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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">A brief history of the Nobel Prize</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Alfred Nobel&#44; born on October 21&#44; 1833&#44; in Stockholm&#44; Sweden&#44; belonged to a family of engineers&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> With over 355 patents for various industrial inventions&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> his most renowned creation was dynamite&#44; serving both peaceful and military destructive purposes&#46; Concerned about the potential harm his inventions could cause&#44; Nobel aimed to leave a positive legacy&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On November 27&#44; 1895&#44; he penned a will and testament expressing his desire to establish a fund for annual prizes to be awarded to those who had made significant contributions to humanity in the preceding year&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> In 1900&#44; the Nobel Foundation was established to manage the financial assets and oversee the awarding of the prizes&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Fields of Nobel Prizes</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Alfred Nobel&#39;s interests in literature&#44; science&#44; and peace prompted him to express his will to establish prizes in Physics&#44; Chemistry&#44; Medicine&#44; Literature&#44; and Peace&#46; Later&#44; in 1968&#44; the Swedish National Bank introduced the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel&#44; commonly known as the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences&#46; Additionally&#44; the Nobel Peace Prize is granted to individuals&#44; organizations&#44; or movements that have made noteworthy contributions to peace and conflict resolution&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Nomination and selection process</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nominations for Nobel Prizes typically come from a diverse pool&#44; including scientists&#44; past Nobel laureates&#44; institutions&#44; and members of parliamentary assemblies&#46; Each Nobel Prize has its dedicated committee within its respective field&#46; The selection process is exclusive to Swedish institutions&#58; the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for Physics&#44; Chemistry&#44; and Economics&#59; the Karolinska Institute for Physiology or Medicine&#59; the Swedish Academy for Literature&#59; and a committee elected by the Norwegian Parliament &#40;Storting&#41; for the Nobel Peace Prize&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Furthermore&#44; the workings of the committees are shrouded in high confidentiality&#44; with nomination details&#44; deliberations&#44; and discussions kept a closely guarded confidential for a minimum of 50 years&#46; The committees meticulously review nominations and conduct thorough evaluations to select Nobel Prize laureates&#46; The question of &#8220;who gets nominated and who doesn&#39;t&#8221; plays a pivotal role in shaping the narrative and impact of these awards&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Nobel Prize ceremony</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Nobel Prizes are traditionally awarded on December 10th&#44; marking the anniversary of Alfred Nobel&#39;s death&#46; The ceremony takes place in Stockholm&#44; Sweden&#44; with the exception of the Nobel Peace Prize&#44; which is presented in Oslo&#44; Norway&#46; Each prize comprises a financial reward &#40;approximately &#36;1 million&#41;&#44; a personal diploma&#44; and a medal&#46; The inaugural Nobel Prizes were awarded in 1901 in Chemistry&#44; Literature&#44; Peace&#44; Physics&#44; and Physiology&#47;Medicine&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Impact of Nobel Prizes</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The significance of the Nobel Prize extends far beyond the individual laureates&#44; reaching into the realms of public discourse&#44; inspiring future generations&#44; and potentially shaping societal values and priorities&#46; Nobel Prizes have a significant influence on various medical specialties&#44; influencing the areas of knowledge and advancements within these fields&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Acknowledging and engaging with these aspects enriches the conversation surrounding the Nobel Prize&#44; urging to reflect not only on the achievements of laureates but also on the broader implications and responsibilities tied to such awards&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Alfred Nobel&#39;s intent in creating the Nobel Prize was to recognize and promote the achievements of those who contribute to the betterment of humanity across various domains&#46; Today&#44; the Nobel Prizes stand as international symbols of &#8220;excellence and prestige&#8221;&#46; Nobel laureates are frequently celebrated for their outstanding contributions and portrayed as luminaries in their respective fields&#46; They receive the lion&#39;s share of recognition in scientific and societal endeavors&#44; often accompanied by additional advantages&#44; whether rightfully earned or not&#46; These may include securing funding for projects&#44; obtaining other prizes&#44; and acquiring further honors&#46; Nevertheless&#44; the reality behind these achievements is often more intricate and nuanced than the success stories of the prize winners&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Controversy around Nobel prizes</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The objective of any prize&#44; whether in science&#44; sports&#44; or society at large&#44; is to acknowledge the contributions of laureates in their respective fields&#44; regardless of the associated financial values&#46; In contrast to sports competitions&#44; where the outcome is observable&#44; the selection process for Nobel laureates involves subjective factors such as reputation&#44; country&#44; name&#44; or gender of the nominees&#46; While Nobel committees&#39; members are expected to be impartial and nonpartisan&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> they are ultimately humans susceptible to the idiosyncrasies of their species&#46; The attribution of the prize can be entwined by discrepancies across nationalities&#44; races&#44; and gender&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> The