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as&#237; como las tendencias observadas en el tratamiento al alta y mortalidad &#8211;por cualquier causa&#8211; intrahospitalaria y al a&#241;o de seguimiento&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Material y m&#233;todos</span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Tipo de estudio</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Observacional&#44; retrospectivo y unic&#233;ntrico &#40;pacientes atendidos en el Hospital Don Benito-Villanueva en el per&#237;odo 2000-2009&#41;&#46; Con motivo del an&#225;lisis consideramos <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">a priori</span> la estratificaci&#243;n de la cohorte total en 4 per&#237;odos iguales de 30 meses de duraci&#243;n cada uno&#44; en funci&#243;n del momento del ingreso hospitalario&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Poblaci&#243;n de referencia</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El &#193;rea Sanitaria de Don Benito-Villanueva de la Serena est&#225; situada al este de la provincia de Badajoz&#59; su poblaci&#243;n es de 141&#46;337 habitantes &#40;69&#46;962 varones&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Poblaci&#243;n estudiada</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se reclutaron todos los individuos con diagn&#243;stico principal al alta de IC &#40;c&#243;digo&#58; 428 de la CIE-9&#41; en el &#225;rea sanitaria de Don Benito-Villanueva y que fueran ingresados consecutivamente desde el 1 de enero de 2000 hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2009 en el Hospital Don Benito Villanueva&#44; &#250;nico hospital del &#225;rea con ingreso de pacientes hasta noviembre de 2008&#46; Se trata de es una poblaci&#243;n atendida en un centro hospitalario de car&#225;cter secundario o comarcal&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las fuentes de informaci&#243;n fueron el Servicio de Codificaci&#243;n e Inform&#225;tica del Hospital Don Benito-Villanueva y el &#237;ndice nacional de defunciones &#40;IND&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se obtuvieron datos de la mortalidad al a&#241;o por confrontaci&#243;n de base hospitalaria con el IND&#44; en la totalidad de los pacientes &#40;100&#37;&#41;&#46; Este estudio fue aprobado por el comit&#233; de &#233;tica del Hospital Universitario Infanta Cristina de Badajoz&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Variables</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">De la historia cl&#237;nica se recogi&#243; informaci&#243;n demogr&#225;fica detallada&#58; sexo&#44; edad&#44; antecedentes de enfermedad cardiovascular &#40;AECV&#41;&#44; infarto de miocardio &#40;IM&#41;&#44; enfermedad arterial perif&#233;rica &#40;EAP&#41; e ictus&#44; comorbilidad&#58; enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva cr&#243;nica &#40;EPOC&#41;&#44; insuficiencia renal cr&#243;nica &#40;IRC&#41; y neoplasias&#46; Factores de riesgo cardiovascular&#58; HTA&#44; diabetes mellitus &#40;DM&#41;&#44; hipercolesterolemia &#40;HCOL&#41; y tabaquismo&#44; ritmo basal electrocardiogr&#225;fico y trastornos de la conducci&#243;n&#46; D&#237;as de hospitalizaci&#243;n&#46; Atenci&#243;n de internista o cardi&#243;logo durante la hospitalizaci&#243;n&#46; Tratamiento farmacol&#243;gico al alta&#58; antiagregantes plaquetarios &#40;aspirina&#44; trifusal&#44; clopidogrel&#44; ticlopidina&#41;&#44; heparina&#44; dicumar&#237;nicos&#44; estatinas&#44; bloqueadores beta&#44; antagonistas c&#225;lcicos&#44; nitratos&#44; inhibidores del enzima convertidor de angiotensina &#40;IECA&#41;&#44; bloqueadores del receptor tipo 1 de angiotensina 2 &#40;ARA-<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">ii</span>&#41;&#44; digoxina&#44; amiodarona&#44; diur&#233;ticos&#46; Mortalidad hospitalaria&#44; a los 28 d&#237;as y al a&#241;o del alta&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Control de calidad</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para garantizar la calidad de los datos todos los investigadores que participaron en el estudio fueron entrenados y acreditados en el centro coordinador del estudio&#46; Se realiz&#243; un control de la concordancia en el proceso de clasificaci&#243;n diagn&#243;stica mediante la evaluaci&#243;n de 40 casos patr&#243;n &#40;10 repetidos&#41; por todos los codificadores&#46; Se calcularon los &#237;ndices kappa intra e interobservador y se requiri&#243; que fueran superiores a 0&#44;90 en todos ellos y en ambos casos&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">An&#225;lisis estad&#237;stico</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las variables categ&#243;ricas se presentaron como frecuencia absoluta y relativa&#44; y se compararon en los 4 grupos &#40;seg&#250;n fecha de ingreso&#41; mediante la prueba de Chi-cuadrado bajo la hip&#243;tesis nula de tendencia lineal&#46; Para evaluar la supervivencia se eligi&#243; el m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier&#44; compar&#225;ndose los estratos mediante la prueba de tendencias&#46; Las variables asociadas a la ocurrencia de mortalidad por cualquier causa a un a&#241;o se estudiaron mediante el <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">hazard ratio</span> &#40;HR&#41; no ajustado en modelo de remisi&#243;n de Cox&#46; Las variables que se consideraron &#243;ptimas para ser introducidas en el modelo final deb&#237;an cumplir al menos una de las siguientes&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">1&#41;</span> Asociaci&#243;n no ajustada a la ocurrencia de muerte por cualquier causa y valor de p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;20 &#40;bajo este criterio se seleccionaron&#58; edad&#44; HTA&#44; tabaquismo