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Hemos realizado un estudio retrospectivo partiendo de un registro prospectivo de pacientes<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>55 a&#241;os con el diagn&#243;stico final de ictus que ingresaron en nuestra Unidad de Ictus durante el a&#241;o 2014&#46; Se excluyeron las hemorragias traum&#225;ticas&#44; subdurales y subaracnoideas&#46; Los pacientes fueron atendidos seg&#250;n las recomendaciones de las gu&#237;as de pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica de la Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Neurolog&#237;a y del Plan de Atenci&#243;n al Ictus II&#46; 2010<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#8211;13</span></a>&#46; El estudio fue aprobado por nuestro Comit&#233; &#201;tico de Investigaci&#243;n Cl&#237;nica&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se recogieron las siguientes variables de acuerdo con un protocolo predefinido&#58; datos demogr&#225;ficos&#44; factores de riesgo vascular &#40;conocidos o descubiertos durante el ingreso&#44; como tabaquismo&#44; hipertensi&#243;n arterial&#44; diabetes mellitus&#44; dislipidemia&#44; obesidad&#44; fibrilaci&#243;n auricular y cardiopat&#237;as embol&#237;genas&#41;&#44; h&#225;bitos t&#243;xicos &#40;enolismo y consumo de drogas&#41;&#44; presencia de foramen oval permeable&#44; toma de anticonceptivos orales&#44; enfermedad oncol&#243;gica activa&#44; trastornos de la coagulaci&#243;n &#40;cong&#233;nitos o adquiridos&#41;&#44; migra&#241;a y estr&#233;s psicosocial&#46; El estr&#233;s psicosocial se defini&#243; como un estado de ansiedad&#44; tensi&#243;n&#44; irritabilidad o dificultad para conciliar el sue&#241;o relacionado con problemas externos&#44; especialmente familiares&#44; econ&#243;micos y laborales&#46; A los pacientes se les pregunt&#243; si se sent&#237;an o no estresados en la &#233;poca anterior al ictus y cumplimentaron la escala <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Perceived Stress Scale &#40;</span>PSS&#41; para cuantificar el grado de estr&#233;s durante el mes previo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;15</span></a>&#46; De las diferentes versiones validadas&#44; la original de 14 &#237;tems y 2 versiones breves de 10 y 4 &#237;tems&#44; se utiliz&#243; esta &#250;ltima &#40;PSS-4&#41; por su mayor aplicabilidad&#46; La escala&#44; que no utiliza puntos de corte&#44; punt&#250;a de 0 a 16 puntos&#58; el 0 es el m&#237;nimo y el 16 el m&#225;ximo grado de estr&#233;s &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Todos los pacientes fueron valorados de forma urgente por el neur&#243;logo de guardia &#40;con o sin activaci&#243;n del c&#243;digo ictus extrahospitalario&#41; y se les realiz&#243; una exploraci&#243;n general y neurol&#243;gica con la escala <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">National Institute of Health Stroke Scale</span>&#44; anal&#237;tica&#44; radiograf&#237;a de t&#243;rax&#44; electrocardiograma y tomograf&#237;a computarizada craneal&#46; Los pacientes que cumpl&#237;an criterios de tratamiento en fase aguda recibieron terapia de reperfusi&#243;n &#40;tromb&#243;lisis intravenosa&#44; tratamiento endovascular o ambos&#41;&#44; siguiendo las recomendaciones de las gu&#237;as cl&#237;nicas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;16</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Durante el ingreso hospitalario se complet&#243; el estudio etiol&#243;gico con pruebas de imagen neurovascular &#40;angio-tomograf&#237;a computarizada o neurosonolog&#237;a&#41;&#44; resonancia magn&#233;tica craneal y test cardiol&#243;gicos &#40;ecocardiograma y holter-electrocardiograma de 24&#160;h&#41;&#46; En algunos casos se realizaron pruebas espec&#237;ficas para detectar enfermedades de la coagulaci&#243;n&#44; autoinmunes o infecciosas&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los tipos de ictus se clasificaron de acuerdo con los criterios de la Organizaci&#243;n Mundial de la Salud &#40;infarto cerebral&#44; ictus transitorio&#44; hemorragia intracraneal y trombosis venosa cerebral&#41;&#46; Se utiliz&#243; la clasificaci&#243;n <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment</span> &#40;TOAST&#41; para dividir los subtipos de ictus isqu&#233;mico en aterotromb&#243;tico&#44; cardioemb&#243;lico&#44; lacunar&#44; de etiolog&#237;a infrecuente y de etiolog&#237;a indeterminada<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#46; La evoluci&#243;n cl&#237;nica se determin&#243; con la escala de Rankin modificada &#40;eRm&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&#44; y se consider&#243; una evoluci&#243;n favorable la independencia funcional a los 3 meses &#40;eRm 0-2&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para el an&#225;lisis estad&#237;stico se utiliz&#243; el programa SPSS en su versi&#243;n 21&#46;0 para Windows&#46; Se utilizaron los test estad&#237;sticos Chi-cuadrado de Pearson y test exacto de Fisher para la comparaci&#243;n de variables categ&#243;ricas y la <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> de Student para la comparaci&#243;n de medias&#46; Se consider&#243; significativa una p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#46; Se hizo un an&#225;lisis de subgrupos dividiendo a los pacientes en tramos de edad &#40;&#8804;45 y &#62;45 a&#241;os&#41; y por sexo&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Resultados</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Durante el a&#241;o 2014&#44; 830 pacientes con un diagn&#243;stico final de ictus ingresaron en nuestra unidad&#46; De ellos&#44; 110 &#40;13&#44;3&#37;&#41; ten&#237;an &#8804;55 a&#241;os&#44; con predominio masculino &#40;60&#44;9&#37;&#41; y 35 pacientes &#40;4&#44;2&#37;&#41; ten&#237;an &#8804;45 a&#241;os&#44; con predominio en estos del sexo femenino &#40;19 vs&#46; 16&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El rango de edad estuvo entre 15 y 55 a&#241;os con una edad media de 46&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#44;1 a&#241;os y una mediana de 49 a&#241;os&#46; La edad media fue superior en los hombres &#40;47&#44;7 vs&#46; 44&#44;4 a&#241;os&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41;&#46; La incidencia global fue aumentando exponencialmente con relaci&#243;n a la edad &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Un total de 92 pacientes &#40;83&#44;6&#37;&#41; tuvieron un ictus isqu&#233;mico&#58; 73 &#40;66&#44;4&#37;&#41; fueron infartos cerebrales y 19 &#40;17&#44;3&#37;&#41; ataques isqu&#233;micos transitorios&#46; Del total&#44; 14 pacientes &#40;12&#44;7&#37;&#41; presentaron una hemorragia intracraneal y 4 &#40;3&#44;6&#37;&#41; una trombosis de senos venosos cerebrales&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El 87&#44;6&#37; de los pacientes ten&#237;a al menos un factor de riesgo vascular cl&#225;sico y el 65&#37; 2 o m&#225;s factores de riesgo&#58; estos porcentajes fueron en el grupo de pacientes de &#8804;45 a&#241;os del 71&#44;4 y del 45&#44;7&#37;&#44; respectivamente&#46; De los factores cl&#225;sicos&#44; el tabaquismo fue el m&#225;s frecuente &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; La mayor&#237;a de los factores de riesgo fueron m&#225;s frecuentes en el grupo de<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;45 a&#241;os&#44; aunque solo la hipertensi&#243;n &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;01&#41; y el consumo de alcohol &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;03&#41; alcanzaron significaci&#243;n estad&#237;stica&#46; En los varones&#44; la hipertensi&#243;n &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#44; el tabaquismo &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;008&#41; y la diabetes &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;02&#41; fueron m&#225;s frecuentes que en las mujeres y en estas hubo mayor prevalencia de migra&#241;a &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;02&#41;&#46; Muchos pacientes desconoc&#237;an sus factores de riesgo&#58; se descubrieron durante el ingreso un 64&#44;3&#37; de cardiopat&#237;as embol&#237;genas&#44; un 51&#44;1&#37; de dislipidemias&#44; un 25&#37; de diabetes y un 18&#44;2&#37; de hipertensiones arteriales&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El 57&#44;2&#37; de los pacientes refer&#237;a estr&#233;s psicosocial en la etapa previa al ictus&#46; La puntuaci&#243;n media de la escala PSS fue de 5&#44;2&#44; cifra superior en los pacientes con estr&#233;s &#40;7&#44;3 vs&#46; 1&#44;9&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41; y en las mujeres &#40;6&#44;4 vs&#46; 4&#44;4&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41;&#46; Entre los diferentes tipos de ictus no existieron diferencias significativas en el porcentaje de pacientes con estr&#233;s ni en la puntuaci&#243;n de la escala PSS&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las proporciones de cada subtipo de ictus se muestran en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">tabla 3</a>&#46; Entre las causas infrecuentes de ictus isqu&#233;mico la m&#225;s prevalente fue la disecci&#243;n arterial &#40;7 pacientes&#44; 7&#44;6&#37; de los ictus isqu&#233;micos&#41;&#46; Otras causas infrecuentes fueron&#58; 3 ictus asociados a neoplasia por mecanismo procoagulante&#44; un s&#237;ndrome antifosfol&#237;pido&#44; un lupus eritematoso sist&#233;mico&#44; una vasculitis aislada del sistema nervioso central&#44; un ictus por embolia parad&#243;jica asociado al s&#237;ndrome de la clase turista<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> y un ictus hemodin&#225;mico en relaci&#243;n con un s&#237;ncope prolongado&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hubo 14 hemorragias intracraneales&#44; de las cuales 12 &#40;85&#44;7&#37;&#41; ocurrieron en varones y 11 &#40;78&#44;6&#37;&#41; fueron hipertensivas&#46; En los otros pacientes la etiolog&#237;a fue una sobredosificaci&#243;n de acenocumarol&#44; un cavernoma cerebral y un feocromocitoma&#46; Los 4 casos de trombosis venosa cerebral sucedieron en mujeres&#58; 3 fumaban y tomaban anticonceptivos orales y 2 ten&#237;an adem&#225;s una trombofilia primaria&#46; En otra paciente no se encontr&#243; ning&#250;n factor asociado&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La hospitalizaci&#243;n media fue de 8 d&#237;as &#40;rango 1-60&#41;&#46; El 82&#44;9&#37; de los pacientes tuvo un pron&#243;stico favorable a los 3 meses&#44; el 14&#44;3&#37; qued&#243; con secuelas graves &#40;eRm 3-5&#41; y 3 pacientes &#40;2&#44;8&#37;&#41; fallecieron&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Un total de 17 pacientes &#40;23&#44;3&#37; de los infartos cerebrales&#41; se beneficiaron de terapias de reperfusi&#243;n en fase aguda&#58; 10 &#40;13&#44;7&#37;&#41; recibieron fibrin&#243;lisis intravenosa&#44; 3 &#40;4&#44;1&#37;&#41; tratamiento endovascular y 4 &#40;5&#44;5&#37;&#41; ambos tratamientos&#46; La gravedad del ictus medida con la escala <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">National Institute of Health Stroke Scale</span> fue superior en los pacientes tratados respecto a los no tratados &#40;12&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#44;5 vs&#46; 4&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#44;3&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#44; la hospitalizaci&#243;n media fue similar &#40;8&#44;6 vs&#46; 7&#44;9 d&#237;as&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;76&#41; y la proporci&#243;n de pacientes con pron&#243;stico favorable fue menor en los pacientes que se trataron &#40;62&#44;5 vs&#46; 86&#44;5&#37;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;03&#41;&#46; No hubo ning&#250;n caso de mortalidad ni de transformaci&#243;n hemorr&#225;gica entre los que recibieron terapia de reperfusi&#243;n&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Discusi&#243;n</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este estudio muestra el perfil del ictus en pacientes j&#243;venes que ingresan en una unidad especializada en Espa&#241;a&#46; El l&#237;mite de edad para considerar que un ictus ocurre en una persona joven es variable y la mayor&#237;a de los estudios fija un l&#237;mite entre 45 y 55 a&#241;os&#44; sin un criterio determinado<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8211;8</span></a>&#46; En este trabajo optamos por los 55 a&#241;os para comparar la proporci&#243;n de ictus en j&#243;venes con los datos mostrados en el estudio IBERICTUS&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En cuanto a la edad media y la distribuci&#243;n por sexos no existieron diferencias con respecto a otros estudios con similares intervalos de edad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;8</span></a>&#46; Tanto en hombres como en mujeres los factores de riesgo vascular fueron m&#225;s frecuentes que los observados en la poblaci&#243;n general<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#46; Los factores de riesgo fueron m&#225;s frecuentes en los hombres y en el grupo de &#62;45 a&#241;os&#44; lo que explicar&#237;a la preponderancia masculina y el incremento exponencial de ictus que se observa con la edad&#46; Es destacable que casi 3 de cada 4 pacientes