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debido a la COVID-19 que presentaban hipoxemia silente&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Materiales y m&#233;todos</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Dise&#241;o del estudio&#44; fuentes de datos&#44; participantes y determinaciones</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se trata de un estudio observacional retrospectivo de cohortes&#46; Se extrajeron datos del Sistema de Informaci&#243;n de Vigilancia Epidemiol&#243;gica de la Gripe &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sistema de Informa&#231;&#227;o da Vigil&#226;ncia Epidemiol&#243;gica da Gripe</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SIVEP-Gripe</span>&#44; en portugu&#233;s&#41;&#44; un sistema de informaci&#243;n del Ministerio de Sanidad de Brasil que recoge todas las notificaciones de hospitalizaciones por SARS en Brasil&#44; tanto p&#250;blicas como privadas&#44; del Departamento de Informaci&#243;n e Inform&#225;tica del Sistema &#218;nico de Salud de Brasil &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Departamento de Informa&#231;&#227;o e Inform&#225;tica do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">DATOS</span>&#44; en portugu&#233;s&#41;&#44; del 1 de enero al 18 de junio de 2021&#46; Las notificaciones se enviaban al sistema en las 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>horas posteriores a la sospecha cl&#237;nica inicial o a la obtenci&#243;n de resultados anal&#237;ticos positivos&#46; El SARS se defin&#237;a como disnea&#44; cianosis central&#44; dolor o presi&#243;n tor&#225;cica persistente o saturaci&#243;n arterial perif&#233;rica de ox&#237;geno &#40;SpO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41; determinada mediante pulsioximetr&#237;a &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>95&#37; en aire ambiental<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Solo se tuvieron en cuenta los registros de pacientes con diagn&#243;stico confirmado de COVID-19 seg&#250;n las directrices del Ministerio de Sanidad de Brasil<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> e hipoxemia silente en el momento de consulta&#44; definida como SpO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> determinada mediante pulsioximetr&#237;a &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>95&#37; sin disnea&#46; Se excluy&#243; a las pacientes embarazadas o con estado de embarazo desconocido y a los pacientes con datos ausentes en relaci&#243;n con la SpO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los profesionales sanitarios responsables de la asistencia de los pacientes en el momento del ingreso hospitalario evaluaron y registraron las caracter&#237;sticas iniciales&#44; como signos&#44; s&#237;ntomas y resultados radiol&#243;gicos o de tomograf&#237;as computarizadas &#40;TC&#41;&#46; Durante toda la estancia hospitalaria se evalu&#243; la necesidad de apoyo respiratorio&#44; el ingreso en la unidad de cuidados intensivos &#40;UCI&#41; y la mortalidad&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este estudio cumple las normas &#233;ticas de la Declaraci&#243;n de Helsinki para investigaciones en seres humanos&#46; El Comit&#233; de &#201;tica de la Escuela de Salud P&#250;blica de Cear&#225; aprob&#243; este estudio &#40;n&#250;mero de referencia 49905921&#46;4&#46;0000&#46;5037&#41;&#46; No se exigi&#243; el consentimiento del paciente para la publicaci&#243;n&#44; ya que los datos se extrajeron de un banco an&#243;nimo de acceso p&#250;blico&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Seguimiento y criterios de valoraci&#243;n</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se hizo un seguimiento de los pacientes durante la hospitalizaci&#243;n&#46; El criterio de valoraci&#243;n principal de inter&#233;s fue la incidencia de muerte&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">An&#225;lisis estad&#237;sticos</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los datos categ&#243;ricos se expresaron como cifras absolutas y porcentajes&#46; Todos los datos cuantitativos se analizaron para determinar su distribuci&#243;n normal mediante la prueba de Kolmogorov-Smirnov&#46; Los datos de distribuci&#243;n normal se expresaron como media y desviaci&#243;n est&#225;ndar &#40;DE&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las proporciones de las variables categ&#243;ricas se compararon mediante la prueba de la ji al cuadrado y la prueba exacta de Fisher&#44; seg&#250;n procediera&#46; Las medias de las variables continuas se compararon mediante la prueba de la t de Student seg&#250;n la distribuci&#243;n normal&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Posteriormente realizamos un an&#225;lisis de regresi&#243;n log&#237;stica multivariante incluyendo variables estad&#237;sticamente significativas en an&#225;lisis bivariante para identificar predictores independientes de mortalidad&#46; El nivel m&#225;s significativo de las variables correspondientes al criterio de valoraci&#243;n de inter&#233;s se investig&#243; con el m&#233;todo escalonado progresivo&#46; La presencia de colinealidad entre las variables independientes se explor&#243; mediante la estimaci&#243;n del factor inflaci&#243;n de varianza y de tolerancia antes de incluir modelos multivariante&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Todos los an&#225;lisis se realizaron con IBM SPSS Statistics for Mac OS&#44; versi&#243;n 23&#46;0 &#40;IBM Corp&#46;&#44; Armonk&#44; N&#46;Y&#46;&#44; EE&#46;UU&#46;&#41;&#46; Consideramos estad&#237;sticamente significativo un valor de p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Resultados</span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas de la poblaci&#243;n de pacientes</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se seleccionaron 747&#46;926 pacientes entre enero y junio de 2021&#44; y se incluyeron 46&#46;102 pacientes &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; La media de edad era de 59<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os&#44; 19&#46;204 &#40;41&#44;6&#37;&#41; eran mujeres y 23&#46;428 &#40;50&#44;9&#37;&#41; eran de raza blanca&#46; Las enfermedades concomitantes predominantes fueron enfermedad cardiovascular cr&#243;nica &#40;14&#46;890 &#91;32&#44;3&#37;&#93;&#41;&#44; diabetes &#40;5&#46;717 &#91;12&#44;4&#37;&#93;&#41; y obesidad &#40;1&#46;780 &#91;3&#44;9&#37;&#93;&#41;&#46; Los signos y s&#237;ntomas m&#225;s frecuentes durante la hospitalizaci&#243;n fueron tos &#40;30&#46;951 &#91;67&#44;2&#37;&#93;&#41;&#44; dificultad respiratoria &#40;22&#46;496 &#91;48&#44;8&#37;&#93;&#41; y cansancio &#40;11&#46;176 &#91;24&#44;2&#37;&#93;&#41;&#46; Los principales hallazgos de estudios de imagen de t&#243;rax consistieron en infiltrados intersticiales &#40;6&#46;467 &#91;14&#37;&#93;&#41; y neumon&#237;a t&#237;pica por COVID-19 &#40;22&#46;390 &#91;48&#44;6&#37;&#93;&#41; en las radiograf&#237;as y TC&#44; respectivamente&#46; La mayor&#237;a de los pacientes necesitaron respiraci&#243;n asistida&#58; 30&#46;413 &#40;66&#37;&#41; pacientes necesitaron apoyo no invasivo y 7&#46;762 &#40;16&#44;8&#37;&#41; necesitaron apoyo invasivo&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; 13&#46;428 &#40;29&#44;1&#37;&#41; pacientes ingresaron en la UCI&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Criterio de valoraci&#243;n principal</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El criterio de valoraci&#243;n principal se observ&#243; en 13&#46;149 &#40;28&#44;5&#37;&#41; pacientes al final del per&#237;odo de seguimiento&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">An&#225;lisis univariable</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En las <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tbl0005">tablas 1 y 2</a> se muestran datos epidemiol&#243;gicos&#44; demogr&#225;ficos&#44; cl&#237;nicos&#44; radiol&#243;gicos y de tratamiento estratificados en funci&#243;n de la presencia del criterio de valoraci&#243;n principal&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En comparaci&#243;n con los pacientes que sobrevivieron&#44; los que fallecieron se caracterizaron por tener una edad avanzada &#40;media de edad&#44; 66 &#91;DE&#58; 15&#93; frente a 56<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os &#91;DE&#58; 16&#93;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#44; menor frecuencia de sexo femenino &#40;43&#44;6&#37; mujeres frente al 56&#44;4&#37; varones&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41; y&#44; predominantemente&#44; raza negra &#40;6&#44;1&#37; frente al 4&#44;8&#37;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#46; Proporcionalmente&#44; los individuos de raza negra y piel morena registraron tasas de mortalidad m&#225;s altas &#40;53&#44;3&#37; y 41&#44;4&#37;&#44; respectivamente&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las probabilidades de presentar una o m&#225;s enfermedades concurrentes fue significativamente mayor para los pacientes que murieron que para los que sobrevivieron &#40;74&#44;3&#37; frente al 56&#44;8&#37;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#46; De esas enfermedades concomitantes&#44; la enfermedad cardiovascular cr&#243;nica &#40;40&#44;8&#37; frente al 28&#44;9&#37;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#44; hemopat&#237;a cr&#243;nica &#40;0&#44;4&#37; frente al 0&#44;2&#37;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#44; enfermedad neurol&#243;gica cr&#243;nica &#40;6&#37; frente al 2&#44;7&#37;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#44; hepatopat&#237;a cr&#243;nica &#40;0&#44;5&#37; frente al 0&#44;2&#37;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#44; enfermedad pulmonar cr&#243;nica &#40;2&#44;3&#37; frente al 0&#44;9&#37;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#44; nefropat&#237;a cr&#243;nica &#40;5&#44;4&#37; frente al 2&#37;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#44; diabetes &#40;17&#44;4&#37; frente al 10&#44;4&#37;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#44; inmunodeficiencia &#40;1&#44;2&#37; frente al 0&#44;5&#37;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41; y obesidad &#40;5&#44;4&#37; frente al 3&#44;3&#37;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41; se asociaron significativamente a mortalidad&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En cuanto al estado de vacunaci&#243;n contra la gripe&#44; los pacientes fallecidos registraron tasas significativamente mayores de vacunaci&#243;n al d&#237;a &#40;23&#44;2&#37; frente al 21&#44;4&#37;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;002&#41; que los supervivientes&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Durante la hospitalizaci&#243;n&#44; los pacientes que fallecieron presentaron tasas significativamente mayores de dificultad respiratoria &#40;52&#44;8&#37; frente al 47&#44;6&#37;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41; que los que sobrevivieron&#46; Sin embargo&#44; la anosmia &#40;7&#44;7&#37; frente al 12&#44;2&#37;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#44; la tos &#40;60&#44;9&#37; frente al 70&#37;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#44; la diarrea &#40;14&#44;9&#37; frente al 17&#44;7&#37;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#44; la disgeusia &#40;8&#44;7&#37; frente al 