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Telemedicine, ethics, and law in times of COVID-19. A look towards the future
Telemedicina, ética y derecho en tiempos de COVID-19. Una mirada hacia el futuro
a Facultad de Derecho, Universidad de las Islas Baleares, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
b Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
c Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Arnau de Vilanova, Valencia, Spain
d Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Son Llàtzer, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
e Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de las Islas Baleares, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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A look towards the future" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "408" "paginaFinal" => "410" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "C. Gil Membrado, V. Barrios, J. Cosín-Sales, J.M. Gámez" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "C." "apellidos" => "Gil Membrado" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "V." "apellidos" => "Barrios" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "J." "apellidos" => "Cosín-Sales" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 3 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "J.M." "apellidos" => "Gámez" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "jmgamez3@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">e</span>" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] 2 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Facultad de Derecho, Universidad de las Islas Baleares, Palma de Mallorca, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Arnau de Vilanova, Valencia, Spain" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Son Llàtzer, Palma de Mallorca, Spain" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] 4 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de las Islas Baleares, Palma de Mallorca, Spain" "etiqueta" => "e" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Telemedicina, ética y derecho en tiempos de COVID-19. Una mirada hacia el futuro" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Only months ago, we were incapable of imagining the current circumstances. The health emergency in Spain caused by COVID-19 was of such magnitude that on 14 March, 2020, a state of alarm was declared, representing unprecedented circumstances were maintained until 21 June, 2020. Today, the pandemic continues to cause exceptional mortality, particularly in older patients and patients with obesity, diabetes, and hypertension, as well as those suffering from cardiovascular and respiratory diseases.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To reduce the risk of disease transmission, hospital visits have been limited to a minimum and telematic consultations have increased, which have become alternatives to conventional appointments.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,3</span></a> Once the emergency situation ends, the time will come to determine whether practising telemedicine is solely acceptable during healthcare crises or whether it should be incorporated as an alternative or supplementary model to traditional consultations.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Telemedicine offers advantages in terms of sustainability of the healthcare services and improving distributive justice. It could be useful in such situations where there is an insurmountable physical distance between the patient and physician. It could also improve access to physicians for patients with mobility problems, such as patients with disabilities, fragile patients, or older patients. Nevertheless, from a legal perspective, telemedicine lacks specific regulations and has loopholes that leave physicians with a considerable degree of insecurity. This article analyses the limits, precautions, and legal standards of the use of telemedicine.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding possible limitations for its use, the World Medical Association Statement on the Ethics of Telemedicine states that “Face-to-face consultation between physician and patient remains the gold standard of clinical care”.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> With good reason, the patient-physician relationship “should be based on a personal examination and sufficient knowledge of the patient’s medical history”. Both the World Medical Association and the Standing Committee of European Doctors advocate for prioritising face-to-face care, earmarking telemedicine for emergency cases, remote monitoring, and inter-professional consultations.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this same vein, the Ethical Code states that telemedicine on its own “is contrary to ethical norms”; nevertheless, it is appropriate for second opinions and medical check-ups, with clear identification between the patient and physician, which is complex when using these techniques, and while guaranteeing that the rules on confidentiality, safety, and professional secrecy are respected.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">And in terms of the unprecedented circumstances presented by the pandemic? The limitations hold fast in the established measures, in regard to patient autonomy, data protection, and compliance with ethical principles. Therefore, to not incur any liability, in their practice physicians must comply with the regular rules and adapt them to these practices. Any relaxation brought on by the pandemic must be safeguarded by measures adopted by authorities in terms of public health, taking into account the urgency or need in accordance with the principle of proportionality.