del grupo de &#8804;45 a&#241;os presentaba alg&#250;n factor de riesgo vascular&#44; independientemente de la etiolog&#237;a del ictus&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En comparaci&#243;n con otros estudios&#44; la prevalencia de factores vasculares cl&#225;sicos fue globalmente superior&#44; con mayores tasas de tabaquismo&#44; hipertensi&#243;n&#44; obesidad y diabetes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;8</span></a>&#46; Tambi&#233;n es destacable el elevado porcentaje de pacientes cuyos factores de riesgo se descubrieron durante el ingreso&#46; La elevada frecuencia de estos factores de riesgo&#44; inesperada en el grupo de &#8804;45 a&#241;os y en muchos casos desconocidos por los pacientes&#44; indica la necesidad de implementar estrategias intensivas de prevenci&#243;n en la poblaci&#243;n joven para evitar un primer evento vascular o una recurrencia&#46; Se ha demostrado que a mayor acumulaci&#243;n de factores de riesgo en adultos j&#243;venes&#44; mayor es el riesgo de recurrencia de eventos isqu&#233;micos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Una de las novedades que se introducen en el estudio fue el an&#225;lisis del papel del estr&#233;s psicosocial en los pacientes con ictus&#44; que afectaba a 6 de cada 10 pacientes&#46; Existe una evidencia moderada de que el estr&#233;s relacionado con el trabajo &#40;exigencias psicol&#243;gicas excesivas&#44; falta de apoyo social&#44; presi&#243;n&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#44; los conflictos&#44; las crisis y el estr&#233;s en la vida familiar aumentan el riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#46; Recientemente diferentes estudios han observado una asociaci&#243;n entre el estr&#233;s y la enfermedad cerebrovascular&#44; que es independiente del resto de los factores de riesgo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;23&#44;24</span></a>&#46; Es conocido que el estr&#233;s influye en una serie de mecanismos biol&#243;gicos y fomenta h&#225;bitos y estilos de vida poco saludables&#58; consumo de tabaco&#44; alimentaci&#243;n poco equilibrada&#44; sedentarismo o mala adherencia a tratamientos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#46; Existe evidencia de que los programas de intervenci&#243;n psicol&#243;gica basados en el tratamiento del estr&#233;s como la terapia cognitivo-conductual pueden contribuir a mejorar el perfil de riesgo vascular y promover estilos de vida saludables<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&#59; y consideramos que aquellos pacientes que han sufrido un ictus en edad laboral y asocian un alto grado de estr&#233;s psicosocial podr&#237;an beneficiarse de un tratamiento psicoterap&#233;utico dirigido al control del estr&#233;s como parte del programa de prevenci&#243;n secundaria del ictus&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Con relaci&#243;n a los tipos de ictus&#44; la proporci&#243;n de isqu&#233;micos y hemorr&#225;gicos fue similar a la descrita en la literatura<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a>&#46; El ictus criptog&#233;nico es el m&#225;s frecuente en la mayor&#237;a de las series de ictus en sujetos j&#243;venes&#44; y representa entre un tercio y la mitad de los casos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#46; Sin embargo&#44; la clasificaci&#243;n TOAST tiene unos criterios estrictos para poder clasificar algunos ictus como aterotromb&#243;ticos &#40;se requiere una estenosis mayor del 50&#37; de la arteria responsable&#41;&#44; lo que explica que muchos ictus se clasifiquen como criptog&#233;nicos&#44; aunque ocurran en pacientes con ateromatosis carot&#237;dea y presenten otros factores de riesgo vascular cuya relaci&#243;n con el ictus est&#225; bien documentada&#46; La proporci&#243;n de los subtipos de ictus isqu&#233;micos var&#237;a en cada estudio<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a>&#46; En nuestra serie&#44; a los ictus criptog&#233;nicos les siguieron en frecuencia los infartos lacunares&#44; hallazgo observado &#250;nicamente en otro registro<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a>&#59; esto se explica por la elevada prevalencia de hipertensi&#243;n arterial en ausencia de estenosis arteriales&#46; Los ictus de etiolog&#237;a cardioemb&#243;lica fueron relativamente infrecuentes&#44; aunque se sabe que tras algunos ictus criptog&#233;nicos puede subyacer una fibrilaci&#243;n auricular oculta<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a>&#46; En el grupo de &#8804;45 a&#241;os&#44; a pesar de la elevada prevalencia de factores de riesgo&#44; solo un tercio de los ictus se atribuy&#243; a aterotrombosis&#44; cardioembolia o enfermedad de peque&#241;o vaso&#44; lo que indica que la presencia de factores de riesgo vascular podr&#237;a contribuir a la aparici&#243;n de ictus por otros mecanismos&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Debe resaltarse que la causa m&#225;s frecuente de las hemorragias intracraneales fue la hipertensiva &#40;78&#44;6&#37;&#41; y solo 3 casos se produjeron por otras causas&#46; En general&#44; la etiolog&#237;a de la hemorragia intracraneal es similar a la de los pacientes mayores&#44; con una mayor representaci&#243;n de malformaciones arteriovenosas y enfermedades de la coagulaci&#243;n en detrimento de aquellas relacionadas con la toma de anticoagulantes o la angiopat&#237;a amiloide<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En cuanto a la evoluci&#243;n cl&#237;nica&#44; en el 82&#44;9&#37; de los pacientes fue favorable a los 3 meses&#44; dato similar a lo observado en otros estudios que muestran tasas de independencia funcional entre el 78 y el 94&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a>&#46; Debe tenerse en cuenta que este porcentaje tambi&#233;n incluye los ataques isqu&#233;micos transitorios y los ictus menores&#44; de mejor pron&#243;stico general&#46; Considerando &#250;nicamente los ictus isqu&#233;micos tratados con terapias de reperfusi&#243;n &#40;en su mayor parte ictus graves&#41;&#44; cerca de 2&#47;3 de los pacientes fueron independientes a los 3 meses&#44; resultado que confirma que los sujetos j&#243;venes tienen generalmente mejor pron&#243;stico respecto a los pacientes de mayor edad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;31</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las limitaciones principales de este trabajo son su car&#225;cter retrospectivo y la baja especificidad de la escala de estr&#233;s&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Conclusiones</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En este estudio