13&#37;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#44; la fatiga &#40;21&#44;9&#37; frente al 25&#44;9&#37;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41; y el dolor de garganta &#40;13&#44;2&#37; frente al 16&#44;6&#37;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41; fueron relativamente menos frecuentes&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En comparaci&#243;n con los supervivientes&#44; los no supervivientes ten&#237;an significativamente menos probabilidades de presentar cambios en los estudios de imagen de t&#243;rax&#44; excepto el patr&#243;n t&#237;pico de la COVID-19 &#40;61&#37; frente al 67&#44;1&#37;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#46; Sin embargo&#44; una proporci&#243;n considerable de pacientes no se someti&#243; a estudios de imagen de t&#243;rax &#40;39&#44;7&#37; en el caso de las radiograf&#237;as y 18&#44;6&#37; en el de las TC de t&#243;rax&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En lo que respecta al apoyo respiratorio&#44; los no supervivientes tuvieron una necesidad significativamente mayor de ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica invasiva &#40;42&#44;4&#37; frente al 6&#44;6&#37;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41; que los supervivientes&#46; Por el contrario&#44; la ausencia de apoyo respiratorio &#40;8&#44;7&#37; frente al 20&#44;6&#37;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41; y la necesidad de apoyo respiratorio no invasivo &#40;48&#44;9&#37; frente al 72&#44;8&#37;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41; fueron significativamente menos probables entre los no supervivientes&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Por &#250;ltimo&#44; los ingresos en la UCI se asociaron significativamente a mortalidad &#40;56&#44;9&#37; frente al 20&#37;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">An&#225;lisis multivariante</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En el an&#225;lisis multivariante &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">tabla 3</a>&#41;&#44; la edad avanzada &#40;raz&#243;n de posibilidades &#91;RP&#93;&#58; 1&#44;04&#59; intervalo de confianza &#91;IC&#93; del 95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;037-1&#44;04&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#44; la presencia de enfermedades concomitantes &#40;RP&#58; 1&#44;54&#59; IC del 95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;47-1&#44;62&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#44; la tos &#40;PR&#58; 0&#44;74&#59; IC del 95&#37;&#58; 0&#44;71-0&#44;79&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#44; la dificultad respiratoria &#40;RP&#58; 1&#44;32&#59; IC del 95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;26-1&#44;38&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41; y la necesidad de apoyo respiratorio no invasivo &#40;RP&#58; 0&#44;37&#59; IC del 95&#37;&#58; 0&#44;35-0&#44;40&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41; siguieron estando independientemente asociadas a la muerte&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Discusi&#243;n</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En este estudio de cohortes retrospectivo se evaluaron las caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas y los factores predictivos de muerte en pacientes hospitalizados por SARS a causa de la COVID-19 que presentaban hipoxemia silente en el momento del ingreso&#46; Los principales hallazgos fueron que a&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>la edad avanzada&#44; la presencia de enfermedades concomitantes y la presencia de dificultad respiratoria eran factores de riesgo independientes para la mortalidad&#44; mientras que b&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>la presencia de tos y la necesidad de apoyo respiratorio no invasivo eran factores protectores independientes frente a la mortalidad&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se han propuesto varios mecanismos para explicar la hipoxemia silente en la COVID-19&#46; Gattinoni et al&#46; propusieron dos &#171;fenotipos&#187; principales&#58; tipos L y H&#46; El tipo L&#44; caracterizado por una elastancia baja y un cociente ventilaci&#243;n-perfusi&#243;n &#40;V&#47;Q&#41; reducido&#44; es consecuencia de edema intersticial local inducido por virus y vasoplej&#237;a<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13-15</span></a>&#46; Los pacientes con el tipo L carecen de disnea debido a una distensibilidad casi normal<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16-19</span></a>&#46; La transici&#243;n al tipo H&#44; motivada por una mayor intensidad e inflamaci&#243;n de la COVID-19&#44; puede inducir disnea a trav&#233;s de una lesi&#243;n pulmonar autoinfligida &#40;P-SILI&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;20</span></a>&#46; Esto refleja las condiciones observadas en el s&#237;ndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;21&#44;22</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En la COVID-19&#44; la ausencia de disnea puede atribuirse a una lesi&#243;n v&#237;rica directa de los cuerpos carot&#237;deos y el tracto solitario&#44; ya que las c&#233;lulas del glomo carot&#237;deo presentan niveles elevados de expresi&#243;n del receptor SARS-CoV-2&#44; la enzima convertidora de la angiotensina<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;19&#44;23-27</span></a>&#46; El s&#237;ndrome vascular agudo &#40;SVA&#41;&#44; resultante de disfunci&#243;n endotelial&#44; formaci&#243;n de microtrombos en la vasculatura pulmonar y proliferaci&#243;n vascular en los pulmones&#44; causa una elevaci&#243;n del flujo vascular pulmonar&#44; lo que da lugar