nomination process&#44; restricted to institutions or previous laureates&#44; may introduce conscious or subconscious influences on the selection members&#46; Scientific knowledge and achievements are often cumulative&#44; yet current prize categories like medicine&#44; physics&#44; chemistry&#44; and economics restrict recognition to a few individuals only&#46; This prompts the question of whether multiple prizes shared by a larger group would better acknowledge the collective efforts leading to culminating achievements&#44; rather than awarding a prize to a select few who built upon previous works to claim the award alone&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Nobel Prizes&#44; notably the Peace Prize&#44; have not been immune to controversies&#46; In 1973&#44; the Peace Prize was awarded to Henry Kissinger and Le Duc Tho for their roles in the Vietnam War&#46; However&#44; the controversy deepened when Le Duc Tho declined the prize&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> citing the ongoing violence in Vietnam&#46; This decision cast a shadow over the award and sparked enduring debates about the appropriateness of recognizing individuals involved in negotiations amid an active conflict&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another noteworthy incident involves Boris Pasternak&#44; the Soviet-Russian author who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1958 for his contributions to contemporary poetry and Russian narrative traditions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Faced with pressure from the Soviet government&#44; Pasternak declined the prize&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> sparking debates about freedom and political interference&#46; In more recent years&#44; Nobel Peace Prizes have been granted to individuals not necessarily contributing to peace but involved in war&#46; In 2020&#44; the Nobel Prize in Chemistry<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> was awarded to the CRISPR&#47;Cas9 technology&#44; which can be used for both beneficial and potentially harmful DNA modifications in animals&#44; humans&#44; plants&#44; and microorganisms&#44; creating wide disapproval in the scientific community due to ethical concerns&#44; and calls for a moratorium on inheritable genomic manipulations&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Receiving a Nobel Prize does not inherently guarantee the safety or ethical considerations of the achievements for which it is awarded&#46; Simply because a technology like CRISPR has been honored with a Nobel Prize does not ensure its safety&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fn0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> These instances and many others highlight the complex nature of the Nobel Prizes&#44; where geopolitical and cultural factors can influence the decisions and responses of laureates&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Nobel Prize paradox</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One of the ethical paradoxes within the Nobel Prize lies in the circumstances of its establishment by a man who created one of the most destructive materials in human history&#46; This ethical dilemma raises questions about the responsibility of individuals for the consequences of their inventions&#46; Is accepting a prize in the name of a man who invented destructive material a form of endorsement&#63; How can one accept an award while acknowledging the genesis of its creation&#63; Can one champion the expansion of peace through knowledge while bearing the name of a creator of destructive materials&#63; Does the recognition translate into meaningful change&#44; or is it more symbolic&#63; Shouldn&#8217;t the prizes perhaps go to the victims who suffered from the use of the destructive inventions created by Nobel&#63;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Answering these questions is not easy&#44; given that the value of a single human life lost due to Nobel&#39;s inventions overshadows all wealth in the world&#46; However&#44; philanthropic benefactions may be the only way to rectify errors after death&#46; Perhaps it was the reversal of remorse in creating his fund that could alleviate his sense of guilt and that of those who are awarded in his name&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another contradiction within Nobel Prizes is that winning the Nobel Prize would be associated with a decrease in productivity for some laureates&#44; as they tend to be less productive after receiving the award than before&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fn0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> The integrity of images in scientific papers co-authored by a Nobel laureate has been called into question&#44; with concerns raised about their accuracy and reliability&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> The predominance of Nobel laureates from Western countries raises other questions about the fulfillment of the humanitarian dimension articulated in Nobel&#39;s testament&#46; The testament stipulates the allocation of funds for individuals who contribute to the well-being of humanity&#44; yet the disproportionate representation from Western nations prompts scrutiny regarding the inclusivity and global reach of the Nobel Prize&#46; Nobel Prizes&#44; like any other awards&#44; are susceptible to biases&#44; subjectivity&#44; and the influence of surrounding circumstances&#44; including biases of committee members and external factors&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Prestige of Nobel Prizes&#58; Nobel Prizes&#44; not noble prizes</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite the tragic history of its inception and a monetary value that may not be the highest among other prizes&#44; the Nobel Prize maintains a high level of prestige&#46; The dichotomy between its historical background and continued significance raises intriguing questions about the criteria by which prestige is bestowed upon awards&#46; How and why does a prize established by a man burdened by guilt for inventing destructive materials stand out as the most prestigious award&#44; despite there being numerous prizes and compensations with higher financial values than the Nobel Prize&#63; There are multiple reasons that can explain this paradox&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1&#41;</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nobel