activo&#44; dislipemia&#44; obesidad&#44; EPOC&#44; ictus&#44; IRC&#44; anticoagulantes&#44; bloqueadores beta&#44; IECA&#44; ARA-<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">ii</span>&#44; estatinas&#41;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2&#41;</span> Variables consideradas de importancia pron&#243;stica por estudios previos &#40;DM&#44; fibrilaci&#243;n auricular&#41;&#44; o <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">3&#41;</span> Aquellas que no se incluyeran en las categor&#237;as previas&#44; pero que cambiaran de forma sustancial &#40;20&#37;&#41; el HR&#46; En todos los casos se eligi&#243; el m&#233;todo &#171;introducir&#187;&#46; Asimismo evaluamos la discriminaci&#243;n del modelo mediante una curva <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Receiver Operating Characteristic</span> y la calibraci&#243;n mediante la prueba de Hosmer-Lemeshow&#46; Para asegurar la robustez de los predictores de mortalidad&#44; se calcularon los intervalos de confianza &#40;IC&#41; al 95&#37; de los mismos mediante an&#225;lisis con remuestreo <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;bootstrapping&#41;</span> con 3&#46;000 replicaciones&#46; Se utiliz&#243; el paquete estad&#237;stico SPSS<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> v 17&#46;0 y STATA<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> 9&#46;1&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Caracter&#237;sticas basales de la poblaci&#243;n incluida y su evoluci&#243;n temporal</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se incluyeron 2&#46;220 pacientes&#46; La edad media fue de 76&#44;3 &#40;DE<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#44;1&#41; a&#241;os y el 53&#44;9&#37; fueron mujeres&#46; Las caracter&#237;sticas basales de la muestra se presentan en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#46; La media de hospitalizaci&#243;n fue 8&#44;55 d&#237;as &#40;DE<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#44;90&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los pacientes fueron atendidos en su gran mayor&#237;a por m&#233;dicos internistas &#40;86&#44;4&#37;&#41;&#44; no se registraron diferencias en cuanto a prescripci&#243;n farmacol&#243;gica al alta&#44; aunque si en cuanto a su significativa mayor edad &#40;77&#44;1 &#91;DE<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#44;7&#93; vs&#46;71&#44;3 &#91;DE<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11&#44;3&#93;&#41; y mortalidad &#40;intrahospitalaria&#58; 10&#44;4 vs&#46; 6&#44;6&#37;&#59; al a&#241;o&#58; 30&#44;6 vs&#46; 20&#44;5&#37;&#41;&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#59; esta diferencia desapareci&#243; cuando se ajust&#243; por edad&#44; factores de riesgo&#44; comorbilidad y tratamiento al alta &#40;OR&#58;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;20&#59; IC del 95&#37;&#58;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;88-1&#44;84&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;193&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a> se observa<span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#44;</span> en los 4 per&#237;odos estudiados&#44; que el perfil epidemiol&#243;gico de los pacientes con IC ha ido cambiando a lo largo del tiempo&#44; con una tendencia hacia una mayor edad&#44; as&#237; como mayor prevalencia de hipertensi&#243;n e hipercolesterolemia previas&#46; Por el contrario&#44; la proporci&#243;n de fumadores activos present&#243; una tendencia a la baja&#46; Merece la pena se&#241;alarse que a pesar de la mayor edad de los pacientes no se observ&#243; una mayor comorbilidad&#59; as&#237;&#44; apreciamos una tendencia hacia una menor proporci&#243;n de pacientes con IM previo y EPOC&#44; sin cambios significativos en la proporci&#243;n de ictus o EAP previa&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Medicaci&#243;n al alta&#46; Evoluci&#243;n temporal</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a> se presenta la evoluci&#243;n de la medicaci&#243;n al alta en los 4 per&#237;odos estudiados&#46; En ella observamos el significativo aumento de prescripci&#243;n de bloqueadores beta&#44; estatinas&#44; anticoagulantes y antagonistas c&#225;lcicos&#46; Por el contrario&#44; disminuy&#243; significativamente la indicaci&#243;n de digoxina&#44; nitroglicerina oral o transd&#233;rmica&#44; diur&#233;ticos y antiagregantes plaquetarios&#46; Se mantuvieron sin cambios el uso de antialdoster&#243;nicos&#46; Si bien la prescripci&#243;n de IECA disminuy&#243; su indicaci&#243;n durante el per&#237;odo del estudio&#44; se aprecia que este hecho fue paralelo a un aumento progresivo de la indicaci&#243;n de ARA-<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">ii</span>&#44; de forma tal que la prescripci&#243;n &#171;neta&#187; de IECA o ARA-<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">ii</span> no cambi&#243; significativamente a lo largo del tiempo&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Mortalidad hospitalaria&#44; al mes y al a&#241;o de seguimiento&#46; Evoluci&#243;n temporal</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">tabla 3</a> se presentan los datos referidos a la mortalidad por cualquier causa&#44; seg&#250;n los 4 per&#237;odos estudiados&#58; intrahospitalaria&#44; a los 28 d&#237;as y al a&#241;o&#46; La <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">figura 1</a> muestra en una curva de Kaplan-Meier la mortalidad total seg&#250;n los per&#237;odos de estudio&#46; En ella se puede apreciar una separaci&#243;n precoz de las curvas&#44; lo cual refleja diferencias en mortalidad ya en la fase hospitalaria &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">tabla 