a una derivaci&#243;n intrapulmonar significativa de derecha a izquierda<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0360"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27&#44;28</span></a>&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; la variabilidad de la respuesta ventilatoria hip&#243;xica en diferentes poblaciones no solo explica la elevada prevalencia de hipoxemia silente&#44; sino que tambi&#233;n indica que este fen&#243;meno podr&#237;a estar presente en otras causas de hipoxia&#44; como la neumon&#237;a gripal&#44; entre otras &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hasta donde sabemos&#44; este estudio es la mayor cohorte de hipoxemia silente en la COVID-19 hasta la fecha&#46; La edad avanzada y la presencia de enfermedades concomitantes surgieron como factores predictivos independientes y significativos de resultados adversos&#44; en consonancia con investigaciones previas&#46; Cabe destacar que en un metaan&#225;lisis exhaustivo en el que se evalu&#243; el efecto aislado de la edad sobre el riesgo de resultados graves en los pacientes con COVID-19&#44; los riesgos de hospitalizaci&#243;n&#44; mortalidad intrahospitalaria y mortalidad global aumentaron en un 3&#44;4&#37;&#44; un 5&#44;7&#37; y un 7&#44;4&#37; por a&#241;o de edad&#44; respectivamente&#46; Estos criterios de valoraci&#243;n subrayan el aumento continuo&#44; relacionado con la edad&#44; de la sensibilidad a los acontecimientos adversos asociados a la infecci&#243;n por el SARS-CoV-2<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;3&#44;29-32</span></a>&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; la asociaci&#243;n de enfermedades concomitantes&#44; como enfermedad cardiovascular&#44; diabetes y obesidad&#44; con la COVID-19 grave subraya la importancia de tener en cuenta el estado de salud subyacente en la estratificaci&#243;n del riesgo y las estrategias de tratamiento cl&#237;nico para los pacientes con hipoxemia silente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0390"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33-35</span></a>&#46; En nuestra cohorte&#44; los supervivientes eran generalmente m&#225;s sintom&#225;ticos y presentaban diversos s&#237;ntomas&#44; como anosmia&#44; tos&#44; diarrea&#44; disgeusia&#44; cansancio y dolor de garganta&#46; Estos s&#237;ntomas pueden haber llevado a los pacientes a solicitar asistencia m&#233;dica en una fase temprana de la enfermedad&#44; lo que aumenta las probabilidades de recibir apoyo respiratorio oportuno&#46; Esta intervenci&#243;n inmediata podr&#237;a haber contribuido a disminuir la P-SILI&#44; atenuando la gravedad del compromiso respiratorio y&#44; en &#250;ltimo t&#233;rmino&#44; mejorando los resultados de los pacientes&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En particular&#44; la aparici&#243;n de tos y la necesidad de apoyo respiratorio no invasivo emergen como factores protectores contra la mortalidad&#46; Estos resultados subrayan la importancia de la identificaci&#243;n precoz de los pacientes hipox&#233;micos&#46; La identificaci&#243;n oportuna de s&#237;ntomas como la tos y el inicio inmediato de medidas de apoyo respiratorio apropiadas podr&#237;an mejorar significativamente los resultados para los pacientes y reducir las tasas de mortalidad en la COVID-19&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En un metaan&#225;lisis en el que se investigaron la prevalencia y los resultados para los pacientes con COVID-19 con hipoxia silente&#44; Bepouka et al&#46; demostraron una tasa de mortalidad del 1&#37; al 45&#44;4&#37;&#44; con una mortalidad agrupada del 2&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0405"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a>&#46; En nuestra cohorte&#44; la mortalidad fue notablemente mayor&#44; del 28&#44;5&#37;&#46; Esta disparidad podr&#237;a deberse a variaciones en las caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas de los pacientes&#44; la gravedad de la enfermedad&#44; los sistemas sanitarios y las definiciones de hipoxemia silente entre los estudios&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Entre los pacientes no disneicos con COVID-19&#44; aproximadamente un tercio pueden manifestar hipoxemia en el momento del ingreso&#44; lo que los se&#241;ala como un subgrupo de casos graves que requieren una identificaci&#243;n precoz<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37&#44;38</span></a>&#46; La pulsioximetr&#237;a surge como herramienta fundamental en este contexto&#44; ofreciendo un medio sencillo&#44; no invasivo y ampliamente accesible de evaluaci&#243;n de la saturaci&#243;n arterial de ox&#237;geno<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0420"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39&#44;40</span></a>&#46; A pesar de posibles factores de confusi&#243;n&#44; como sesgo racial&#44; vasoconstricci&#243;n&#44; hipoxemia y la propia COVID-19&#44; que pueden influir en la exactitud de la determinaci&#243;n de la SpO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> y la correlaci&#243;n entre la SpO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> y la oxigenaci&#243;n arterial&#44; la integraci&#243;n de los pulsiox&#237;metros es crucial para el cribado de los pacientes con COVID-19<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0430"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41&#44;42</span></a>&#46; En este grupo espec&#237;fico de pacientes no disneicos&#44; la evaluaci&#243;n inicial de la SpO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> por medio de la pulsioximetr&#237;a reviste especial importancia&#44; ya que permite la detecci&#243;n precoz de la hipoxia silente&#44; facilita