; Previamente se demostr&#243; que la b&#250;squeda centrada exclusivamente en Medline pod&#237;a no ser lo suficientemente sensible<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#46; Se extrajeron los datos referidos al dise&#241;o del estudio&#44; el per&#237;odo de estudio&#44; las caracter&#237;sticas de los pacientes&#44; la prevalencia del VHB y los resultados de la enfermedad renal&#46; Nos pusimos en contacto con los autores de los art&#237;culos seleccionados con el objeto de obtener los datos perdidos&#44; de forma que &#250;nicamente se incluyeron los datos procedentes de aquellos individuos de los que se conoc&#237;a el estatus del VHB&#46; Se alcanz&#243; el consenso para todos los datos&#46; Se compararon los estudios para eliminar las informaciones duplicadas para los mismos pacientes&#44; contactando con los investigadores cuando fue necesario&#46; Se especificaron previamente los criterios de elegibilidad y de exclusi&#243;n&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Selecci&#243;n de estudios</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se incluyeron los estudios que cumpl&#237;an los siguientes criterios de inclusi&#243;n&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Presentaban datos originales de estudios de cohorte&#44; casos y controles y transversales&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El resultado de inter&#233;s se defini&#243; claramente como incidencia o prevalencia de ERC&#44; es decir&#44; TFG reducida y&#47;o proteinuria detectable en adultos en la poblaci&#243;n general&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Proporcionaban las estimaciones de riesgo ajustadas &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">hazard ratio</span> &#91;HR&#93;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">odds ratio</span> &#91;OR&#93;&#41; y sus intervalos de confianza &#40;IC&#41; o los datos eran suficientes para poder calcularlos&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se incluy&#243; en el an&#225;lisis el estudio m&#225;s reciente en aquellos casos en los que los datos precedentes de la misma poblaci&#243;n estaban duplicados en m&#225;s de un estudio&#46; Incluimos los estudios en los que el diagn&#243;stico de infecci&#243;n por VHB fue llevado a cabo mediante la prueba de HBcAg en suero y&#47;o anticuerpos HBc&#46; En el momento de la inscripci&#243;n se recopil&#243; la informaci&#243;n sobre el estatus serol&#243;gico VHB&#46; Tambi&#233;n se tuvieron en cuenta las encuestas basadas en c&#243;digos administrativos &#40;por ejemplo&#44; el ICD-9&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Estudios no aptos</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se excluyeron los estudios que proporcionaban datos inadecuados sobre la asociaci&#243;n entre la ERC y el estatus seropositivo VHB &#40;por ejemplo&#44; informaci&#243;n incompleta sobre el estatus VHB o resultados renales&#41;&#46; Se excluyeron los estudios no publicados&#44; aquellos publicados exclusivamente en formato resumen y los informes provisionales&#59; para esta revisi&#243;n sistem&#225;tica no se tuvieron en cuenta ni las cartas ni los art&#237;culos de revisi&#243;n&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Evaluaci&#243;n de la calidad</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La evaluaci&#243;n de la calidad se realiz&#243; utilizando una escala binaria de 5 puntos desarrollada espec&#237;ficamente para este estudio&#46; Esta escala se basa en la Escala de Newcastle-Ottawa con modificaciones de acuerdo con las directrices est&#225;ndar y a nuestro propio criterio<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#46; La Escala de Newcastle-Ottawa es un sistema de puntuaci&#243;n que valora&#44; desde un punto de vista metodol&#243;gico&#44; cada aspecto de un estudio epidemiol&#243;gico observacional&#46; Para este metaan&#225;lisis&#44; adoptamos aquellos elementos que son comunes a todos los dise&#241;os epidemiol&#243;gicos&#44; con lo que reduc&#237;amos la escala de manera considerable&#46; Adoptamos los siguientes criterios etiquetados como &#171;s&#237;&#187; &#40;1&#41; o &#171;no&#187; &#40;2&#41;&#58; 1&#41; si la evaluaci&#243;n de la infecci&#243;n por VHB se bas&#243; en datos de laboratorio &#40;s&#237;&#41; o en c&#243;digos administrativos o en otros &#40;no&#41;&#59; 2&#41; si el diagn&#243;stico de ERC se alcanz&#243; mediante la valoraci&#243;n de la TFG o de la proteinuria a partir de datos de laboratorio &#40;s&#237;&#41; o mediante c&#243;digos administrativos u otros &#40;no&#41;&#59; 3&#41; si el an&#225;lisis de los factores de confusi&#243;n se ajust&#243;&#44; por lo menos&#44; por edad y sexo&#44; ya fuera en la fase de dise&#241;o o en el an&#225;lisis &#40;s&#237;&#41;&#44; o no &#40;no&#41;&#59; 4&#41; si la muestra no expuesta se obtuvo de la misma poblaci&#243;n que la expuesta &#40;s&#237;&#41; o no &#40;no&#41;&#59; 5&#41; si la poblaci&#243;n diana estaba claramente definida &#40;s&#237;&#41; o&#44; por el contrario&#44; se basaba en un muestreo de conveniencia&#44; como por ejemplo pacientes procedentes de una &#250;nica consulta o voluntarios&#44; o no explicado &#40;no&#41;&#46; Mediante esta evaluaci&#243;n&#44; consideramos un &#237;tem como &#171;no&#187; cuando los autores no proporcionaron la informaci&#243;n sobre dicho punto&#46; Dos revisores &#40;FF y FMD&#41;&#44; de forma independiente&#44; realizaron la extracci&#243;n de los datos y la puntuaci&#243;n de la calidad y los resultados se fusionaron por consenso&#46; El protocolo completo para la puntuaci&#243;n de calidad est&#225; disponible on-line &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0100">Anexo 2</a>&#41;&#46; Llevamos a cabo un an&#225;lisis combinado de aquellos estudios que cumpl&#237;an con al menos 3 de los criterios y los comparamos con aquellos que puntuaron en menos de 3&#46; La evaluaci&#243;n del estudio de calidad no incluy&#243; la valoraci&#243;n de la calidad de los estudios incluidos en el metaan&#225;lisis&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Medidas de resultados</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Realizamos metaan&#225;lisis por separado dependiendo del resultado&#46; Un metaan&#225;lisis incluy&#243; los estudios de cohorte que abordaban la incidencia de la ERC o de la enfermedad renal terminal&#59; otro metaan&#225;lisis contemplaba los estudios transversales &#40;o casos y controles&#41; que valoraban la prevalencia de la ERC&#46; Para la evaluaci&#243;n de la prevalencia de la proteinuria se realiz&#243; un metaan&#225;lisis m&#225;s&#46; La clasificaci&#243;n de la ERC se llev&#243; a cabo conforme a la definici&#243;n de la iniciativa <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative</span> &#40;KDIGO&#41;&#44; y se adopt&#243; la ecuaci&#243;n MDRD de 4 variables u otras f&#243;rmulas dise&#241;adas para estimar la TFG sobre la base de los niveles de creatinina s&#233;rica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#46; El punto de corte primario fue la estimaci&#243;n ajustada del riesgo &#40;y unos IC del 95&#37;&#41; de la incidencia &#40;o prevalencia&#41; de la ERC en la poblaci&#243;n general de acuerdo con el estatus serol&#243;gico&#46; Se realiz&#243; un an&#225;lisis multivariante para estimar el efecto independiente del estado seropositivo del VHB sobre la frecuencia de la ERC despu&#233;s del ajuste de elementos de distorsi&#243;n potenciales &#40;covariables&#59; por ejemplo&#58; edad&#44; sexo&#44; raza&#47;etnia&#44; diabetes mellitus y otras&#41;&#46; Para evaluar los predictores de incidencia de la ERC&#44; los estudios de cohorte adoptaron el an&#225;lisis de regresi&#243;n de Cox&#59; en los estudios transversales se realiz&#243; un an&#225;lisis de regresi&#243;n log&#237;stica m&#250;ltiple&#46; Un punto de corte m&#225;s fue la estimaci&#243;n ajustada del riesgo &#40;IC 95&#37;&#41; de la prevalencia de la proteinuria en adultos de la poblaci&#243;n general de acuerdo con el estado serol&#243;gico del VHB&#46; Para evaluar el efecto del estado seropositivo <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">per se</span> sobre la incidencia de la ERC despu&#233;s del ajuste por tiempo de seguimiento diferencial y la distribuci&#243;n de posibles factores de confusi&#243;n se realiz&#243; un an&#225;lisis siguiendo el modelo de regresi&#243;n de Cox de riesgos proporcionales&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">S&#237;ntesis de datos y an&#225;lisis</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ponderamos los logaritmos de la proporci&#243;n de OR espec&#237;ficos del estudio para los estudios casos y controles y los transversales&#44; y los logaritmos de la hazard ratio para los estudios de cohorte por el inverso de su varianza para obtener una estimaci&#243;n del efecto agrupado y sus IC del 95&#37;&#46; Asumimos para cada estudio&#44; el efecto de la medida que se ajustaba a un mayor n&#250;mero de factores de confusi&#243;n&#46; Presentamos las estimaciones agrupadas de los efectos fijos y aleatorios&#44; aunque estas &#250;ltimas fueron empleadas e informadas cuando se produc&#237;a heterogeneidad&#46; Utilizamos la aproximaci&#243;n de los efectos aleatorios&#44; tal y como describen DerSimonian y Laird<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#46; Para cuantificar la heterogeneidad se us&#243; la prueba Q de Cochrane<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0345"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#46; Tambi&#233;n se calcul&#243; el estad&#237;stico I<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; que mide el porcentaje de variaci&#243;n a trav&#233;s de los estudios debido m&#225;s a la heterogeneidad que al error<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#46; La hip&#243;tesis nula de esta prueba es la ausencia de heterogeneidad&#46; Exploramos el origen de la heterogeneidad al restringir el an&#225;lisis a subgrupos de estudios definidos por sus caracter&#237;sticas&#44; como el pa&#237;s de origen&#44; la etapa de ERC y otras&#46; Tambi&#233;n se evalu&#243; la heterogeneidad mediante metarregresi&#243;n a fin de observar el efecto de las covariables potenciales y continuas en el resultado de inter&#233;s&#46; Se especificaron con anterioridad los an&#225;lisis de subgrupos o estratificados y de metarregresi&#243;n&#46; Realizamos una metarregresi&#243;n de efectos aleatorios utilizando el m&#233;todo de momentos o enfoques de m&#225;xima verosimilitud&#44; cuando correspond&#237;a&#44; permitiendo un solo predictor en cada modelo &#40;metarregresi&#243;n simple&#41;&#46; Los sesgos de la publicaci&#243;n se calcularon mediante la prueba de regresi&#243;n lineal de Egger para el an&#225;lisis de la asimetr&#237;a del gr&#225;fico de embudo <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;funnel-plot&#41;&#46;</span> Todos los an&#225;lisis se hicieron con el paquete estad&#237;stico <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Comprehensive Meta-Analysis</span>&#44; versi&#243;n 2&#46;0 &#40;BioStat Inc&#46;&#44; Estados Unidos&#44; 2005&#41;&#46; El nivel de significaci&#243;n para riesgo fue del 5&#37;&#46; Se proporciona cada estimaci&#243;n con su correspondiente IC 95&#37;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Resultados</span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Revisi&#243;n de la literatura</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tal