3</a>&#41; en virtud de la cual se produjo una reducci&#243;n progresiva y paulatina de la misma mediante 4 per&#237;odos&#46; Dichas diferencias en mortalidad se suavizan &#8211;hasta casi desaparecer&#8211; a los 28 d&#237;as entre los 3 primeros per&#237;odos del estudio&#46; Destaca&#44; sin embargo&#44; una significativa menor mortalidad a los 28 d&#237;as y a&#250;n mayor al a&#241;o en el &#250;ltimo per&#237;odo valorado&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El estudio comparativo de la mortalidad total por per&#237;odos nos muestra que la reducci&#243;n de la misma del &#250;ltimo per&#237;odo &#8211;el m&#225;s reciente&#8211; estudiado con respecto al primero fue significativa &#40;HR sin ajustar de per&#237;odo 4 vs&#46; 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#58;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;73 &#91;IC del 95&#37;&#58;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;58-0&#44;92&#93;&#41;&#59; El ajuste adicional&#44; de este &#250;ltimo modelo&#44; por tratamiento al alta &#40;excluyendo los muertos durante la hospitalizaci&#243;n&#41; con la inclusi&#243;n de los f&#225;rmacos que han demostrado aumentar la supervivencia &#40;bloqueadores beta&#44; IECA&#47;ARA-<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">ii</span> y&#47;o antialdoster&#243;nicos&#41; no logr&#243; atenuar la reducci&#243;n de mortalidad observada del cuarto per&#237;odo&#44; aunque hace perder la significaci&#243;n estad&#237;stica &#40;HR&#58;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;75 &#91;IC del 95&#37;&#58;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;55-1&#44;01&#93;&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Predictores de mortalidad a un a&#241;o</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En el an&#225;lisis bivariado observamos una mortalidad significativamente mayor en los pacientes de mayor edad &#40;HR &#8211;a&#241;os&#8211;&#58; 1&#44;04 &#91;IC del 95&#37;&#58;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;03-1&#44;95&#41;&#44; con antecedentes de ictus &#40;HR&#58;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;28 &#91;IC del 95&#37;&#58;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;02-1&#44;60&#93;&#41; e IRC &#40;HR&#58;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;63 &#91;IC del 95&#37;&#58;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;36-1&#44;95&#93;&#41; y una disminuci&#243;n de la misma en aquellos pacientes que recib&#237;an anticoagulantes &#40;dicumar&#237;nicos&#41; &#40;HR&#58;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;67 &#91;IC del 95&#37;&#58;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;52-0&#44;87&#93;&#41; y estatinas &#40;HR&#58;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;67 &#91;IC del 95&#37;&#58;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;51-0&#44;88&#93;&#41;&#44; eran fumadores activos &#40;HR&#58;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;46 &#91;IC del 95&#37;&#58;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;30-0&#44;70&#93;&#41;&#44; hipertensos &#40;HR&#58;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;35 &#91;IC del 95&#37;&#58;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;29-0&#44;43&#93;&#41; o dislip&#233;micos &#40;HR&#58;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;55 &#91;IC del 95&#37;&#58;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;45-0&#44;66&#93;&#41;&#46; El uso de bloqueadores beta fue protector aunque con significaci&#243;n l&#237;mite &#40;HR&#58;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;79 &#91;IC del 95&#37;&#58;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;62-1&#44;00&#93;&#41;&#46; En un modelo de Cox &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">tabla 4</a>&#41; ajustado resultaron factores predictivos de riesgo de mortalidad la edad&#44; IRC y DM&#44; mientras que los anticoagulantes fueron protectores&#46; La hipercolesterolemia tambi&#233;n se comport&#243; como protectora&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Discusi&#243;n</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Con este estudio mostramos como la poblaci&#243;n que ingresa por IC en un hospital comarcal es cada vez de mayor edad&#44; con alta prevalencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular y fibrilaci&#243;n auricular y moderada de antecedentes de enfermedad cardiovascular&#44; pulmonar y renal&#46; Una observaci&#243;n principal de nuestro estudio es la disminuci&#243;n de la mortalidad total a lo largo del tiempo&#44; y un incremento progresivo en la prescripci&#243;n de bloqueadores beta&#44; ARA-<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">ii</span> y anticoagulantes dicumar&#237;nicos&#46;</p><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Comparaci&#243;n con otros estudios</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">tabla 5</a> se pueden observar las caracter&#237;sticas y la mortalidad de los pacientes ingresados por IC en distintos registros espa&#241;oles&#44; europeos y estadounidenses<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#8211;14</span></a>&#46; La heterogeneidad de los mismos impide una comparaci&#243;n directa&#44; aunque puede decirse que en general muestran poblaciones discretamente m&#225;s j&#243;venes que la nuestra&#44; con menos factores de riesgo&#44; m&#225;s antecedentes de cardiopat&#237;a isqu&#233;mica y menor mortalidad&#46; Respecto a las principales causas de IC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#44; la prevalencia creciente de la HTA como antecedente con respecto a la cardiopat&#237;a isqu&#233;mica&#44; convierten a este factor de riesgo en el m&#225;s