Prizes are frequently awarded to public figures and politicians who hold influential positions in societies&#46; The regular and intensive media coverage of Nobel Prize attributions distinguishes it from other awards&#44; which are often celebrated silently or with minimal media attention&#46; This popularization and media immersion create a sense of importance and heightened public awareness&#44; contributing to the perceived significance of the Nobel Prize in comparison to other accolades&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#41;</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The value of achievements or realizations is not always tied to monetary worth&#46; Instead&#44; Nobel Prizes aim to honor exceptional scientific and intellectual contributions&#46; However&#44; assessing this value remains subjective and open to debate&#44; as the term &#34;best&#34; is inherently elusive&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#41;</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Newspapers and scholarly journals frequently highlight their connections with Nobel laureates&#44; either implicitly or explicitly&#44; showcasing a sense of pride in featuring contributions from these esteemed individuals&#46; This is especially noticeable in journals where Nobel laureates hold editorial positions&#44; underscoring their influence&#46; Such an emphasis can add an extra layer of an exaggerated prestige to the Nobel Prize&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">4&#41;</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The homonymy between &#34;Nobel&#34; and &#34;noble&#34; may subconsciously lead our minds to associate the Nobel Prize with the notion of &#34;nobility&#44;&#34; thus leading to an unconscious perception of the Nobel Prize as a &#34;noble prize&#46;&#34; While other prizes may offer comparable or higher financial values&#44; such as the Breakthrough Prize &#40;around &#36;3 million&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fn0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> and the Shaw Prize &#40;approximately &#36;1&#46;3 million&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fn0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> the Nobel Prize&#39;s unique touch might arise from this homonymic confusion&#46; Whether etymological connections exist or not between the name &#8220;Nobel&#8221; and adjective &#8220;noble&#8221;&#44; the Nobel Prize does not confer nobility or recognition of noble work&#46; Awarding for instance the Nobel Prize to CRISPR technology is particularly striking&#44; as it draws parallels between the potential harm to living species and the controversial legacy of Nobel&#39;s dynamite invention&#46; This raises questions about the rationale behind awarding a prize to a technology with potential risks&#44; akin to awarding Nobel himself a prize for his creation of dynamite&#46; Such instances underscore the subjective nature and biases in the attribution of the award&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Awards bearing names like Brown&#44; Jones&#44; Smith&#44; Shaw&#44; Wilson&#44; and Wood&#44; even if accompanied by a higher monetary value than the Nobel Prize&#44; might be perceived as less prestigious&#44; as illustrated by the Shaw and Breakthrough prizes&#46; It is worthy to note&#44; however&#44; that &#8220;Nobel&#8221; and &#8220;noble&#8221; are not necessarily synonymous within the context of the Nobel Prize&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; evaluating the Nobel Prize with critical eyes beyond its apparent prestige and monetary value is essential for gaining a more nuanced understanding of its role in the world&#46; This involves examining its influence in shaping narratives&#44; promoting positive contributions&#44; and navigating the complexities of recognizing individuals with both positive and potentially negative impacts on humanity&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Alfred Nobel&#39;s commendable decision to allocate funds for rewarding those who contribute to human well-being should serve as inspiration for other affluent individuals&#46; This inspiration can extend beyond the shadow of guilt associated with the invention of destructive materials&#46; Finally&#44; wealthy individuals have the opportunity to encourage and acknowledge the efforts and contributions of others without succumbing to guilt feelings akin to Nobel&#39;s own&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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                      "titulo" => "Nobel prizes and their influence on the areas of knowledge of various medical specialties"
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                        "fecha" => "2022"
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                      "titulo" => "The Eyes on the Nobel Prize&#58; G&#246;ran K&#46; Hansson speaks to CardioPulse about the Nobel honours and what makes a Nobel Prize winner"
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                      "doi" => "10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa198"
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                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Disparities in funding for Nobel Prize awards in medicine and physiology across nationalities&#44; races&#44; and gender"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:3 [
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                            2 => "N&#46; Vue"
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                    ]
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                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:3 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Journal of cellular physiology"
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                      "titulo" => "No peace&#44; no honor&#58; Nixon&#44; Kissinger&#44; and betrayal in Vietnam"
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Special article
Nobel Prize paradox: Nobel Prize, not a noble prize
La paradoja del Premio Nobel: premios Nobel, no premios nobles
Khaled Moustafa
Corresponding author
khaled.moustafa@arabixiv.org

Corresponding author.
The Arabic Preprint Server (ArabiXiv), Paris, France

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