la intervenci&#243;n oportuna y mejora en &#250;ltima instancia los resultados<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37&#44;43&#44;44</span></a>&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; las evaluaciones cl&#237;nicas deben hacer hincapi&#233; en la vigilancia de la evoluci&#243;n de los signos y s&#237;ntomas&#44; especialmente de la frecuencia respiratoria&#44; para detectar r&#225;pidamente cualquier deterioro<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;45</span></a>&#46; Este enfoque integral garantiza una estrategia de tratamiento proactiva y eficaz en esta cohorte espec&#237;fica&#44; lo que contribuye a mejorar la asistencia de los pacientes y el pron&#243;stico global&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En lo que respecta al cribado de la gravedad de la enfermedad en el &#225;mbito ambulatorio&#44; est&#225; claro que la utilizaci&#243;n exclusiva de los s&#237;ntomas comunicados por los pacientes no ser&#237;a una estrategia exacta y exhaustiva debido a la existencia de presentaciones hipox&#233;micas no disneicas&#46; Esto deber&#237;a justificar la utilizaci&#243;n de criterios m&#225;s objetivos&#44; como la gasometr&#237;a arterial y la pulsioximetr&#237;a&#46; A tenor de estos resultados&#44; proponemos que&#44; cuando sea posible&#44; los pacientes con COVID-19 deben someterse a un cribado oportuno de hipoxemia&#44; con independencia de los s&#237;ntomas&#44; mediante pulsioximetr&#237;a para evaluar la hipoxemia silente y la consiguiente necesidad de apoyo respiratorio y tratamientos farmacol&#243;gicos disponibles&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Al proporcionar apoyo respiratorio a los pacientes con hipoxemia silente &#8212;que se cree que est&#225; relacionada con el fenotipo L&#8212;&#44; el objetivo principal debe ser prevenir la P-SILI y aumentar la fracci&#243;n respiratoria de ox&#237;geno&#46; La aplicaci&#243;n de una estrategia de apoyo respiratorio precoz a estos pacientes podr&#237;a reducir el riesgo de P-SILI y&#44; en consecuencia&#44; mitigar la progresi&#243;n de la enfermedad&#46;</p><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Limitaciones</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este estudio tiene limitaciones&#46; En primer lugar&#44; utilizamos registros administrativos a partir de formularios de vigilancia estructurados&#44; lo que puede conllevar limitaciones inherentes debido a su dependencia de categor&#237;as predefinidas y entrada de datos normalizada&#46; En segundo lugar&#44; no todos los casos de COVID-19 se notifican en Brasil&#46; La infranotificaci&#243;n podr&#237;a influir en la generalizaci&#243;n de los resultados del estudio&#46; En tercer lugar&#44; se excluy&#243; del an&#225;lisis a los pacientes con datos omitidos sobre la SpO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> y la presencia de disnea o dificultad respiratoria en el momento del ingreso hospitalario&#46; En cuarto lugar&#44; dado que nuestro estudio se realiz&#243; a principios de 2021&#44; era poco probable incluir a pacientes con la variante de &#211;micron y sus sublinajes&#46; Por tanto&#44; es esencial seguir investigando espec&#237;ficamente a los pacientes infectados por estas variantes&#46; En quinto lugar&#44; la ausencia de datos disponibles sobre los resultados anal&#237;ticos&#44; incluida la gasometr&#237;a arterial&#44; que podr&#237;an utilizarse para analizar mejores alteraciones de la gasometr&#237;a y que podr&#237;an interferir en la evoluci&#243;n cl&#237;nica&#44; como hipocapnia e hipercapnia&#44; limit&#243; nuestras consideraciones&#46; En sexto lugar&#44; los datos limitados sobre el tiempo transcurrido desde el inicio de los s&#237;ntomas hasta la presentaci&#243;n inicial y la duraci&#243;n del seguimiento dificultan una evaluaci&#243;n precisa de la evoluci&#243;n cl&#237;nica del paciente y del impacto de la intervenci&#243;n m&#233;dica retardada&#46; Por tanto&#44; est&#225; justificado realizar m&#225;s estudios con datos exhaustivos relacionados con el tiempo para conocer mejor la evoluci&#243;n cl&#237;nica de la hipoxemia asintom&#225;tica en la COVID-19&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Conclusiones</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En este estudio de cohortes multic&#233;ntrico de 46&#46;102 pacientes hospitalizados por SARS debido a COVID-19 con hipoxemia silente en el momento de consulta en Brasil&#44; la edad avanzada&#44; la presencia de enfermedades concomitantes y la aparici&#243;n de dificultad respiratoria fueron factores de riesgo independientes de mortalidad&#46; A la inversa&#44; la aparici&#243;n de tos y la necesidad de apoyo respiratorio no invasivo fueron factores protectores independientes contra la mortalidad&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Financiaci&#243;n</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este estudio fue patrocinado por el Consejo Brasile&#241;o de Desarrollo Cient&#237;fico y Tecnol&#243;gico &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico</span> &#91;CNPq&#93;&#41; y por la Coordinaci&#243;n para la Mejora del Personal de Educaci&#243;n Superior &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior</span> &#91;CAPES&#93;&#41;&#46; Las fuentes de financiaci&#243;n no participaron en el dise&#241;o del estudio&#44; la recopilaci&#243;n&#44; la gesti&#243;n&#44; el an&#225;lisis y la interpretaci&#243;n de los datos&#44; ni en la preparaci&#243;n&#44; la revisi&#243;n y la aprobaci&#243;n de este art&#237;culo&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Declaraci&#243;n de disponibilidad de datos</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Todos los datos