y como se muestra en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">figura 1</a>&#44; de los 722 art&#237;culos recopilados&#44; se evaluaron para su elecci&#243;n 152 art&#237;culos completos&#46; Es posible obtener una lista completa de los art&#237;culos solicit&#225;ndosela a uno de los autores &#40;FF&#41;&#46; Treinta y tres estudios cumplieron los criterios de inclusi&#243;n&#44; fueron publicados en 26 art&#237;culos &#40;4&#46;604&#46;406 pacientes &#250;nicos&#41; y llevados a cabo en 2 continentes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#8211;42</span></a>&#46; Identificamos estudios de casos y controles &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#41;&#44; de cohorte &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11&#41; y transversales &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17&#41; que proporcionaban informaci&#243;n sobre el riesgo de ERC en una misma poblaci&#243;n&#46; As&#237;&#44; algunos estudios suministraron datos sobre el resultado de m&#225;s de una enfermedad renal&#44; pero cada cohorte estuvo representada una vez en cada metaan&#225;lisis&#46; Con respecto a la inclusi&#243;n y exclusi&#243;n final de los estudios revisados&#44; seg&#250;n los criterios predefinidos de inclusi&#243;n y exclusi&#243;n&#44; la concordancia entre revisores fue de un 100&#37;&#46; El diagn&#243;stico de la infecci&#243;n por VHB se realiz&#243; mediante la detecci&#243;n en suero del ant&#237;geno de superficie del virus de la hepatitis B &#40;HBsAg&#41;&#59; en unos pocos informes&#44; el diagn&#243;stico de la infecci&#243;n por VHB se hizo mediante bases de datos administrativos &#40;c&#243;digos ICD-9&#41;&#46; En uno de los estudios&#44; la tasa de infecci&#243;n del VHB se averigu&#243; mediante la detecci&#243;n de anticuerpos frente al ant&#237;geno de superficie en otro estudio la infecci&#243;n fue identificada a partir de la historia cl&#237;nica&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Caracter&#237;sticas del estudio y de los pacientes</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tbl0005">tablas 1-4</a> y las tablas complementarias 1 y 2 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0100">ver material adicional</a>&#41; recogen las caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas y cl&#237;nicas m&#225;s destacadas de los sujetos participantes en los estudios incluidos en esta revisi&#243;n&#46; La media de edad de las cohortes de pacientes oscila entre los 18&#44;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;5 y los 72 a&#241;os&#46; La distribuci&#243;n por sexos fluct&#250;a entre el 17&#44;5 y el 67&#44;6&#37; de varones&#46; Once informes proced&#237;an de Taiw&#225;n&#44; 8 de China&#44; 2 de Corea&#44; Hong Kong y Estados Unidos&#44; respectivamente&#44; y uno de Jap&#243;n&#46; En cuanto a los estudios de cohorte&#44; el tiempo medio de seguimiento oscil&#243; entre los 2 y los 9&#44;1 a&#241;os&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La puntuaci&#243;n de calidad est&#225; entre el 3 y el 5 &#40;estudios de cohorte&#41;&#44; y el 4 y el 5 &#40;estudios transversales&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0100">Anexo 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Estimaci&#243;n resumida del resultado&#46; Incidencia de la ERC</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cuando se analizaron juntos todos los estudios &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>33&#41; &#40;la OR agrupada se expres&#243; como HR&#41;&#44; se demostr&#243; que&#44; en la poblaci&#243;n general&#44; exist&#237;a una relaci&#243;n significativa entre el VHB y el riesgo de padecer ERC &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">tabla 5</a>&#41;&#46; Se observ&#243; una heterogeneidad significativa &#40;valor Q por la prueba de Chi-cuadrado 227&#44;5&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;0001&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0025"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Once estudios de cohorte &#40;1&#46;056&#46;645 pacientes &#250;nicos&#41; abordaron la incidencia de la ERC &#40;o enfermedad renal terminal&#41; entre los pacientes VHB positivos&#46; La relaci&#243;n entre el estado VHB seropositivo y el aumento de la incidencia de la ERC fue significativo&#59; la HR ajustada por VHB en todas las encuestas fue de 1&#44;40 &#40;IC 95&#37; 1&#44;16-1&#44;69&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;0001&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">tabla 5</a>&#41;&#46; Hubo heterogeneidad en todos los estudios &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;0001&#41;&#46; Ni el <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">funnel-plot</span> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">fig&#46; 2</a>&#41; ni los correspondientes resultados de la prueba de Egger mostraron evidencias de la existencia de sesgos en las publicaciones &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;127&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Como se muestra en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">tabla 5</a>&#44; la asociaci&#243;n entre el estado VHB seropositivo y el mayor riesgo de ERC persist&#237;a &#40;OR ajustada expresada como HR&#41; cuando los estudios de casos y controles &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#44;315&#46;277 pacientes&#41; eran considerados por separado y cuando los estudios de casos y controles y de cohorte eran analizados conjuntamente &#40;HR ajustada de 1&#44;39&#59; IC 95&#37; 1&#44;21-1&#44;59&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">tabla 5</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Estimaci&#243;n resumida del resultado&#46; Prevalencia de la ERC</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Diez estudios transversales &#40;3&#46;222&#46;545 pacientes&#41; abordaron la prevalencia de la ERC &#40;o la TFG disminuida&#41; en los pacientes infectados por VHB&#46; La asociaci&#243;n entre el estado VHB seropositivo y la prevalencia de ERC no fue significativa &#40;OR ajustada por VHB en todos los estudios 1&#44;04&#59; IC 95&#37; 0&#44;90-1&#44;21&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;055&#41;&#46; Se observ&#243; heterogeneidad &#40;valor de Q por la prueba de Chi-cuadrado 68&#44;09&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;0001&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Estimaci&#243;n resumida del resultado&#46; Prevalencia de la proteinuria</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ocho estudios &#40;3&#46;205&#46;142 pacientes &#250;nicos&#41; analizaron la prevalencia de la proteinuria de acuerdo con el estado VHB seropositivo&#46; La mayor&#237;a de los estudios &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#41; eran transversales &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">tabla 5</a>&#41;&#46; No hubo conexi&#243;n entre la infecci&#243;n por VHB y la proteinuria observada &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">tabla 5</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cuatro estudios definieron la proteinuria mediante an&#225;lisis semicuantitativo &#40;tira reactiva para prote&#237;nas en orina&#41; y otros 4 midieron la albuminuria a trav&#233;s de la proporci&#243;n de alb&#250;mina&#47;creatinina en orina &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">tabla 5</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">An&#225;lisis de la sensibilidad</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para evaluar m&#225;s a fondo la posibilidad de la presencia de sesgos en nuestros estudios&#44; asumimos que&#44; en el caso de que los resultados fueran nulos&#44; las revistas rechazaban con mayor probabilidad los estudios transversales&#46; Recalculamos nuestras estimaciones ajustadas bajo las siguientes premisas extremas&#58; 1&#41; los estudios transversales que eval&#250;an el impacto del VHB sobre el riesgo de ERC en adultos en la poblaci&#243;n general son solo la mitad de los estudios publicados sobre este punto&#59; 2&#41; todos los estudios no publicados encontraron una OR de 1&#44; y 3&#41; los estudios no publicados y los publicados obtuvieron una misma prevalencia de ERC&#46; Bajo estas premisas extremas&#44; la estimaci&#243;n ajustada de los efectos aleatorios mostr&#243; un riesgo aumentado &#40;OR agrupadas expresadas como riesgos relativos&#41;&#44; riesgo relativo ajustado de 1&#44;08 &#40;IC 95&#37; 1&#44;02-1&#44;15&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;013&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0150">An&#225;lisis de metarregresi&#243;n</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Como se muestra en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0030">tabla 6</a>&#44; la metarregresi&#243;n demostr&#243; un impacto positivo del HBsAg seropositivo sobre el resultado de inter&#233;s &#40;HR ajustada de la incidencia de ERC entre los pacientes VHB-positivos&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46; No se observ&#243; nexo de uni&#243;n entre el resultado de inter&#233;s y el n&#250;mero de variables continuas &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0030">tabla 6</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0030"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0155">Discusi&#243;n</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En 1971 Combes et al&#46; informaron por primera vez de la asociaci&#243;n entre la infecci&#243;n por VHB y el da&#241;o glomerular en un paciente con s&#237;ndrome nefr&#243;tico por nefropat&#237;a membranosa y HBC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a>&#46; Desde entonces&#44; otras enfermedades glomerulares &#40;enfermedad de cambios m&#237;nimos&#44; nefropat&#237;a por IgA&#44; glomerulonefritis membranoproliferativa y nefritis mesangial&#41; se han asociado con la enfermedad hep&#225;tica cr&#243;nica y algunos ant&#237;genos&#44; como el HBsAg&#44; el HBeAg y el HBcAg&#46; Estos trastornos son frecuentes en los pa&#237;ses asi&#225;ticos y raros en Europa<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#46; Con anterioridad&#44; una revisi&#243;n sistem&#225;tica y un metaan&#225;lisis de estudios observacionales llevados a cabo por nuestro equipo demostraron la existencia de un impacto positivo del estado HBsAg seropositivo sobre la incidencia de la ERC en la poblaci&#243;n general<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46; Posteriormente se han ido publicando numerosos y extensos estudios sobre esta materia&#46; En consecuencia&#44; de nuevo resumimos la evidencia cient&#237;fica y llevamos a cabo un metaan&#225;lisis sobre la exposici&#243;n a la infecci&#243;n por VHB y el riesgo de padecer ERC en los adultos&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El presente metaan&#225;lisis &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>33&#44; 7&#46;849&#46;849 pacientes&#41; incluye m&#225;s del doble de estudios que nuestro metaan&#225;lisis anterior y destaca la asociaci&#243;n existente entre el estado seropositivo por infecci&#243;n con VHB y la mayor incidencia de ERC&#59; los resultados agrupados de 11 estudios de cohorte proporcionaron una HR de 1&#44;40 &#40;IC 95&#37; 1&#44;16-1&#44;69&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;0001&#41;&#46; La aparici&#243;n de heterogeneidad significativa impidi&#243; claramente