importante en nuestro medio a pesar del mayor riesgo relativo que confiere el segundo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0025"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Factores pron&#243;sticos</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A pesar de reunir nuestro estudio una poblaci&#243;n m&#225;s envejecida&#44; observamos una reducci&#243;n de la mortalidad al a&#241;o&#44; sobre todo en el cuarto per&#237;odo&#44; que no se atenu&#243; tras el ajuste incluyendo la medicaci&#243;n a alta&#46; No tenemos una explicaci&#243;n para este singular fen&#243;meno&#44; y no puede descartarse la presencia de variables no medidas que puedan tener un papel en este sentido&#46; La DM e IRC fueron predictores independientes de mortalidad al a&#241;o&#44; como en otros estudios<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#44;18</span></a>&#44; por lo que altas prevalencias de estas empeoran el pron&#243;stico&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La presencia de FA al ingreso no mostr&#243; sin embargo relaci&#243;n&#44; al contrario que otros estudios recientes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19&#44;20</span></a>&#44; aunque s&#237; result&#243; protector el uso de dicumar&#237;nicos&#46; Ello deber&#237;a reforzar su prescripci&#243;n siempre que est&#233; indicado en este tipo de pacientes&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La asociaci&#243;n del antecedente de hipercolesterolemia con una menor mortalidad ha sido ya rese&#241;ada anteriormente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#44; postul&#225;ndose que pueda ser un marcador de IC menos severa o un posible mediador de mejor evoluci&#243;n&#46; El fen&#243;meno por el cual ciertos factores de riesgo cl&#225;sicos resultan protectores en pacientes ancianos <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;reverse epidemiology&#41;</span> permanece en el terreno de las hip&#243;tesis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A lo largo de la serie se aprecia un incremento significativo de los ARA-<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">ii</span> y los bloqueadores beta&#44; aunque no se alcanzan los est&#225;ndares que recomiendan las gu&#237;as cl&#237;nicas&#44; fen&#243;meno ya analizado por la Sociedad Europea de Cardiolog&#237;a<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#46; El motivo puede ser que las recomendaciones de las gu&#237;as cl&#237;nicas se basan en ensayos cl&#237;nicos que no siempre representan la poblaci&#243;n del llamado &#171;mundo real&#187;&#46; As&#237;&#44; en grandes series de pacientes solo el 13 y el 18&#37; cumpl&#237;an los criterios de inclusi&#243;n de los estudios MERIT-HF y SOLVD<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> respectivamente&#59; o el 9&#44; 5 y 7&#37; de los estudios SOLVD&#44; MERIT HF y RALES de la encuesta de la ESC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#44; siendo las mayores causas de exclusi&#243;n&#58; la edad&#44; la insuficiencia renal y la EPOC&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0090" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Limitaciones y fortalezas</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nuestro estudio presenta las limitaciones propias de un registro retrospectivo&#46; La variabilidad entre los distintos codificadores de historias se intent&#243; controlar mediante personal estable para todo el estudio y adecuado entrenamiento&#46; La variable tratamiento al alta sin conocimiento preciso de la &#171;adherencia&#187; es otra posible limitaci&#243;n del mismo&#46; El limitado n&#250;mero de ecocardiogramas &#40;45&#44;5&#37;&#41; nos hizo desestimar incluir en el an&#225;lisis la funci&#243;n sist&#243;lica ventricular izquierda&#44; as&#237; como la falta de determinaci&#243;n rutinaria del BNP o de datos de la funci&#243;n f&#237;sica o cognitiva de los pacientes&#44; que hubieran tenido inter&#233;s diagn&#243;stico y pron&#243;stico&#46; El an&#225;lisis de la mortalidad total y no de causas espec&#237;ficas es otra limitaci&#243;n&#44; aunque ya se ha hecho notar que la mortalidad del paciente con IC es debida en su amplia mayor&#237;a a causas cardiovasculares&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las fortalezas m&#225;s destacables fueron el prolongado per&#237;odo de reclutamiento&#44; el elevado tama&#241;o muestral y la procedencia de los casos de un solo hospital que atiende a toda la poblaci&#243;n de un &#225;rea de salud&#44; por lo que estimamos que los sujetos estudiados representan adecuadamente las caracter&#237;sticas de la enfermedad en la poblaci&#243;n general&#46; Tambi&#233;n que el efecto de reducci&#243;n de mortalidad cardiovascular debe ser importante al proceder de una poblaci&#243;n envejecida donde los riesgos por otras causas de muerte suelen ser muy elevados&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0095" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusiones</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Concluimos que a lo largo 10 a&#241;os hemos observado un cambio en el perfil etario y cl&#237;nico de los pacientes ingresados en un hospital general de &#225;rea con diagn&#243;stico de IC descompensada&#46; Los principales predictores de mortalidad a un a&#241;o fueron&#58; la edad&#44; la DM y la IRC&#46; La mortalidad por cualquier causa ha disminuido significativamente en la d&#233;cada fundamentalmente a expensas de la mortalidad intrahospitalaria en los primeros per&#237;odos y extrahospitalaria en el &#250;ltimo&#46; La anticoagulaci&#243;n se mostr&#243; como el &#250;nico tratamiento farmacol&#243;gico que result&#243; protector&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0100" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conflictos de intereses</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran no tener ning&#250;n conflicto de intereses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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              "titulo" => "Mortalidad hospitalaria&#44; al mes y al a&#241;o de seguimiento&#46; Evoluci&#243;n temporal"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2012-04-14"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2012-07-01"