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In terms of precautions to be adopted, it is essential that physicians use platforms that guarantee the protection of patient health data. Therefore, the use of mobile phones or unsecured messaging systems is to be avoided. The Data Protection Agency states that even during emergency health situations, only data required to prevent propagation of the disease may be processed.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Therefore, unlawful, indiscriminate geopositioning would not be justifiable, even in the midst of a pandemic. Nor would it be acceptable to use telemedicine and patient data without applying principles such as the principle of proportionality and that of processing the least personal information required to fulfil the purposes: healthcare.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding informed consent, in addition to the regular information provided for in the Patient Autonomy Law,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> information related to the virtual consultation process must also be provided. This information includes the rights resulting from the data protection regulation, the possibility of system errors, contact protocols during telematic consultations, prescribing policies, and coordinating care with other professionals.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Apart from strictly necessary and legally established cases, the healthcare crisis does not eliminate patient rights. In addition, professionals must ensure that patients understand the instructions, give consent, and have the necessary means and competence to use the specific electronic communications system.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Professionals who use telemedicine and, therefore, within their right to autonomy decide to use electronic means and, where necessary, determine which means are to be used, must be aware of the reach of their actions and the potential harm they could cause. Therefore, they must be aware of the implications in terms of liability in a setting which involves, in addition to the patient, information and communications technology services providers, as well as other agents.</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The lack of clear regulations and the fact that the Ethics Code considers some forms of telemedicine to be ethically lacking means that physicians must know if their professional liability insurance does or does not cover telematic consultations. In many cases it does not given that, while they may be disruptive techniques with exponential potential, to date they simply are not widely used. The void in the policy could be interpreted as inclusion, as it is indeed a medical action, albeit remote, or as an exclusion, as there are no clear regulations, and it is not ethically acceptable in many cases. Therefore, given the legal uncertainty surrounding this scenario, it is necessary to ensure that practising telemedicine is explicitly included in insurance policies.</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Within the legal framework, telemedicine has reached the courts, questioning the praxis used. In general, it is accepted for getting second opinions through various telecommunication channels and as a decision-making aid.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> The conclusion being that aspects that do not comply with the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">lex artis</span> include making diagnoses, prescribing treatment, or ordering complementary tests without direct and personal care. Inter-professional consultations to determine a shared diagnosis are considered more appropriate, as is monitoring or follow-up, patient management, provision of healthcare information to the population, and remote training and information for professionals.</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion, telemedicine constitutes a healthcare modality that, in all likelihood, is here to stay, and therefore urgently requires clear regulations that grant the legal security that both professionals and patients need to be able to use it safely and securely. This is the message from the Central Ethics Committee, ratifying the importance of the patient-physician relationship and clarifying that, in pandemic times or not, telematic consultation modalities must be agreed on by both parties and in accordance with the criteria of the physician, who must have sufficient time in the healthcare schedule to ensure the requirements of quality and kindness.</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In line with the foregoing, the Committee reinforces the requirement to grant legal security to the implementation of telemedicine given that “These days, multiple legal and ethical questions arise in relation to medical actions carried out via telemedicine and the professional liability of the physician in the event of an erroneous non-face-to-face diagnosis, which will have to be addressed”.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> There is still much to be done in order to both assess the impact of telemedicine and for it to become regulated, something which we must demand.