alcanzar conclusiones m&#225;s definitivas&#44; incluso si nuestro an&#225;lisis estratificado mostraba resultados homog&#233;neos en algunas comparaciones&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La relaci&#243;n entre la infecci&#243;n por VHB y la ERC parece compleja y de naturaleza bidireccional&#58; algunas formas de enfermedades renales est&#225;n inducidas por la infecci&#243;n con VHB y los pacientes con ERC tienen un mayor riesgo de adquirir el VHB&#46; Numerosos hallazgos evidencian un papel crucial del VHB en la adquisici&#243;n y la progresi&#243;n de la ERC&#46; En la encuesta HARPE &#40;260 pacientes&#41; se encontr&#243; que un 64&#44;6&#37; de los pacientes presentaban enfermedad renal&#59; la prevalencia de la proteinuria y la hematuria era del 38&#44;1 y el 20&#44;6&#37;&#44; respectivamente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0490"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span></a>&#46; De acuerdo con una cohorte retrospectiva&#44; llevada a cabo en Estados Unidos&#44; de 815 pacientes sometidos a un seguimiento medio de 4 meses&#44; los pacientes que no recibieron terapia antiviral experimentaron una disminuci&#243;n de la TFG estimada relacionada con la edad a un ritmo comparable al de la poblaci&#243;n general&#46; Sin embargo&#44; la funci&#243;n renal se deterior&#243; m&#225;s r&#225;pido de lo esperado en aquellos pacientes infectados por VHB tratados no pudi&#233;ndose atribuir toda la p&#233;rdida a los agentes antivirales <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">per se</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0495"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span></a>&#46; Los estudios llevados a cabo en receptores de trasplante hep&#225;tico o pacientes con funci&#243;n normal concluyeron que la telbivudina &#40;sola o junto con terapia de adefovir complementaria&#41; pod&#237;a mejorar la funci&#243;n renal durante el tratamiento de la HBC y este resultado se ha asociado a su actividad antiviral&#46; La mejor&#237;a de la TFG estimada debida a la telbivudina fue duradera&#44; &#250;nica y no relacionada con los t&#237;tulos de ADN del VHB<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0495"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45&#44;46</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La ERC es un problema mundial de salud p&#250;blica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0505"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">47</span></a>&#46; En los Estados Unidos se estim&#243; que alrededor del 10&#37; de los adultos no institucionalizados tienen ERC&#59; las consecuencias de la ERC no solo incluyen progresi&#243;n del fallo renal&#44; sino tambi&#233;n complicaciones derivadas de la funci&#243;n renal reducida y un riesgo aumentado de padecer enfermedad cardiovascular&#46; Los pacientes con ERC son m&#225;s propensos a morir&#44; que a desarrollar fallo renal&#46; La HBC es un proceso inflamatorio y se ha publicado que varios procesos que cursan con inflamaci&#243;n cr&#243;nica de bajo grado aumentan el riesgo de arterioesclerosis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0510"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48</span></a>&#46; Algunas pruebas apoyan la relaci&#243;n entre el VHB y la enfermedad arterioescler&#243;tica en humanos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0515"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">49&#44;50</span></a>&#46; Los pacientes con HBC muestran mayores niveles de insulina en ayunas e &#237;ndice HOMA-IR&#44; y un &#237;ndice QUICKI menor<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0525"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">51</span></a>&#46; Autores coreanos publicaron un caso cl&#237;nico de un hombre de 34 a&#241;os con HBC y estenosis vasculares cerebrales m&#250;ltiples que no presentaba ning&#250;n factor de riego de arterioesclerosis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0530"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">52</span></a>&#46; Otro estudio&#44; realizado en Turqu&#237;a&#44; mostr&#243; que los portadores de HBsAg ten&#237;an un volumen medio plaquetario mayor de lo que se considera como un factor de riesgo emergente de enfermedad aterotromb&#243;tica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0535"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">53</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El presente metaan&#225;lisis tiene numerosas limitaciones&#46; En primer lugar&#44; la mayor&#237;a de los estudios proceden de Asia&#44; por lo que son necesarios estudios realizados en otros continentes&#46; La baja prevalencia del VHB en la poblaci&#243;n general europea dificulta claramente la realizaci&#243;n de dichas encuestas&#46; En segundo lugar&#44; un n&#250;mero de estudios incluidos en esta revisi&#243;n sistem&#225;tica eran transversales&#59; estos estudios no mostraban un nexo significativo entre la exposici&#243;n al VHB y la ERC&#46; Por consiguiente&#44; existe el riesgo de que nuestros hallazgos se vean afectados por el dise&#241;o del estudio&#46; En tercer lugar&#44; nuestro estudio es una revisi&#243;n sistem&#225;tica de estudios observacionales &#40;como los estudios de cohorte y los de casos y controles&#41;&#44; ya que las limitaciones &#233;ticas y presupuestarias a menudo dificultan el desarrollo de estudios experimentales&#46; Debido a la ausencia de aleatorizaci&#243;n&#44; las asociaciones estimadas entre el resultado y la exposici&#243;n pueden verse afectadas por factores de confusi&#243;n que sesgan las estimaciones de sus valores verdaderos&#46; Por ejemplo&#44; en los estudios recopilados para nuestro metaan&#225;lisis&#44; la informaci&#243;n de las caracter&#237;sticas v&#237;ricas del VHB &#40;por ejemplo&#44; ADN del VHB o genotipos de VHB&#41; o del uso de drogas recreativas&#44; que son confusores potenciales&#44; era incompleta&#46; La significaci&#243;n del efecto confusor residual en los estudios observacionales &#40;y en los metaan&#225;lisis&#41; sigue siendo un tema de discusi&#243;n entre los estad&#237;sticos y metaanalistas&#59; aunque se han desarrollado enfoques de simulaci&#243;n para solventar este punto&#44; los resultados siguen sin ser concluyentes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0540"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">54</span></a>&#46; Se est&#225;n desarrollando nuevos m&#233;todos que permitan manejar los efectos confusores<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0540"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">54</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En conclusi&#243;n&#44; el presente metaan&#225;lisis de estudios observacionales parece evidenciar la existencia de una relaci&#243;n entre la exposici&#243;n al VHB y una mayor incidencia de una baja TFG estimada y&#47;o enfermedad renal terminal en la poblaci&#243;n general&#46; Son necesarios nuevos estudios que permitan confirmar estos resultados &#40;dichos estudios deben minimizar el error de la medici&#243;n en la exposici&#243;n y el sesgo de clasificaci&#243;n err&#243;nea en el resultado&#41;&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; se debe evitar el dise&#241;o transversal&#46; Recomendamos una valoraci&#243;n de la funci&#243;n del ri&#241;&#243;n y una prueba de orina al inicio y durante el seguimiento en todos los pacientes HBsAg positivos&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0090" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0160">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran no tener ning&#250;n conflicto de intereses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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              "titulo" => "Estimaci&#243;n resumida del resultado&#46; Incidencia de la ERC"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Antecedentes</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El papel del virus de la hepatitis B &#40;VHB&#41; como factor de riesgo en la incidencia y progresi&#243;n de la enfermedad renal cr&#243;nica &#40;ERC&#41; no ha sido clarificado&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Evaluamos el impacto producido por la infecci&#243;n con el VHB sobre el riesgo de la ERC en la poblaci&#243;n general&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Material y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Llevamos a cabo una revisi&#243;n sistem&#225;tica de la literatura m&#233;dica publicada a fin de evaluar si existe&#44; en la poblaci&#243;n adulta general&#44; una relaci&#243;n entre la infecci&#243;n por el VHB y un aumento del riesgo de ERC&#46; Adoptamos el modelo de efectos aleatorios de DerSimonian y Laird para proporcionar una estimaci&#243;n resumida del riesgo de ERC &#40;definida por una tasa de filtraci&#243;n glomerular reducida y&#47;o una proteinuria detectable&#41; por infecci&#243;n con el VHB en los estudios publicados&#46; Tambi&#233;n se realizaron metarregresiones y an&#225;lisis estratificados&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Resultados</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Recogimos 33 estudios &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;849&#46;849 pacientes&#41; publicados en 26 art&#237;culos y se realiz&#243; un metaan&#225;lisis por separado conforme a los resultados&#46; La agrupaci&#243;n de los resultados de los estudios de cohortes &#40;11 estudios&#44; n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;056&#46;645 pacientes&#41; demostr&#243; una relaci&#243;n entre un estatus serol&#243;gico VHB positivo y el aumento de la incidencia de la ERC&#44; con una estimaci&#243;n resumida para la HR ajustada con VHB en todas las encuestas del 1&#44;40 &#40;IC 95&#37; 1&#44;16-1&#44;69&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#46; Se observ&#243; heterogeneidad entre estudios &#40;valor <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Q&#58;</span> 49&#44;5&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;0001&#41;&#46; En el subconjunto de estudios transversales no se detect&#243; relaci&#243;n entre el VHB y la prevalencia de la ERC &#40;10 estudios&#59; n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;222&#46;545 pacientes&#59; OR ajustada 1&#44;04&#59; IC 95&#37; 0&#44;90-1&#44;218&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;5&#41;&#46; Los an&#225;lisis de metarregresi&#243;n informaron de una relaci&#243;n entre el estatus HBcAg positivo y la incidencia de ERC en la poblaci&#243;n general &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;015&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Parece que la exposici&#243;n a la infecci&#243;n por VHB est&#225; asociada con un aumento en el riesgo de desarrollar ERC en la poblaci&#243;n adulta general&#46; Se est&#225;n realizando estudios destinados a comprender los mecanismos responsables de dicha asociaci&#243;n&#46;</p></span>"
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            "identificador" => "abst0025"
            "titulo" => "Conclusiones"