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        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Antecedentes y objetivos</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La insuficiencia cardiaca es la causante del mayor gasto sanitario en hospitalizaci&#243;n y la tercera causa de mortalidad cardiovascular&#46; Fue nuestro objetivo determinar la evoluci&#243;n de las caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas&#44; y los factores relacionados con el pron&#243;stico en pacientes ingresados por insuficiencia cardiaca en un &#225;rea de salud de Extremadura durante 10 a&#241;os&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Pacientes y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio observacional&#44; retrospectivo y unic&#233;ntrico en pacientes consecutivos ingresados por insuficiencia cardiaca descompensada en un Hospital General de la provincia de Badajoz en el per&#237;odo 2000&#47;2009&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se incluyeron 2&#46;220 pacientes con una edad media de 76&#44;3 &#40;DE<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#44;1&#41; a&#241;os&#44; 54&#37; mujeres&#46; Estratificados en 4 per&#237;odos de 30 meses&#44; se observ&#243;&#58; un significativo incremento de los pacientes mayores de 75 a&#241;os &#40;55 al 71&#37;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41; y al alta una mayor prescripci&#243;n de bloqueadores beta &#40;12 al 34&#37;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#44; estatinas &#40;8 al 31&#37;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#44; y anticoagulantes orales &#40;13 al 25&#37;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#46; La mortalidad intrahospitalaria disminuy&#243; del 13 al 8&#37; &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;01&#41; y al a&#241;o del 30 al 23&#37; &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;01&#41;&#46; Fueron predictores independientes de mortalidad al a&#241;o la edad &#40;HR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;04 &#91;IC del 95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;02-1&#44;05&#93;&#41;&#44; la diabetes &#40;HR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;35 &#91;IC del 95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;11-1&#44;66&#93;&#41; y la insuficiencia renal &#40;HR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;49 &#91;IC del 95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;18-1&#44;87&#93;&#41;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La mortalidad ha disminuido significativamente en la d&#233;cada a pesar del incremento de la edad&#46; La edad&#44; la diabetes y la insuficiencia renal cr&#243;nica resultaron predictores independientes de mortalidad al a&#241;o&#46; La anticoagulaci&#243;n result&#243; protectora&#46;</p>"
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        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Background and objectives</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Heart failure is responsible for a major part of hospital health expenditure and the third cause of cardiovascular death&#46; To describe the evolution of clinical features&#44; and factors related to prognosis of patients admitted due to decompensated heart failure in a region of Extremadura during a period 10 years&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Patients and methods</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Observational&#44; retrospective and single centre study of consecutive patients admitted due to decompensated heart failure in a general hospital in the province of Badajoz<span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#44;</span> during the period 2000&#47;2009&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A total of 2220 patients with mean age of 76&#46;3 &#40;SD<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#46;1&#41;&#44; being 54&#37; female were included in the study&#46; Stratified into four periods &#40;30 months each&#41;&#44; a significant increase in patients over 75 years was observed &#40;55 vs&#46; 71&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#41;&#44; as well as an increase in the prescription of beta blockers at discharge &#40;12 vs&#46; 34&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#41;&#44; statins &#40;8 vs&#46; 31&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#41;&#44; and oral anticoagulants &#40;13 vs&#46; 25&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#41;&#46; Hospital mortality significantly decreased from 13 to 8&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;01&#41;&#44; and from 30 to 23&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;01&#41; at one year follow-up&#46; Age &#40;HR per year<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;04 &#91;95&#37; CI&#58; 1&#46;02 to 1&#46;05&#93;&#41;&#44; diabetes &#40;HR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;35 &#91;95&#37; CI&#58; 1&#46;11 to 1&#46;66&#93;&#41; and chronic renal failure &#40;HR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;49 &#91;95&#37; CI&#58; 1&#46;18 to 1&#46;87&#93;&#41; were identified as independent predictors