pertinentes para el estudio se incluyen en el art&#237;culo o se cargan como informaci&#243;n complementaria&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Conflictos de intereses</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores han declarado que no tienen conflictos de intereses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Describir los predictores de mortalidad en pacientes hospitalizados con s&#237;ndrome respiratorio agudo severo &#40;SARS&#41; debido a COVID-19 que presentan hipoxemia silente&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Material y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo de pacientes hospitalizados con SARS debido a COVID-19 e hipoxemia silente al ingreso&#44; en Brasil&#44; de enero a junio de 2021&#46; El resultado principal de inter&#233;s fue la muerte intrahospitalaria&#46; Se realiz&#243; un an&#225;lisis de regresi&#243;n log&#237;stica multivariable&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Resultados</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">De 46&#46;102 pacientes&#44; la edad media fue de 59<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os&#44; y el 41&#44;6&#37; eran mujeres&#46; Durante la hospitalizaci&#243;n fallecieron 13&#46;149 pacientes&#46; En comparaci&#243;n con los sobrevivientes&#44; los no sobrevivientes eran de mayor edad &#40;edad media&#44; 66 vs&#46; 56<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#44; menos frecuentemente mujeres &#40;43&#44;6&#37; hombres vs&#46; 40&#44;9&#37;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41; y m&#225;s propensos a tener comorbilidades &#40;74&#44;3&#37; vs&#46; 56&#44;8&#37;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#46; Los no sobrevivientes tuvieron mayores necesidades de ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica invasiva &#40;42&#44;4&#37; vs&#46; 6&#44;6&#37;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41; y admisi&#243;n a la unidad de cuidados intensivos &#40;56&#44;9&#37; vs&#46; 20&#37;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41; en comparaci&#243;n con los sobrevivientes&#46; En el an&#225;lisis de regresi&#243;n multivariable&#44; la edad avanzada &#40;OR&#58; 1&#44;04&#59; IC del 95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;037-1&#44;04&#41;&#44; la presencia de comorbilidades &#40;OR&#58; 1&#44;54&#59; IC del 95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;47-1&#44;62&#41;&#44; la tos &#40;OR&#58; 0&#44;74&#59; IC del 95&#37;&#58; 0&#44;71-0&#44;79&#41;&#44; la dificultad respiratoria &#40;OR&#58; 1&#44;32&#59; IC del 95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;26-1&#44;38&#41; y la necesidad de soporte respiratorio no invasivo &#40;OR&#58; 0&#44;37&#59; IC del 95&#37;&#58; 0&#44;35-0&#44;40&#41; permanecieron independientemente asociadas con la muerte&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La edad avanzada&#44; la presencia de comorbilidades y la dificultad respiratoria fueron factores de riesgo independientes para la mortalidad&#44; mientras que la tos y la necesidad de soporte respiratorio no invasivo fueron factores protectores independientes contra la mortalidad en pacientes hospitalizados por SARS debido a COVID-19 con hipoxemia silente en la presentaci&#243;n&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objective</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To describe the predictors of mortality in hospitalized patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome &#40;SARS&#41; due to COVID-19 presenting with silent hypoxemia&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Material and methods</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Retrospective cohort study of hospitalized patients with SARS due to COVID-19 and silent hypoxemia at admission&#44; in Brazil&#44; from January to June 2021&#46; The primary outcome of interest was in-hospital death&#46; Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Results</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Of 46&#44;102 patients&#44; the mean age was 59<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>years&#44; and 41&#46;6&#37; were female&#46; During hospitalization&#44; 13&#44;149 patients died&#46; Compared to survivors&#44; non-survivors were older &#40;mean age&#44; 66 vs&#46; 56 years&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#44; less frequently female &#40;43&#46;6&#37; vs&#46; 40&#46;9&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#44; and more likely to have comorbidities &#40;74&#46;3&#37; vs&#46; 56&#46;8&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46; Non-survivors had higher needs for invasive mechanical ventilation &#40;42&#46;4&#37; vs 6&#46;6&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; and intensive care unit admission &#40;56&#46;9&#37; vs 20&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; compared to survivors&#46; In the multivariable regression analysis&#44; advanced age &#40;OR&#58; 1&#46;04&#59; 95&#37;CI&#58; 1&#46;037-1&#46;04&#41;&#44; presence of comorbidities &#40;OR&#58; 1&#46;54&#59; 95&#37;CI&#58; 1&#46;47-1&#46;62&#41;&#44; cough &#40;OR&#58; 0&#46;74&#59; 95&#37;CI&#58; 0&#46;71-0&#46;79&#41;&#44; respiratory distress &#40;OR&#58; 1&#46;32&#59; 95&#37;CI&#58; 1&#46;26-1&#46;38&#41;&#44; and need for non-invasive respiratory support &#40;OR&#58; 0&#46;37&#59; 95&#37;CI&#58; 0&#46;35-0&#46;40&#41; remained independently associated with death&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Advanced age&#44; presence of comorbidities&#44; and respiratory distress were independent risk factors for mortality&#44; while cough and requirement for non-invasive respiratory support were