la proporci&#243;n de ictus en sujetos j&#243;venes fue un 30&#37; superior a la del estudio IBERICTUS&#44; lo que indica que la incidencia del ictus podr&#237;a estar aumentando en esta poblaci&#243;n&#46; Este aumento parece deberse a una elevada tasa de factores de riesgo vascular en un segmento de la poblaci&#243;n que desconoce su perfil de riesgo o no lo controla adecuadamente&#46; La mayor&#237;a de los factores de riesgo vascular son modificables&#44; y entre ellos se debe considerar el estr&#233;s psicosocial&#44; lo que hace necesario fomentar estrategias de prevenci&#243;n adecuadas para evitar eventos vasculares&#46; Por &#250;ltimo&#44; cabe resaltar que casi 2&#47;3 de los ictus isqu&#233;micos tratados con terapias de reperfusi&#243;n fueron funcionalmente independientes a los 3 meses&#44; lo que subraya la importancia de la detecci&#243;n temprana de los s&#237;ntomas de ictus tambi&#233;n en la poblaci&#243;n joven&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Financiaci&#243;n</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este trabajo ha sido financiado con una beca de la Fundaci&#243;n Alberto Contador&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran no tener ning&#250;n conflicto de intereses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2016-03-05"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2016-05-06"
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          "palabras" => array:6 [
            0 => "Ictus"
            1 => "Ictus en adultos j&#243;venes"
            2 => "Infarto cerebral"
            3 => "Hemorragia cerebral"
            4 => "Factores de riesgo vascular"
            5 => "Estr&#233;s"
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            0 => "Stroke"
            1 => "Stroke in young adults"
            2 => "Cerebral infarction"
            3 => "Cerebral haemorrhage"
            4 => "Cardiovascular risk factors"
            5 => "Stress"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objetivos</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Analizar la incidencia&#44; los factores de riesgo&#44; la etiolog&#237;a&#44; el tratamiento y la evoluci&#243;n cl&#237;nica de pacientes j&#243;venes con ictus&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Pacientes y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Registro retrospectivo de pacientes &#8804; 55 a&#241;os ingresados en una Unidad de Ictus durante el a&#241;o 2014&#46; Se recogi&#243; la incidencia sobre el total de ictus y se analizaron datos demogr&#225;ficos&#44; factores de riesgo&#44; grado de estr&#233;s&#44; tipo y etiolog&#237;a del ictus&#44; tratamientos de reperfusi&#243;n y evoluci&#243;n cl&#237;nica&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Resultados</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se incluy&#243; a 110 pacientes&#44; la mayor&#237;a hombres &#40;60&#44;9&#37;&#44; ratio 1&#44;6&#58;1&#41;&#46; La incidencia fue del 13&#44;3&#37; &#40;110 de 830 ictus&#41;&#46; La mayor&#237;a de los pacientes ten&#237;a factores de riesgo vascular&#46; El tabaquismo fue el m&#225;s frecuente &#40;56&#44;4&#37;&#41;&#44; seguido de la hipertensi&#243;n arterial &#40;50&#37;&#41;&#44; dislipidemia &#40;42&#44;7&#37;&#41;&#44; obesidad &#40;33&#37;&#41;&#44; diabetes &#40;18&#44;2&#37;&#41; y cardiopat&#237;as embol&#237;genas &#40;12&#44;7&#37;&#41;&#46; El 64&#44;3&#37; de las cardiopat&#237;as y el 51&#44;1&#37; de las dislipidemias se descubrieron durante el ingreso&#46; El 57&#44;2&#37; de los pacientes presentaban estr&#233;s psicosocial en la etapa previa al ictus&#46; El 83&#44;6&#37; de los ictus fueron isqu&#233;micos&#44; el 12&#44;7&#37; hemorr&#225;gicos y el 3&#44;6&#37; trombosis de senos venosos&#46; De los ictus isqu&#233;micos&#44; el 30&#44;4&#37; fueron criptog&#233;nicos&#44; el 23&#44;9&#37; lacunares&#44; el 16&#44;3&#37; por causas infrecuentes&#44; el 15&#44;2&#37; aterotromb&#243;ticos y el 14&#44;1&#37; cardioemb&#243;licos&#46; El 78&#44;6&#37; de las hemorragias cerebrales fueron hipertensivas&#46; El 23&#44;3&#37; de los ictus isqu&#233;micos recibieron tratamientos de reperfusi&#243;n en fase aguda y se consiguieron niveles de independencia funcional a los 3 meses del 62&#44;5&#37;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La mayor&#237;a de los ictus en pacientes &#8804; 55 a&#241;os parecen relacionarse con una elevada prevalencia de factores de riesgo vascular cl&#225;sicos y posiblemente de estr&#233;s psicosocial&#46;</p></span>"
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            "titulo" => "Pacientes y m&#233;todos"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objectives</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To analyse the incidence&#44; risk factors&#44; aetiology&#44; treatment and clinical evolution of young patients with stroke&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Patients and methods</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Retrospective registry of patients aged 55 years or younger hospitalised in a stroke unit during 2014&#46; We recorded the incidence rate for all strokes and analysed demographic data&#44; risk factors&#44; degree of stress&#44; stroke type and aetiology&#44; reperfusion treatments and clinical evolution&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Results</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The study included 110 patients&#44; the majority of whom were men &#40;60&#46;9&#37;&#44; 1&#46;6&#58;1 ratio&#41;&#46; The incidence rate was 13&#46;3&#37; &#40;110 of 830 strokes&#41;&#46; Most of the patients had cardiovascular risk factors&#46; Smoking was the most common risk factor &#40;56&#46;4&#37;&#41;&#44; followed by arterial hypertension &#40;50&#37;&#41;&#44; dyslipidaemia &#40;42&#46;7&#37;&#41;&#44; obesity &#40;33&#37;&#41;&#44; diabetes &#40;18&#46;2&#37;&#41; and emboligenic heart disease &#40;12&#46;7&#37;&#41;&#46; Some 64&#46;3&#37; of the heart disease cases and 51&#46;1&#37; of the dyslipidaemia cases were discovered during hospitalisation&#46; Some 57&#46;2&#37; of the patients experienced psychosocial stress in the stage prior to the stroke&#46; Some 83&#46;6&#37; of the stroke cases were ischaemic&#44; 12&#46;7&#37; were haemorrhagic and 3&#46;6&#37; were venous sinus thrombosis&#46; Of the ischaemic stroke cases&#44; 30&#46;4&#37; were cryptogenic&#44; 23&#46;9&#37; were lacunar&#44; 16&#46;3&#37; were from uncommon causes&#44; 15&#46;2&#37; were atherothrombotic and 14&#46;1&#37; were cardioembolic&#46; Some 78&#46;6&#37; of the cerebral haemorrhage cases were hypertensive&#46; Some 23&#46;3&#37; of