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      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Background</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The activity of hepatitis B virus &#40;HBV&#41; as a risk factor for the incidence and progression of chronic kidney disease &#40;CKD&#41; has not been clarified&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Aim</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We evaluated the impact of infection with HBV on the risk of CKD in the general population&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Material and methods</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We carried out a systematic review of the published medical literature to assess whether a relationship between hepatitis B infection and an increased risk of CKD in the adult general population occurs&#46; We adopted the random effects model of DerSimonian and Laird to provide a summary estimate of the risk of chronic kidney disease &#40;defined by lowered glomerular filtration rate and&#47;or detectable proteinuria&#41; with HBV infection across the published studies&#46; Meta-regression and stratified analyses were also performed&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Results</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We retrieved 33 studies &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#44;849&#44;849 patients&#41; published in 26 different articles&#44; and separate meta-analyses were performed according to the outcome&#46; Pooling results from cohort studies &#40;11 studies&#44; n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;056&#44;645 patients&#41; demonstrated a relationship between positive HBV serologic status and increased incidence of CKD&#44; the summary estimate for adjusted HR with HBV across the surveys&#44; 1&#46;40 &#40;95&#37; CI&#44; 1&#46;16-1&#46;69&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#41;&#46; Between-study heterogeneity was noted &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Q</span> value&#44; 49&#46;5&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;0001&#41;&#46; No relationship between HBV and prevalence of CKD was noted in the subset of cross-sectional studies &#40;10 studies&#59; n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#44;222&#44;545 patients&#41;&#44; adjusted OR&#44; 1&#46;04 &#40;95&#37; IC 0&#46;90-1&#46;218&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;5&#41;&#46; Meta-regression analysis reported a relationship between positive HBsAg status and incidence of CKD in the general population &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;015&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">It appears that exposure to HBV infection seems to be associated with an increased risk of developing CKD in the adult general population&#46; Studies aimed to understand the mechanisms responsible of such association are under way&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:5 [
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            "identificador" => "abst0030"
            "titulo" => "Background"
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          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0035"
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          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0040"
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            "titulo" => "Results"
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          4 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0050"
            "titulo" => "Conclusions"
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Diagrama de flujo de la selecci&#243;n de estudios&#46;</p>"
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        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Funnel-plot</span> de precisi&#243;n&#58; exposici&#243;n al virus de la hepatitis B e incidencia de la enfermedad renal cr&#243;nica &#40;estudios de cohorte&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
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        "etiqueta" => "Figura 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
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        "figura" => array:1 [
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">An&#225;lisis de metarregresi&#243;n&#58; tasa positiva de HBsAg e incidencia de la enfermedad renal cr&#243;nica&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Lo et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#58; HR ajustada para sexo&#44; estado de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H&#46; pylori</span>&#44; creatinina s&#233;rica&#44; hemoglobina en sangre&#44; tratamiento con IECA y BRA&#44; presi&#243;n sangu&#237;nea sist&#243;lica&#46;</p><p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cheng et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#58; HR ajustada a edad&#44; sexo&#44; diabetes&#44; tabaquismo&#44; presi&#243;n sangu&#237;nea&#44; &#237;ndice de masa corporal&#44; glucosa&#44; triglic&#233;ridos&#44; colesterol&#44; hemoglobina&#44; TFGe&#44; recuento leucocitario&#46;</p><p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Lee et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0405"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a>&#58; HR ajustada a sexo&#44; estado marital&#44; estado educativo&#44; consumo de hierbas&#44; comorbilidad &#40;enfermedad hep&#225;tica leve&#44; diabetes mellitus&#44; enfermedad hep&#225;tica grave&#44; hipertensi&#243;n&#44; enfermedad cardiovascular&#41;&#44; &#237;ndice de masa corporal&#44; hemoglobina&#44; plaquetas&#44; alb&#250;mina&#44; alanina aminotransferasa&#44; colesterol&#44; &#225;cido &#250;rico&#44; glucosa&#44; estadio de la ERC&#44; tasa urinaria prote&#237;na&#47;creatinina&#44; VHC&#46;</p><p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Chen et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a>&#58; HR ajustada a sexo&#44; edad&#44; diabetes&#44; hipertensi&#243;n&#44; enfermedad coronaria&#44; hiperlipidemia&#44; glomerulonefritis&#44; pielonefritis&#44; nefrolitiasis&#44; cirrosis&#44; tumor renal y del tracto urinario&#44; zona geogr&#225;fica&#44; nivel de urbanizaci&#243;n&#44; categor&#237;a de inscripci&#243;n&#44; visitas m&#233;dicas &#40;n&#250;mero&#41;&#44; puntuaci&#243;n de propensi&#243;n&#44; puntuaci&#243;n del &#237;ndice de comorbilidad de Charlson&#46;</p><p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Chen et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0415"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a>&#58; HR ajustada a sexo&#44; edad&#44; diabetes&#44; hipertensi&#243;n&#44; cirrosis&#44; hiperlipidemia&#44; enfermedad coronaria&#44; uso de hierbas que contienen &#225;cido aristol&#243;quico&#44; &#225;rea geogr&#225;fica&#44; nivel de urbanizaci&#243;n&#44; categor&#237;a de inscripci&#243;n&#44; n&#250;mero de visitas m&#233;dicas&#184; puntuaci&#243;n del &#237;ndice de comorbilidad de Charlson&#44; puntuaci&#243;n de propensi&#243;n&#46;</p><p id="spar0100" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Su et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0420"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a>&#58; OR ajustada a sexo&#44; edad&#44; obesidad&#44; renta&#44; VHC&#44; uremia&#44; anemia&#44; hiperlipidemia&#44; tabaquismo&#44; ingesta de alcohol&#44; chicle de nuez de betel&#44; h&#225;bitos de ejercicio&#44; consumo de aguas subterr&#225;neas&#46;</p><p id="spar0105" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Hwang et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0425"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a>&#58; HR ajustada a edad&#44; VHC&#44; sexo&#44; hipertensi&#243;n&#44; enfermedad coronaria&#44; hiperlipidemia&#44; gota&#44; VHB&#44; cirrosis&#46;</p><p id="spar0110" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Kong et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0430"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a>&#58; HR ajustada a edad&#44; sexo&#44; hipertensi&#243;n&#44; diabetes&#44; &#237;ndice de masa corporal&#44; colesterol total&#44; triglic&#233;ridos&#44; &#225;cido &#250;rico&#46;</p><p id="spar0115" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Chen et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0445"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a>&#58; HR ajustada a sexo&#44; edad&#44; diabetes&#44; hipertensi&#243;n&#44; enfermedad coronaria&#44; hiperlipidemia&#44; cirrosis&#44; nivel de urbanizaci&#243;n&#44; categor&#237;a de inscripci&#243;n&#46;</p><p id="spar0120" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Nguyen et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0450"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a>&#58; OR ajustada a edad&#44; sexo&#44; seguro m&#233;dico&#44; a&#241;os de seguimiento&#44; VHC&#44; diabetes&#44; hipertensi&#243;n&#44; enfermedad cardiovascular&#46;</p><p id="spar0125" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Kim et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a>&#58; OR ajustada a edad&#44; sexo&#44; &#237;ndice de masa corporal&#44; prote&#237;nas totales&#44; alb&#250;mina s&#233;rica&#44; bilirrubina total&#44; anemia&#44; recuento plaquetario&#44; colesterol&#44; hemoglobina glucosilada&#46;</p><p id="spar0130" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Si et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a>&#58; HR ajustada a edad&#44; sexo&#44; cirrosis&#44; nivel educativo&#44; estado marital&#44; consumo de alcohol&#44; tabaquismo&#44; &#237;ndice de masa corporal&#44; actividad f&#237;sica&#44; ingesta de alimentos&#44; estado menop&#225;usico&#44; diabetes&#44; hipertensi&#243;n&#46;</p><p id="spar0135" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Hong et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0465"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a>&#58; HR ajustada a edad&#44; sexo&#44; TFGe basal&#44; tabaquismo&#44; ingesta de alcohol&#44; nivel educativo&#44; actividad f&#237;sica&#44; &#237;ndice de masa corporal&#44; hipertensi&#243;n&#44; diabetes&#44; enfermedad de h&#237;gado graso&#46;</p><p id="spar0140" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Fang et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0470"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a>&#58; HR ajustada a sexo&#44; tipo de inmunosupresi&#243;n&#44; nefritis l&#250;pica &#40;clase&#41;&#44; duraci&#243;n de terapia inmunosupresora&#46;</p><p id="spar0145" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Tartof et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0475"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span></a>&#58; HR ajustada a enfermedad hep&#225;tica en fase terminal&#44; diabetes&#44; hipertensi&#243;n&#44; VIH&#44; TFGe basal&#44; raza&#44; sexo&#44; edad&#44; VHC&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Tama&#241;o del estudio&#44; n &#40;tipo&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Resultado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Tama&#241;o del efecto ajustado&#44; estimaci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Estudios de casos y controles</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Chen et al&#46;Taiw&#225;n&#44; 2015&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">88&#46;980 &#40;retrospectivo&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Enfermedad renal terminal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">HR 2&#44;58 &#40;1&#44;95-3&#44;42&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Su et al&#46;Taiw&#225;n&#44; 2015&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&#46;463 &#40;NA&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">TFGe<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;min&#47;1&#44;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> o proteinuria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">OR 1&#44;25 &#40;1&#44;03-1&#44;52&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Kim et al&#46;Corea&#44; 2018&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">50&#46;240 &#40;retrospectivo&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">TFGe<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;min&#47;1&#44;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> solo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">OR 1&#44;23 &#40;1&#44;04-1&#44;45&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Nguyen et al&#46;EE&#46; UU&#46;&#44; 2019&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">165&#46;594 &#40;retrospectivo&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ERC estadio 1-5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">HR 1&#44;09 &#40;1&#44;02-1&#44;17&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Estudios de cohorte</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Lo et al&#46;Hong Kong&#44; 2004&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">97 &#40;prospectivo&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Enfermedad renal terminal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">HR 1&#44;0 &#40;0&#44;5-1&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cheng et al&#46;Hong Kong&#44; 2014&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;838 &#40;prospectivo&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Enfermedad renal terminal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">HR 4&#44;53 &#40;1&#44;11-18&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Chen et al&#46;Taiw&#225;n&#44; 2015&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">88&#46;790 &#40;retrospectivo&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Enfermedad renal terminal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">HR 3&#44;85 &#40;2&#44;36-6&#44;27&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Lee et al&#46;Taiw&#225;n&#44; 2014&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;185 &#40;prospectivo&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Enfermedad renal terminal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">HR 1&#44;10 &#40;0&#44;89-1&#44;35&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Kong et al&#46;China&#44; 2016&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;329 &#40;prospectivo&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ERC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">OR 1&#44;12 &#40;0&#44;65-1&#44;95&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hwang et al&#46;Taiw&#225;n&#44; 2016&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">19&#46;574 &#40;retrospectivo&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Enfermedad renal terminal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">HR 1&#44;23 &#40;0&#44;68-2&#44;23&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Chen et al&#46;Taiw&#225;n&#44; 2018&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14&#46;580 &#40;retrospectivo&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Enfermedad renal terminal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">HR 1&#44;67 &#40;1&#44;40-1&#44;98&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Si et al&#46;China&#44; 2018&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">469&#46;459 &#40;prospectivo&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ERC estadio 1-5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">HR 1&#44;37 &#40;1&#44;18-1&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hong et al&#46;Corea&#44; 2018&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">299&#46;913 &#40;prospectivo&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ERC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">HR 1&#44;11 &#40;1&#44;03-1&#44;21&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Fang et al&#46;China&#44; 2018&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">177 &#40;retrospectivo&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ERC estadio 1-5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">OR 4&#44;03 &#40;0&#44;97-13&#44;28&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Tartof et al&#46;EE&#46; UU&#46;&#44; 2018&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">152&#46;708 &#40;retrospectivo&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ERCFT&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">HR 1&#44;17 &#40;0&#44;78-1&#44;75&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudios de casos y controles y de cohorte que abordan la relaci&#243;n entre el VHB y la ERC &#40;resultado&#58; frecuencia de la enfermedad renal en fase terminal o de enfermedad renal cr&#243;nica&#41; &#40;estimaciones demogr&#225;ficas y de efectos&#41;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Pacientes&#44; n &#40;edad media en a&#241;os<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>DE&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Diabetes mellitus&#44; n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Anti-VHC positivo&#44; n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Tasa HBsAg&#44; N&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Hipertensi&#243;n arterial&#44; n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Huang et al&#46;&#44; Taiw&#225;n&#44; 2006&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;934 &#40;55&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&#44;5&#37; &#40;1&#46;241&#47;9&#46;934&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#44;5&#37; &#40;646&#47;9&#46;934&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13&#44;1&#37; &#40;1&#46;301&#47;9&#46;934&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">33&#44;3&#37; &#40;3&#46;317&#47;9&#46;934&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ishizaka et al&#46;&#44; Jap&#243;n&#44; 2008&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&#46;535 &#40;53&#44;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ND&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;6&#37; &#40;72&#47;12&#46;535&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#37; &#40;130&#47;12&#46;535&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ND&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Zhang et al&#46;&#44; China&#44; 2008&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13&#46;925 &#40;40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#44;3&#37; &#40;878&#47;13&#46;925&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ND&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;1&#37; &#40;153&#47;13&#46;925&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">30&#44;2&#37; &#40;4&#46;205&#47;13&#46;925&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Lee et al&#46;&#44; Taiw&#225;n&#44; 2010&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">54&#46;966 &#40;60&#44;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#44;6&#37; &#40;5&#46;302&#47;54&#46;966&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#44;4&#37; &#40;5&#46;189&#47;54&#46;966&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#44;9&#37; &#40;5&#46;424&#47;54&#46;966&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">30&#44;9&#37; &#40;17&#46;002&#47;54&#46;966&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Cai et al&#46;&#44; China&#44; 2012&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;854 &#40;50&#44;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&#44;9&#37; &#40;613&#47;6&#46;584&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ND&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#44;8&#37; &#40;328&#47;6&#46;584&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">50&#44;2&#37; &#40;3&#46;440&#47;6&#46;584&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Lin et al&#46;&#44; Taiw&#225;n&#44; 2013&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;352 &#40;47&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#44;7&#37; &#40;191&#47;3&#46;352&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#44;6&#37; &#40;188&#47;3&#46;352&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&#44;4&#37; &#40;415&#47;3&#46;352&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15&#44;2&#37; &#40;509&#47;3&#46;352&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Senghore et al&#46;&#44; Taiw&#225;n&#44; 2013&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;745 &#40;18&#44;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;7&#37; &#40;54&#47;7&#46;745&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ND&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#44;3&#37; &#40;570&#47;7&#46;745&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ND&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Zeng et al&#46;&#44; China&#44; 2014&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15&#46;549 &#40;49&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#44;7&#37; &#40;1&#46;508&#47;15&#46;549&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;6&#37; &#40;94&#47;15&#46;549&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#37; &#40;785&#47;15&#46;549&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">16&#44;8&#37; &#40;2&#46;605&#47;15&#46;549&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Du et al&#46;&#44; China&#44; 2017&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;091&#46;379 &#40;27&#44;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;7&#37; &#40;22&#46;807&#47;3&#46;091&#46;379&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ND&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#44;6&#37; &#40;173&#46;860&#47;3&#46;091&#46;379&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#44;0&#37; &#40;125&#46;600&#47;3&#46;091&#46;379&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Lai et al&#46;&#44; Taiw&#225;n&#44; 2018&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13&#46;805 &#40;47&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#44;4&#37; &#40;335&#47;13&#46;805&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#44;1&#37; &#40;431&#47;13&#46;805&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">16&#44;8&#37; &#40;2&#46;318&#47;13&#46;805&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#37; &#40;821&#47;13&#46;805&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Zhang et al&#46;&#44; China&#44; 2019&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;435 &#40;50&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&#37; &#40;197&#47;2&#46;435&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">41 &#40;1&#46;002&#47;2&#46;435&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#44;7&#37; &#40;187&#47;2&#46;435&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ND&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0150" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudios transversales que estudian la relaci&#243;n entre el VHB y la ERC o la proteinuria &#40;caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas y cl&#237;nicas&#41;</p>"
        ]
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      5 => array:8 [