independent protective factors against mortality in hospitalized patients with SARS due to COVID-19 with silent hypoxemia at presentation&#46;</p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t">40 &#40;0&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enfermedades concomitantes&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Enfermedad cardiovascular cr&#243;nica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hemopat&#237;a cr&#243;nica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hepatopat&#237;a cr&#243;nica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">134 &#40;0&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">68 &#40;0&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">66 &#40;0&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Enfermedad pulmonar cr&#243;nica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">612 &#40;1&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Enfermedad neurol&#243;gica cr&#243;nica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">784 &#40;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">902 &#40;2&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Nefropat&#237;a cr&#243;nica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">660 &#40;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Diabetes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>S&#237;ndrome de Down&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">55 &#40;0&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">19 &#40;0&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">36 &#40;0&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;322&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Inmunodeficiencia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">332 &#40;0&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">158 &#40;1&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">174 &#40;0&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Obesidad&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;780 &#40;3&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">706 &#40;5&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;074 &#40;3&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">274 &#40;3&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Infiltrados intersticiales&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Patr&#243;n mixto&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">725 &#40;1&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">476 &#40;2&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Normal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">907 &#40;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">266 &#40;3&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">641 &#40;3&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Otros&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;250 &#40;4&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">712 &#40;8&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No realizado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">18&#46;312 &#40;39&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;930 &#40;58&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">13&#46;382 &#40;64&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Resultados de la TC de t&#243;rax&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Patr&#243;n at&#237;pico de COVID-19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">421 &#40;0&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">297 &#40;1&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Patr&#243;n t&#237;pico de COVID-19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">22&#46;390 &#40;48&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;799 &#40;61&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">16&#46;591 &#40;67&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Patr&#243;n indeterminado de COVID-19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">948 &#40;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">325 &#40;3&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">623 &#40;2&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Normal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">85 &#40;0&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">19 &#40;0&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">66 &#40;0&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Otros&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;790 &#40;3&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">381 &#40;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;409 &#40;5&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No realizado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">8&#46;590 &#40;18&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;864 &#40;30&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;726 &#40;23&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Necesidad de apoyo respiratorio&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ninguno&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;927 &#40;17&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;146 &#40;8&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;781 &#40;20&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No invasivo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">30&#46;413 &#40;66&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;429 &#40;48&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">23&#46;984 &#40;72&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Necesidad de ingreso en la UCI&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;300 &#40;20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  """