</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Telemedicine could be an effective and safe strategy for improving care for complex and chronic conditions as a complementary service to face-to-face consultations. It could create a collaborative environment in which patient self-care is more prominent, but never to the detriment of the patient-physician relationship. If we are going to implement telemedicine, we must do so under clear, precise, and unambiguous legal coverage. The COVID-19 pandemic has transformed our lives, and it is also transforming medicine.</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Funding</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This paper was funded by the <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs0005">R&D Medicine and Rights Project: Scientific and Technological Challenges (DEMETYC)</span> PID2019104868RA-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they do not have any conflicts of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:7 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1555194" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1403750" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1555195" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1403749" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 6 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2020-07-07" "fechaAceptado" => "2021-03-23" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1403750" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "COVID-19" 1 => "Telemedicine" 2 => "Spain" 3 => "Legislation" 4 => "Ethics" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1403749" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "COVID-19" 1 => "Telemedicina" 2 => "España" 3 => "Legislación" 4 => "Ética" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The health emergency in Spain caused by COVID-19 was of such a magnitude that on March 14, 2020, a state of alarm was declared that lasted for more than three months. This ongoing pandemic has affected a vast number of people. Among the measures taken to reduce the risk of contagion, visits to health centers have been reduced and virtual consultations have increased. Once the pandemic ends, it will be necessary to consider whether telemedicine should be limited to periods of health crises or whether it could become a new way of practicing medicine. Telemedicine lacks specific regulations and has loopholes that leave physicians with a considerable degree of insecurity. This article analyzes the limits, precautions, and legal standards of the use of telemedicine.</p></span>" ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La emergencia sanitaria por COVID-19 en España fue de tal magnitud que el 14 de marzo de 2020 se declaró un estado de alarma que se mantuvo durante más de tres meses. Esta pandemia está afectando a un número muy elevado de personas. Para reducir su riesgo de contagio, entre las medidas tomadas se han minimizado las visitas a los centros sanitarios y se han incrementado las consultas telemáticas. Una vez se supere la situación de pandemia, cabrá plantearse si la práctica de la telemedicina queda limitada a situaciones de crisis sanitaria o puede convertirse en una nueva forma de practicar la medicina. La telemedicina carece de regulación específica y presenta lagunas que abocan al médico a considerables dosis de inseguridad. El presente artículo analiza los límites, las precauciones y los estándares legales del uso de la telemedicina.</p></span>" ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Gil Membrado C, Barrios V, Cosín-Sales J, Gámez JM. Telemedicina, ética y derecho en tiempos de COVID-19. Una mirada hacia el futuro. Rev Clin Esp. 2021;221:408–410.</p>" ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:10 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Clinical characteristics of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in Spain: results from the SEMI-COVID-19 Registry" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "J.M. Casas-Rojo" 1 => "J.M. Antón-Santos" 2 => "J. Millán-Núñez-Cortés" 3 => "C. Lumbreras-Bermejo" 4 => "J.M. Ramos-Rincón" 5 => "E. Roy-Vallejo" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.rce.2020.07.003" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Rev Clin Esp." 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 October | 7 | 0 | 7 |
| 2024 September | 14 | 0 | 14 |
| 2024 August | 16 | 0 | 16 |
| 2024 July | 20 | 0 | 20 |
| 2024 June | 15 | 0 | 15 |
| 2024 May | 27 | 2 | 29 |
| 2024 April | 17 | 0 | 17 |
| 2024 March | 15 | 0 | 15 |
| 2024 February | 7 | 0 | 7 |
| 2024 January | 13 | 0 | 13 |
| 2023 December | 9 | 0 | 9 |
| 2023 November | 51 | 0 | 51 |
| 2023 October | 14 | 0 | 14 |
| 2023 September | 17 | 0 | 17 |
| 2023 August | 12 | 0 | 12 |
| 2023 July | 23 | 0 | 23 |
| 2023 June | 14 | 0 | 14 |
| 2023 May | 20 | 3 | 23 |
| 2023 April | 14 | 0 | 14 |
| 2023 March | 15 | 4 | 19 |
| 2023 February | 8 | 0 | 8 |
| 2023 January | 15 | 0 | 15 |
| 2022 December | 17 | 0 | 17 |
| 2022 November | 16 | 0 | 16 |
| 2022 October | 20 | 2 | 22 |
| 2022 September | 13 | 0 | 13 |
| 2022 August | 16 | 4 | 20 |
| 2022 July | 26 | 2 | 28 |
| 2022 June | 26 | 0 | 26 |
| 2022 May | 20 | 2 | 22 |
| 2022 April | 16 | 2 | 18 |
| 2022 March | 23 | 2 | 25 |
| 2022 February | 13 | 2 | 15 |
| 2022 January | 18 | 0 | 18 |
| 2021 December | 12 | 0 | 12 |
| 2021 November | 5 | 0 | 5 |
| 2021 August | 1 | 0 | 1 |
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