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        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Var&#243;n&#44; n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Resultado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Estimaci&#243;n del efecto ajustado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Estimaci&#243;n del efecto&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Huang et al&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">43&#44;1&#37; &#40;4&#46;291&#47;9&#46;934&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Proteinuria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">OR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;94 &#40;0&#44;75-1&#44;17&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ishizaka et al&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">64&#44;2&#37; &#40;8&#46;054&#47;12&#46;535&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">TFGe<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;min&#47;1&#44;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> solo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">OR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;51 &#40;0&#44;28-0&#44;92&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Zhang et al&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">54&#44;4&#37; &#40;7&#46;589&#47;13&#46;925&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">TFGe<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;min&#47;1&#44;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> solo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">OR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;97 &#40;0&#44;87-1&#44;06&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Lee et al&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">31&#44;2&#37; &#40;17&#46;168&#47;54&#46;966&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">TFGe<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;min&#47;1&#44;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> solo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">OR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;07 &#40;0&#44;95-1&#44;15&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Cai et al&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">50&#37; &#40;3&#46;425&#47;6&#46;854&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">TFGe<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;min&#47;1&#44;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> solo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">OR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;04 &#40;0&#44;37-2&#44;93&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Lin et al&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">48&#44;6&#37; &#40;1&#46;629&#47;3&#46;352&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">TFGe<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span> 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;min&#47;1&#44;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> o proteinuria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">OR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;35 &#40;1&#44;03-1&#44;77&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Senghore et al&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">42&#44;1&#37; &#40;3&#46;265&#47;7&#46;745&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">TFGe<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span> 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;min&#47;1&#44;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> solo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">OR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;10 &#40;0&#44;77&#59; 1&#44;58&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Zeng et al&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">67&#44;6&#37; &#40;10&#46;509&#47;15&#46;549&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">TFGe<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;min&#47;1&#44;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> solo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">OR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;86 &#40;0&#44;26-2&#44;89&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Du et al&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">48&#44;3&#37; &#40;1&#46;493&#46;136&#47;3&#46;091&#46;379&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">TFGe<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;min&#47;1&#44;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> solo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">OR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;35 &#40;1&#44;29-1&#44;42&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Lai et al&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">47&#44;8&#37; &#40;6&#46;601&#47;13&#46;805&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">TFGe<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span> 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;min&#47;1&#44;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> o proteinuria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">OR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;95 &#40;0&#44;72-1&#44;24&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Zhang et al&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">47&#44;5&#37; &#40;1&#46;156&#47;2&#46;435&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">TFGe<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;min&#47;1&#44;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> o proteinuria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">OR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;73 &#40;0&#44;44-1&#44;19&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab2756493.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0165" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudios transversales que analizan la relaci&#243;n entre el VHB y la ERC &#40;resultado&#58; solo frecuencia de enfermedad renal cr&#243;nica o de TFGe baja&#41; &#40;estimaci&#243;n del efecto&#41;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      6 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0020"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Resultado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Estimaci&#243;n del efecto ajustado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Estimaci&#243;n del efecto&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Estudios de casos y controles</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Kim et al&#46;&#44; Corea&#44; 2018&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Proteinuria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">OR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;41 &#40;1&#44;32-1&#44;51&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Estudios transversales</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Huang et al&#46;&#44; Taiw&#225;n&#44; 2006&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Proteinuria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">OR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;94 &#40;0&#44;75-1&#44;17&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ishizaka et al&#46;&#44; Jap&#243;n&#44; 2008&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Proteinuria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">OR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;50 &#40;0&#44;23-1&#44;05&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Zhang et al&#46;&#44; China&#44; 2019&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Proteinuria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">OR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;04 &#40;0&#44;99-1&#44;09&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Lee et al&#46;&#44; Taiw&#225;n&#44; 2010&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Proteinuria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">OR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;04 &#40;0&#44;91-1&#44;20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cai et al&#46;&#44; China&#44; 2012&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Proteinuria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">OR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;79 &#40;0&#44;53-1&#44;19&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Zeng et al&#46;&#44; China&#44; 2014&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Proteinuria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">OR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;27 &#40;0&#44;85-1&#44;89&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Du et al&#46;&#44; China&#44; 2017&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Proteinuria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">OR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;24 &#40;1&#44;18-1&#44;31&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Estudios&#44; n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">33&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;19 &#40;1&#44;11-1&#44;27&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">227&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">85&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Resultado&#58; ERC &#40;incidencia&#41;&#44; HRa</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Estudios de casos y controles&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;40 &#40;1&#44;06-1&#44;84&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">35&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Estudios de cohorte&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Casos y controles<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>estudios de cohorte&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Estudios de cohorte &#40;resultado&#58; ERC&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Estudios de cohorte &#40;resultado&#58; enfermedad renal terminal&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Estudios de cohorte &#40;solo prospectivo&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Estudios de cohorte &#40;ajustado por el riesgo competitivo de mortalidad&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;63 &#40;1&#44;08-2&#44;44&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">25&#44;66&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Estudios de cohorte puntuaci&#243;n de calidad 5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Estudios de cohorte puntuaci&#243;n de calidad<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Resultado&#58; ERC &#40;prevalencia&#41;&#44; ORa</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Todos los estudios&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Estudios basados &#250;nicamente en TFGe baja&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Estudios con una puntuaci&#243;n de calidad 5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">12&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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Vol. 221. Núm. 10.
Páginas 600-611 (diciembre 2021)
REVISIÓN
La infección por VHB es un factor de riesgo de enfermedad renal crónica: revisión sistemática y metaanálisis
HBV infection is a risk factor for chronic kidney disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis
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F. Fabrizia,
Autor para correspondencia
fabrizio.fabrizi@policlinico.mi.it