of all-cause mortality at one year of follow-up&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Total mortality in patients with decompensated heart failure has declined significantly over the last decade&#44; despite the increasing age&#46; Age&#44; diabetes and chronic renal failure were independent predictors of total mortality at one year&#46; Oral anticoagulation was a protective factor&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t">279 &#40;53&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;196 &#40;53&#44;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>75 a&#241;os&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">328 &#40;54&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">279 &#40;58&#44;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">404 &#40;65&#44;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">367 &#40;70&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;378 &#40;62&#44;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hipertensi&#243;n arterial&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">493 &#40;82&#44;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">426 &#40;89&#44;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">563 &#40;91&#44;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">479 &#40;92&#44;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;963 &#40;88&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Diabetes mellitus tipo 2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">283 &#40;47&#44;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">193 &#40;40&#44;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">281 &#40;45&#44;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">211 &#40;40&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">970 &#40;43&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hipercolesterolemia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">137 &#40;23&#44;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">128 &#40;26&#44;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">212 &#40;34&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">198 &#40;38&#44;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">676 &#40;30&#44;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Fumador activo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">45 &#40;7&#44;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">37 &#40;7&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">39 &#40;6&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">22 &#40;4&#44;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">143 &#40;6&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Infarto de miocardio previo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">89 &#40;14&#44;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">69 &#40;14&#44;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">66 &#40;10&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">50 &#40;9&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">274 &#40;12&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;002&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ictus previo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">78 &#40;13&#44;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">50 &#40;10&#44;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">75 &#40;12&#44;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">63 &#40;12&#44;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">266 &#40;12&#44;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;76&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Enfermedad arterial perif&#233;rica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">22 &#40;3&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">11 &#40;2&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">18 &#40;2&#44;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10 &#40;1&#44;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">61 &#40;2&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Fibrilaci&#243;n auricular&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">239 &#40;39&#44;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">196 &#40;41&#44;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">275 &#40;44&#44;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">225 &#40;43&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">936 &#40;42&#44;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;51&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Enfermedad pulmonar cr&#243;nica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">198 &#40;33&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">151 &#40;31&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Hipertensi&#243;n arterial &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Diabetes mellitus &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Tabaquismo &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Insuficiencia renal cr&#243;nica &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Fibrilaci&#243;n auricular &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">37<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>37&#44;5<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">IAM previo &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Vol. 213. Núm. 1.
Páginas 16-24 (enero - febrero 2013)
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Vol. 213. Núm. 1.
Páginas 16-24 (enero - febrero 2013)
Original
Características clínicas y mortalidad de la insuficiencia cardiaca. Estudio INCAex
Clinical characteristics and mortality of heart failure. INCAex study
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81
D. Fernández-Bergésa,d,
Autor para correspondencia
polonibo@gmail.com