the ischaemic stroke cases underwent reperfusion treatments in the acute phase&#44; achieving levels of functional independence at 3 months of 62&#46;5&#37;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The majority of stroke events in patients 55 years of age or younger appear to be related to a high prevalence of classical cardiovascular risk factors and possibly to psychosocial stress&#46;</p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">En el &#250;ltimo mes&#58;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Nunca&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">De vez en cuando&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Muy a menudo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">1&#46; &#191;Con qu&#233; frecuencia se ha sentido incapaz de controlar las cosas importantes en su vida&#63;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>110&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Varones &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>67&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mujeres &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>43&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#8804;45 a&#241;os &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>35&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#62;45 a&#241;os &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>75&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Edad&#44; a&#241;os</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">46&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">47&#44;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#44;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">44&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;04&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">36&#44;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#44;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">50&#44;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sexo&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">67 &#40;60&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">43 &#40;39&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">V 16 &#40;45&#44;7&#41;<br>M 19 &#40;54&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">V 51 &#40;68&#41;<br>M 24 &#40;32&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;04&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Altura&#44; cm</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">168&#44;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#44;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">173&#44;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#44;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">161&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60;0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">167&#44;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">169&#44;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Peso&#44; kg</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">80&#44;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>21&#44;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">86<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>23&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">72&#44;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;002&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">77&#44;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>22&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">82&#44;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>21&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tabaquismo&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">62 &#40;56&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">45 &#40;67&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">17 &#40;39&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;008&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">15 &#40;42&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">47 &#40;62&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hipertensi&#243;n arterial&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span><br><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Conocida<br><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Desconocida&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">55 &#40;50&#41;<br>45 &#40;81&#44;8&#41;<br>10 &#40;18&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">44 &#40;65&#44;7&#41;<br>37 &#40;84&#44;1&#41;<br>7 &#40;15&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">11 &#40;25&#44;6&#41;<br>8 &#40;72&#44;7&#41;<br>3 &#40;27&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60;0&#44;001<br><br>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">11 &#40;31&#44;4&#41;<br>9 &#40;81&#44;8&#41;<br>2 &#40;18&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">44 &#40;58&#44;7&#41;<br>36 &#40;81&#44;8&#41;<br>8 &#40;18&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;01<br><br>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Diabetes mellitus&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span><br><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Conocida<br><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Desconocida&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">20 &#40;18&#44;2&#41;<br>15 &#40;75&#41;<br>5 &#40;25&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">17 &#40;25&#44;4&#41;<br>12 &#40;70&#44;6&#41;<br>5 &#40;29&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3 &#40;7&#41;<br>3 &#40;100&#41;<br>-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;02<br><br>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4 &#40;11&#44;4&#41;<br>2 &#40;50&#41;<br>2 &#40;50&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">16 &#40;21&#44;3&#41;<br>13 &#40;81&#44;3&#41;<br>3 &#40;18&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;29<br><br>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Dislipidemia&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span><br><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Conocida<br><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Desconocida&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">47 &#40;42&#44;7&#41;<br>23 &#40;48&#44;9&#41;<br>24 &#40;51&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">30 &#40;44&#44;8&#41;<br>14 &#40;47&#44;7&#41;<br>16 &#40;53&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">17 &#40;39&#44;5&#41;<br>9 &#40;52&#44;9&#41;<br>8 &#40;47&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;95<br><br>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">11 &#40;31&#44;4&#41;<br>6 &#40;54&#44;5&#41;<br>5 &#40;45&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">36 &#40;48&#41;<br>17 &#40;47&#44;2&#41;<br>19 &#40;52&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;15<br><br>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Obesidad &#40;IMC &#62;30&#41;&#44; n&#47;total &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">33&#47;100 &#40;33&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">22&#47;60 &#40;36&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">11&#47;40 &#40;27&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;46&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&#47;32 &#40;21&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">26&#47;68 &#40;38&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cardiopat&#237;as embol&#237;genas &#40;FA</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#43;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">otras&#41;&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span><br><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Conocida<br><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Desconocida&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14 &#40;12&#44;7&#41;<br><br>5 &#40;35&#44;7&#41;<br>9 &#40;64&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8 &#40;11&#44;9&#41;<br><br>3 &#40;37&#44;5&#41;<br>5 &#40;62&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6 &#40;13&#44;9&#41;<br><br>2 &#40;33&#44;3&#41;<br>4 &#40;66&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;99<br><br>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3 &#40;8&#44;6&#41;<br><br>3 &#40;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">11 &#40;14&#44;7&#41;<br><br>4 &#40;36&#44;4&#41;<br>7 &#40;63&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;54<br><br>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Consumo de alcohol &#62;40</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">g&#47;d&#237;a&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10 &#40;9&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9 &#40;13&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;1&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10 &#40;13&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;03&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Foramen oval permeable&#44; n&#47;total &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6&#47;30 &#40;20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&#47;14 &#40;28&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#47;16 &#40;12&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;38&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#47;10 &#40;20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&#47;20 &#40;20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Anticonceptivos hormonales&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7 &#40;6&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7 &#40;16&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7 &#40;20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60;0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Consumo de drogas&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2 &#40;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;2&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;1&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;54&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enfermedad oncol&#243;gica&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;1&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3 &#40;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4 &#40;5&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enfermedades de la coagulaci&#243;n&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3 &#40;4&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3 &#40;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;68&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2 &#40;5&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4 &#40;5&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Migra&#241;a&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3 &#40;4&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8 &#40;18&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6 &#40;17&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5 &#40;6&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Estr&#233;s psicosocial&#44; n&#47;total &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">32&#47;57 &#40;56&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">23&#47;39 &#40;59&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;70&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">16&#47;29 &#40;55&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;82&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;04&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6&#44;25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&#44;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;03&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8&#44;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#44;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5 &#40;20&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">17 &#40;25&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;79&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Etiolog&#237;a infrecuente&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15 &#40;16&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6 &#40;10&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">9 &#40;24&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6 &#40;25&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">9 &#40;13&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Etiolog&#237;a Indeterminada&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">28 &#40;30&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16 &#40;29&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12 &#40;32&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;91&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10 &#40;41&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18 &#40;26&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="8" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hemorragia cerebral&#44; n</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hipertensiva&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">11 &#40;78&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10 &#40;83&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1 &#40;50&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5 &#40;71&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6 &#40;85&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Relacionada con anticoagulaci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1 &#40;7&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1 &#40;8&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1 &#40;14&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Malformaci&#243;n vascular&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1 &#40;7&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1 &#40;50&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1 &#40;14&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Otras etiolog&#237;as&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1 &#40;7&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1 &#40;8&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1 &#40;14&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="8" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trombosis de senos venosos&#44; n</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Tabaquismo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3 &#40;75&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3 &#40;75&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3 &#40;75&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Enfermedades coagulaci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2 &#40;50&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2 &#40;50&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2 &#40;50&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Anticonceptivos hormonales&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3 &#40;75&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3 &#40;75&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3 &#40;75&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ning&#250;n factor de riesgo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1 &#40;25&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1 &#40;25&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1 &#40;25&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Tipos de ictus y etiolog&#237;a</p>"
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          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
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            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0160"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Instituto Nacional de Estad&#237;stica Defunciones seg&#250;n la causa de muerte&#46; 2013 &#91;consultado 15 Feb 2016&#93;&#46; Disponible en&#58; <a id="intr0005" class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="http://www.ine.es/prensa/np896.pdf">http&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;ine&#46;es&#47;prensa&#47;np896&#46;pdf</a>"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Stroke and transient ischemic attack incidence rate in Spain&#58; The IBERICTUS study"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "J&#46; D&#237;az-Guzm&#225;n"
                            1 => "J&#46;A&#46; Egido"
                            2 => "R&#46; Gabriel-S&#225;nchez"
                            3 => "G&#46; Barber&#225;-Comes"
                            4 => "B&#46; Fuentes-Gimeno"
                            5 => "C&#46; Fern&#225;ndez-P&#233;rez"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1159/000342652"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Cerebrovasc Dis&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2012"
                        "volumen" => "34"
                        "paginaInicial" => "272"
                        "paginaFinal" => "281"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23095851"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
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                      ]
                    ]
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                ]
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            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0170"
              "etiqueta" => "3"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Analysis of 1008 consecutive patients aged 15&#8211;49 with first-ever ischemic stroke&#58; The Helsinki young stroke registry"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "J&#46; Putaala"
                            1 => "A&#46;J&#46; Metso"
                            2 => "T&#46;M&#46; Metso"
                            3 => "N&#46; Konkola"
                            4 => "Y&#46; Kraemer"
                            5 => "E&#46; Haapaniemi"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.529883"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Stroke&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2009"
                        "volumen" => "40"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1195"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1203"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19246709"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Long-term prognosis of ischemic stroke in young adults&#46; Study of 272 cases"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "J&#46;F&#46; Varona"
                            1 => "F&#46; Bermejo"
                            2 => "J&#46;M&#46; Guerra"
                            3 => "J&#46;A&#46; Molina"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s00415-004-0583-0"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Neurol&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2004"
                        "volumen" => "251"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1507"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1514"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15645352"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
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                ]
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            4 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0180"
              "etiqueta" => "5"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Etiology of first-ever ischaemic stroke in European young adults&#58; The 15 cities young stroke study"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
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Vol. 216. Núm. 7.
Páginas 345-351 (octubre 2016)
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Visitas
134
Vol. 216. Núm. 7.
Páginas 345-351 (octubre 2016)
ORIGINAL
Ictus en adultos jóvenes: incidencia, factores de riesgo, tratamiento y pronóstico
Stroke in young adults: Incidence rate, risk factors, treatment and prognosis
Visitas
134
F.J. González-Gómez
Autor para correspondencia
javiergonzalezneurologia@gmail.com

