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Glucocorticoid therapy in patients with COVID-19 and concurrent heart failure
Tratamiento con glucocorticoides en pacientes con COVID-19 e insuficiencia cardíaca concurrente
a School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
b School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
c School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
d School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
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In fact, these identified risk factors of mortality are common in patients with COVID-19, including those without heart failure<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,3</span></a>.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nevertheless, based on their findings, it appears that the use of glucocorticoids, which was not incorporated into their multivariate analysis, could also be associated with in-hospital mortality in their cohort of patients. The study reported that the deceased patients had a significantly higher rate of glucocorticoid use than the patients who stayed alive during hospitalization (47.4% vs. 41.7%; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> = .015). While this may be due to confounding bias, in which the use of glucocorticoids could have selected patients with higher disease severity, we took notice that the deceased patients had a significantly higher rate of development of acute decompensated heart failure than the patients who stayed alive during hospitalization (35.7% vs. 28.6%; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> < .001).</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Apart from their anti-inflammatory activity, glucocorticoids, especially hydrocortisone, prednisone, and prednisolone, can produce an appreciable mineralocorticoid effect, subsequently leading to fluid retention<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>. This may be clinically insignificant in otherwise normal subjects (without heart failure) due to the phenomenon of mineralocorticoid escape that prevents progressive fluid overload. Still, patients with underlying heart disease, particularly those with congestive heart failure, may not be able to tolerate the mineralocorticoid effect of glucocorticoids, which can worsen their pre-existing fluid overload and precipitate acute decompensation of heart failure, as well as subsequent morbidity and mortality. Indeed, a recent study<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> (n = 1155) reported that the use of glucocorticoids was associated with higher rates of in-hospital death, acute decompensated heart failure, need for invasive and non-invasive mechanical ventilation, and in-hospital complications, in patients with heart failure hospitalized for COVID-19. The findings contrast with the widely recognized mortality benefits of glucocorticoid therapy in patients with severe course of COVID-19.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Therefore, pending more investigations, we believe that caution should be exercised in the administration of glucocorticoids in patients with heart failure hospitalized for COVID-19; glucocorticoids with appreciable mineralocorticoid effect such as hydrocortisone should be avoided, while dexamethasone<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> and methylprednisolone<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> with no clinically important mineralocorticoid activity should be preferred when clinically indicated. Indeed, hydrocortisone can also have lower potency compared to dexamethasone in terms of anti-inflammatory activities<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>. In addition, the short-term use of glucocorticoids with minimal mineralocorticoid action, when added to maximum diuretic therapy, can potentiate renal responsiveness to diuretic therapy in patients with congestive heart failure<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>. Alternatively, if glucocorticoids are deemed inappropriate, interleukin-6 antagonists can be administered<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We look forward to the authors’ reply to report the types of glucocorticoids administered to their cohort of patients with heart failure hospitalized due to COVID-19. In addition, if feasible, the authors should incorporate the use of different types of glucocorticoids in their multivariate analysis to determine if the use of glucocorticoids was associated with in-hospital mortality in their cohort of patients.</p></span>" "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Kow CS, Ramachandram DS, Hasan SS. Tratamiento con glucocorticoides en pacientes con COVID-19 e insuficiencia cardíaca concurrente. Rev Clin Esp. 2022;222:309–310.</p>" ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:10 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Características clínicas y factores de riesgo al ingreso de mortalidad en pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca hospitalizados por COVID-19 en España" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "A. Salinas-Botrán" 1 => "J. Sanz-Cánovas" 2 => "J. Pérez-Somarriba" 3 => "L.M. Pérez-Belmonte" 4 => "L. Cobos-Palacios" 5 => "M. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 October | 32 | 0 | 32 |
| 2024 September | 20 | 0 | 20 |
| 2024 August | 19 | 0 | 19 |
| 2024 July | 23 | 0 | 23 |
| 2024 June | 17 | 0 | 17 |
| 2024 May | 24 | 0 | 24 |
| 2024 April | 17 | 0 | 17 |
| 2024 March | 21 | 0 | 21 |
| 2024 February | 18 | 0 | 18 |
| 2024 January | 15 | 0 | 15 |
| 2023 December | 29 | 0 | 29 |
| 2023 November | 37 | 0 | 37 |
| 2023 October | 28 | 0 | 28 |
| 2023 September | 33 | 0 | 33 |
| 2023 August | 26 | 0 | 26 |
| 2023 July | 31 | 0 | 31 |
| 2023 June | 39 | 0 | 39 |
| 2023 May | 48 | 6 | 54 |
| 2023 April | 29 | 0 | 29 |
| 2023 March | 32 | 5 | 37 |
| 2023 February | 29 | 0 | 29 |
| 2023 January | 36 | 0 | 36 |
| 2022 December | 43 | 0 | 43 |
| 2022 November | 37 | 0 | 37 |
| 2022 October | 48 | 2 | 50 |
| 2022 September | 63 | 2 | 65 |
| 2022 August | 82 | 2 | 84 |
| 2022 July | 72 | 3 | 75 |
| 2022 June | 63 | 0 | 63 |
| 2022 May | 153 | 6 | 159 |
| 2022 April | 30 | 4 | 34 |
| 2022 March | 54 | 3 | 57 |
| 2022 February | 85 | 3 | 88 |
| 2022 January | 29 | 2 | 31 |
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