Autor para correspondencia.
, L. Consuegra-Sánchezb, F.J. Félix-Redondoc,d, N.R. Roblese, M. Galán Montejanof, L. Lozano-Merad
a Sección Cardiología, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Don Benito-Villanueva, Badajoz, España
b Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital General Universitario de Santa Lucía, Cartagena, Murcia, España
c Centro de Salud Villanueva Norte, Villanueva de la Serena, Badajoz, España
d Unidad de Investigación Don Benito-Villanueva, Grupo GRIMEX, Villanueva de la Serena, Programa de Investigación Cardiovascular: PERICLES, Badajoz, España
e Unidad de Hipertensión Arterial, Hospital Universitario Infanta Cristina, Badajoz, España
f Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Don Benito-Villanueva, Badajoz, España
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Figuras (1)
Tablas (5)
Tabla 1. Estudio INCAex. Características de los pacientes del estudio agrupados por períodos de 30 meses
Tabla 2. Estudio INCAex. Medicación al alta según los períodos de 30 meses
Tabla 3. Estudio INCAex. Tabla comparativa de mortalidad por cualquier causa hospitalaria y a 1 año en los pacientes del estudio agrupados por períodos de 30 meses
Tabla 4. Modelo de Cox multivariable ajustado para mortalidad por cualquier causa a un año
Tabla 5. Comparación con los principales registros nacionales, europeos y estadounidenses
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Resumen
Antecedentes y objetivos