Autor para correspondencia.
, R. Ceruttia, F.M. Donatob, P. Messaa,c
a División de Nefrología, Diálisis y Transplante Renal, Hospital Policlínico Maggiore, Fundación IRCCS, Milán, Italia
b División de Gastroenterología y Hepatología, Hospital Policlínico Maggiore, Fundación IRCCS, Milán, Italia
c Escuela Universitaria de Medicina, Milán, Italia
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Tablas (6)
Tabla 1. Estudios de casos y controles y de cohorte que abordan la relación entre el VHB y la ERC (resultado: frecuencia de la enfermedad renal en fase terminal o de enfermedad renal crónica) (estimaciones demográficas y de efectos)
Tabla 2. Estudios transversales que estudian la relación entre el VHB y la ERC o la proteinuria (características demográficas y clínicas)
Tabla 3. Estudios transversales que analizan la relación entre el VHB y la ERC (resultado: solo frecuencia de enfermedad renal crónica o de TFGe baja) (estimación del efecto)
Tabla 4. Estudios de casos y controles y transversales que abordan la relación entre el VHB y la ERC (resultado: frecuencia de la proteinuria) (estimaciones del efecto)
Tabla 5. Resumen de medidas para estimar el efecto ajustado según el estado serológico del VHB entre varios subgrupos de interés
Tabla 6. Análisis de metarregresión: impacto de las variables continuas sobre la HR ajustada (incidencia de la ERC)
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Resumen
Antecedentes