Autor para correspondencia.
, P. Pérez-Torre, A. DeFelipe, R. Vera, C. Matute, A. Cruz-Culebras, R. Álvarez-Velasco, J. Masjuan
Unidad de Ictus, Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto de Investigación IRYCIS, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, España
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Estadísticas
Figuras (2)
Tablas (3)
Tabla 1. Escala de estrés percibido, versión de 4 ítems (PSS-4)
Tabla 2. Datos demográficos y factores de riesgo
Tabla 3. Tipos de ictus y etiología
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Resumen
Objetivos

Analizar la incidencia, los factores de riesgo, la etiología, el tratamiento y la evolución clínica de pacientes jóvenes con ictus.

Pacientes y métodos

Registro retrospectivo de pacientes ≤ 55 años ingresados en una Unidad de Ictus durante el año 2014. Se recogió la incidencia sobre el total de ictus y se analizaron datos demográficos, factores de riesgo, grado de estrés, tipo y etiología del ictus, tratamientos de reperfusión y evolución clínica.

Resultados

Se incluyó a 110 pacientes, la mayoría hombres (60,9%, ratio 1,6:1). La incidencia fue del 13,3% (110 de 830 ictus). La mayoría de los pacientes tenía factores de riesgo vascular. El tabaquismo fue el más frecuente (56,4%), seguido de la hipertensión arterial (50%), dislipidemia (42,7%), obesidad (33%), diabetes (18,2%) y cardiopatías embolígenas (12,7%). El 64,3% de las cardiopatías y el 51,1% de las dislipidemias se descubrieron durante el ingreso. El 57,2% de los pacientes presentaban estrés psicosocial en la etapa previa al ictus. El 83,6% de los ictus fueron isquémicos, el 12,7% hemorrágicos y el 3,6% trombosis de senos venosos. De los ictus isquémicos, el 30,4% fueron criptogénicos, el 23,9% lacunares, el 16,3% por causas infrecuentes, el 15,2% aterotrombóticos y el 14,1% cardioembólicos. El 78,6% de las hemorragias cerebrales fueron hipertensivas. El 23,3% de los ictus isquémicos recibieron tratamientos de reperfusión en fase aguda y se consiguieron niveles de independencia funcional a los 3 meses del 62,5%.

Conclusiones

La mayoría de los ictus en pacientes ≤ 55 años parecen relacionarse con una elevada prevalencia de factores de riesgo vascular clásicos y posiblemente de estrés psicosocial.

Palabras clave:
Ictus
Ictus en adultos jóvenes
Infarto cerebral
Hemorragia cerebral
Factores de riesgo vascular
Estrés
Abstract
Objectives

To analyse the incidence, risk factors, aetiology, treatment and clinical evolution of young patients with stroke.

Patients and methods

Retrospective registry of patients aged 55 years or younger hospitalised in a stroke unit during 2014. We recorded the incidence rate for all strokes and analysed demographic data, risk factors, degree of stress, stroke type and aetiology, reperfusion treatments and clinical evolution.

Results

The study included 110 patients, the majority of whom were men (60.9%, 1.6:1 ratio). The incidence rate was 13.3% (110 of 830 strokes). Most of the patients had cardiovascular risk factors. Smoking was the most common risk factor (56.4%), followed by arterial hypertension (50%), dyslipidaemia (42.7%), obesity (33%), diabetes (18.2%) and emboligenic heart disease (12.7%). Some 64.3% of the heart disease cases and 51.1% of the dyslipidaemia cases were discovered during hospitalisation. Some 57.2% of the patients experienced psychosocial stress in the stage prior to the stroke. Some 83.6% of the stroke cases were ischaemic, 12.7% were haemorrhagic and 3.6% were venous sinus thrombosis. Of the ischaemic stroke cases, 30.4% were cryptogenic, 23.9% were lacunar, 16.3% were from uncommon causes, 15.2% were atherothrombotic and 14.1% were cardioembolic. Some 78.6% of the cerebral haemorrhage cases were hypertensive. Some 23.3% of the ischaemic stroke cases underwent reperfusion treatments in the acute phase, achieving levels of functional independence at 3 months of 62.5%.

Conclusions

The majority of stroke events in patients 55 years of age or younger appear to be related to a high prevalence of classical cardiovascular risk factors and possibly to psychosocial stress.

Keywords:
Stroke
Stroke in young adults
Cerebral infarction
Cerebral haemorrhage
Cardiovascular risk factors
Stress

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