La insuficiencia cardiaca es la causante del mayor gasto sanitario en hospitalización y la tercera causa de mortalidad cardiovascular. Fue nuestro objetivo determinar la evolución de las características clínicas, y los factores relacionados con el pronóstico en pacientes ingresados por insuficiencia cardiaca en un área de salud de Extremadura durante 10 años.

Pacientes y métodos

Estudio observacional, retrospectivo y unicéntrico en pacientes consecutivos ingresados por insuficiencia cardiaca descompensada en un Hospital General de la provincia de Badajoz en el período 2000/2009.

Resultados

Se incluyeron 2.220 pacientes con una edad media de 76,3 (DE±10,1) años, 54% mujeres. Estratificados en 4 períodos de 30 meses, se observó: un significativo incremento de los pacientes mayores de 75 años (55 al 71%; p<0,001) y al alta una mayor prescripción de bloqueadores beta (12 al 34%; p<0,001), estatinas (8 al 31%; p<0,001), y anticoagulantes orales (13 al 25%; p<0,001). La mortalidad intrahospitalaria disminuyó del 13 al 8% (p<0,01) y al año del 30 al 23% (p<0,01). Fueron predictores independientes de mortalidad al año la edad (HR=1,04 [IC del 95%: 1,02-1,05]), la diabetes (HR=1,35 [IC del 95%: 1,11-1,66]) y la insuficiencia renal (HR=1,49 [IC del 95%: 1,18-1,87]).

Conclusiones

La mortalidad ha disminuido significativamente en la década a pesar del incremento de la edad. La edad, la diabetes y la insuficiencia renal crónica resultaron predictores independientes de mortalidad al año. La anticoagulación resultó protectora.

Palabras clave:
Enfermedades cardiovasculares
Insuficiencia cardiaca
Mortalidad
Abstract
Background and objectives

Heart failure is responsible for a major part of hospital health expenditure and the third cause of cardiovascular death. To describe the evolution of clinical features, and factors related to prognosis of patients admitted due to decompensated heart failure in a region of Extremadura during a period 10 years.

Patients and methods

Observational, retrospective and single centre study of consecutive patients admitted due to decompensated heart failure in a general hospital in the province of Badajoz, during the period 2000/2009.

Results

A total of 2220 patients with mean age of 76.3 (SD±10.1), being 54% female were included in the study. Stratified into four periods (30 months each), a significant increase in patients over 75 years was observed (55 vs. 71%; P<.001), as well as an increase in the prescription of beta blockers at discharge (12 vs. 34%, P<.001), statins (8 vs. 31%; P<.001), and oral anticoagulants (13 vs. 25%; P<.001). Hospital mortality significantly decreased from 13 to 8% (P<.01), and from 30 to 23% (P<.01) at one year follow-up. Age (HR per year=1.04 [95% CI: 1.02 to 1.05]), diabetes (HR=1.35 [95% CI: 1.11 to 1.66]) and chronic renal failure (HR=1.49 [95% CI: 1.18 to 1.87]) were identified as independent predictors of all-cause mortality at one year of follow-up.

Conclusions

Total mortality in patients with decompensated heart failure has declined significantly over the last decade, despite the increasing age. Age, diabetes and chronic renal failure were independent predictors of total mortality at one year. Oral anticoagulation was a protective factor.

Keywords:
Cardiovascular diseases
Heart failure
Mortality

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