El papel del virus de la hepatitis B (VHB) como factor de riesgo en la incidencia y progresión de la enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) no ha sido clarificado.

Objetivo

Evaluamos el impacto producido por la infección con el VHB sobre el riesgo de la ERC en la población general.

Material y métodos

Llevamos a cabo una revisión sistemática de la literatura médica publicada a fin de evaluar si existe, en la población adulta general, una relación entre la infección por el VHB y un aumento del riesgo de ERC. Adoptamos el modelo de efectos aleatorios de DerSimonian y Laird para proporcionar una estimación resumida del riesgo de ERC (definida por una tasa de filtración glomerular reducida y/o una proteinuria detectable) por infección con el VHB en los estudios publicados. También se realizaron metarregresiones y análisis estratificados.

Resultados

Recogimos 33 estudios (n=7.849.849 pacientes) publicados en 26 artículos y se realizó un metaanálisis por separado conforme a los resultados. La agrupación de los resultados de los estudios de cohortes (11 estudios, n=1.056.645 pacientes) demostró una relación entre un estatus serológico VHB positivo y el aumento de la incidencia de la ERC, con una estimación resumida para la HR ajustada con VHB en todas las encuestas del 1,40 (IC 95% 1,16-1,69; p<0,001). Se observó heterogeneidad entre estudios (valor Q: 49,5; p<0,0001). En el subconjunto de estudios transversales no se detectó relación entre el VHB y la prevalencia de la ERC (10 estudios; n=3.222.545 pacientes; OR ajustada 1,04; IC 95% 0,90-1,218; p=0,5). Los análisis de metarregresión informaron de una relación entre el estatus HBcAg positivo y la incidencia de ERC en la población general (p<0,015).

Conclusiones

Parece que la exposición a la infección por VHB está asociada con un aumento en el riesgo de desarrollar ERC en la población adulta general. Se están realizando estudios destinados a comprender los mecanismos responsables de dicha asociación.

Palabras clave:
Enfermedad renal crónica
Enfermedad renal terminal
Tasa de filtración glomerular
Virus de la hepatitis B
Metaanálisis
Abstract
Background

The activity of hepatitis B virus (HBV) as a risk factor for the incidence and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) has not been clarified.

Aim

We evaluated the impact of infection with HBV on the risk of CKD in the general population.

Material and methods

We carried out a systematic review of the published medical literature to assess whether a relationship between hepatitis B infection and an increased risk of CKD in the adult general population occurs. We adopted the random effects model of DerSimonian and Laird to provide a summary estimate of the risk of chronic kidney disease (defined by lowered glomerular filtration rate and/or detectable proteinuria) with HBV infection across the published studies. Meta-regression and stratified analyses were also performed.

Results

We retrieved 33 studies (n=7,849,849 patients) published in 26 different articles, and separate meta-analyses were performed according to the outcome. Pooling results from cohort studies (11 studies, n=1,056,645 patients) demonstrated a relationship between positive HBV serologic status and increased incidence of CKD, the summary estimate for adjusted HR with HBV across the surveys, 1.40 (95% CI, 1.16-1.69) (P<.001). Between-study heterogeneity was noted (Q value, 49.5, P<.0001). No relationship between HBV and prevalence of CKD was noted in the subset of cross-sectional studies (10 studies; n=3,222,545 patients), adjusted OR, 1.04 (95% IC 0.90-1.218; P=.5). Meta-regression analysis reported a relationship between positive HBsAg status and incidence of CKD in the general population (P<.015).

Conclusions

It appears that exposure to HBV infection seems to be associated with an increased risk of developing CKD in the adult general population. Studies aimed to understand the mechanisms responsible of such association are under way.

Keywords:
Chronic kidney disease
End-stage renal disease
Glomerular filtration rate
Hepatitis B virus
Meta-analysis

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