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Signos&#47;s&#237;ntomas&#44; estudios de imagen de t&#243;rax y tratamientos estratificados en funci&#243;n del criterio de valoraci&#243;n principal</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t">Tos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Apoyo respiratorio no invasivo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Dificultad respiratoria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;26-1&#44;38&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0010"
              "etiqueta" => "a"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">Riesgo por cada a&#241;o adicional de edad&#46;</p> <p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0020">En total&#44; se introdujeron 15 variables en el modelo multivariante&#46; Las 15 variables fueron&#58; edad&#44; sexo&#44; presencia de enfermedades concomitantes&#44; necesidad de apoyo respiratorio no invasivo&#44; hepatopat&#237;a cr&#243;nica&#44; enfermedad neurol&#243;gica cr&#243;nica&#44; enfermedad pulmonar cr&#243;nica&#44; diabetes&#44; obesidad&#44; tos&#44; dificultad respiratoria&#44; fatiga&#44; anosmia&#44; diarrea y fiebre&#46; Se muestran las cinco variables iniciales&#44; consideradas de suma importancia&#46;</p>"
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0105" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">An&#225;lisis multivariante del criterio de valoraci&#243;n principal</p>"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan&#44; China"
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                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "C&#46; Huang"
                            1 => "Y&#46; Wang"
                            2 => "X&#46; Li"
                            3 => "L&#46; Ren"
                            4 => "J&#46; Zhao"
                            5 => "Y&#46; Hu"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Lancet&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2020"
                        "volumen" => "395"
                        "paginaInicial" => "497"
                        "paginaFinal" => "506"
                        "link" => array:1 [
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                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31986264"
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                      "doi" => "10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5"
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            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0235"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "W&#46;-J&#46; Guan"
                            1 => "Z&#46;-Y&#46; Ni"
                            2 => "Y&#46; Hu"
                            3 => "W&#46;-H&#46; Liang"
                            4 => "C&#46;-Q&#46; Ou"
                            5 => "J&#46;-X&#46; He"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:2 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "N Engl J Med&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2020"
                        "volumen" => "382"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1708"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1720"
                      ]
                    ]
                    1 => array:1 [
                      "WWW" => array:1 [
                        "link" => "https&#58;&#47;&#47;doi&#46;org&#47;10&#46;1056&#47;NEJMoa2002032"
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            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0240"
              "etiqueta" => "3"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Mechanisms of hypoxemia"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Sarkar"
                            1 => "N&#46; Niranjan"
                            2 => "P&#46;K&#46; Banyal"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:2 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.4103/0970-2113.197116"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Lung India&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2017"
                        "volumen" => "34"
                        "paginaInicial" => "47"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28144061"
                            "web" => "Medline"
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                    1 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.4103/0970-2113.197116"
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            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0245"
              "etiqueta" => "4"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention &#40;CDC&#41;&#46; National Institutes of Health&#46; Coronavirus disease 2019 &#40;COVID-19&#41; treatment guidelines&#46; Publicado en 2023&#46; Consultado 20 Abr 2023&#46; Disponible en&#58; <a target="_blank" href="https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/">https&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;covid19treatmentguidelines&#46;nih&#46;gov&#47;</a>"
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                0 => array:2 [
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Silent hypoxia&#58; A frequently overlooked clinical entity in patients with COVID-19"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Chandra"
                            1 => "U&#46; Chakraborty"
                            2 => "J&#46; Pal"
                            3 => "P&#46; Karmakar"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1136/bcr-2020-237207"
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                        "volumen" => "13"
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