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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The rise of antimicrobial resistance is a worldwide problem&#46; The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control &#40;ECDC&#41; and the World Health Organization &#40;WHO&#41; consider it a problem of global priority and one of the top ten threats to public health&#46; Infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria &#40;B-MDR&#41; cause more than 33&#44;000 deaths&#47;year in Europe&#44; although it is predicted that they will cause 390&#44;000 deaths &#40;41&#44;345 in Spain&#41; by 2050 &#40;more deaths than those caused by cancer&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Spain has the third highest B-MDR infection rate in Europe&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> In addition&#44; the treatment of B-MDR costs approximately 1&#46;5 billion additional Euros per year in Europe &#40;150 million per year in Spain&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The inappropriate and excessive use of antibiotics has a decisive influence on the emergence of B-MDR&#46; In Spain&#44; use is very high&#58; 26&#46;1 defined daily doses &#40;DDD&#41; per 1000 inhabitants in 2018&#46; Although it has decreased 6&#46;8&#37; in recent years &#40;28 DDD in 2015 to 26&#46;1 in 2018&#41;&#44; it is one of the highest rates in Europe and is far from the European mean &#40;20&#46;1 DDD&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> In Spain&#44; DDDs are higher than in other rich and developed countries such as Germany&#44; the United Kingdom&#44; Sweden&#44; or Norway&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are differences in antibiotic use among the Autonomous Communities &#40;CC&#46;AA&#46; for its initials in Spanish&#41; in Spain&#46; Multiple factors influence these differences&#58; rural or urban setting&#44; socioeconomic status&#44; greater use of private healthcare&#44; population aging&#44; and the implementation of antibiotic optimization programs &#40;PROA&#44; for its initials in Spanish&#41; such as the Comprehensive Program for the Prevention and Control of Healthcare-Related Infections and Appropriate Antibiotics Use in Andalusia &#40;PIRASOA&#44; for its initials in Spanish&#41; or the Coordinating Center for Nosocomial Infection Surveillance of Catalonia &#40;VINCAT&#44; for its initials in Spanish&#41;&#46; Other factors are independent&#44; such as seasonality&#44; sex&#44; etc&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The greatest use of antibiotics &#40;93&#37;&#41; is among outpatients &#40;prescriptions from the Spanish National Health Service &#40;NHS&#41;&#44; mutual insurance companies&#44; and private healthcare providers&#41;&#46; Hospitals are only responsible for the remaining 7&#37; of use&#46; In 2019&#44; according to data from the National Plan against Antibiotic Resistance &#40;PRAN&#44; for its initials in Spanish&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> use ranged from 19&#46;3 DDD in the Balearic Islands to 27&#46;3 DDD in Extremadura&#46; These differences are also notable in prescriptions from the NHS &#40;11&#46;32 DDD in the Balearic Islands to 19&#46;94 DDD in Extremadura&#41;&#44; prescriptions from mutual insurance companies &#40;0&#46;27 DDD in Basque Country to 1&#46;61 in Extremadura&#41;&#44; and prescriptions from private healthcare providers &#40;3&#46;72 DDD in Navarre to 9 DDD in Catalonia&#41;&#46; In La Rioja&#44; antibiotic use in 2019 was 25&#46;03 DDD&#58; 17&#46;9 DDD in prescriptions from the NHS&#44; 0&#46;95 from mutual insurance companies&#44; and 6&#46;17 from private healthcare providers&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">If we want to improve antimicrobial use and prescribing quality&#44; we must act on the public healthcare sector through a strategy that encompasses all scopes&#46; Between 2015 and 2018&#44; the use of antibiotics obtained through NHS prescriptions decreased 7&#46;4&#37; &#40;from 26&#46;31 DDD in 2015 to 24&#46;3 DDD in 2018&#59; about three million packs&#41;&#58; a&#41; prescriptions from the NHS and mutual insurance companies decreased from 18&#46;1 DDD to 16&#46;7 DDD &#40;1&#46;4 DDD&#44; 7&#46;7&#37;&#41;&#59; b&#41; prescriptions from private healthcare providers decreased from 8&#46;2 to 7&#46;6 DDD &#40;0&#46;6 DDD&#44; 7&#46;3&#37;&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> This reduction coincided with the implementation of the first PRAN &#40;2014&#8211;2018&#41;&#44; which all autonomous communities participated in&#46; One of the objectives of the 2019&#8211;2021 PRAM is to come closer to the mean use in Europe&#58; 20 DDD&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This antimicrobial use is underestimated&#46; In Spain&#44; antibiotics are only dispensed with a medical prescription&#44; but 20&#37; of pharmacies &#8220;recognize&#8221; doing so without a medical prescription&#46; This is in addition to those which do so &#8220;without recognizing it&#46;&#8221; Furthermore&#44; the registers from private healthcare providers and dentists are calculated using information provided by just 27&#46;5&#37; of pharmacies&#46; Another source for acquiring antibiotics is the internet&#46; In light of this&#44; it is necessary to implement legislative measures to achieve greater control over pharmacies and online sales as well as interventions to reduce unnecessary use and increase prescribing quality&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The PROAs are being implemented as a strategy to improve the use of antimicrobials by&#58;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#8211;9</span></a> a&#41; reducing antibiotic use&#59;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> b&#41; increasing treatment compliance&#59; c&#41; shortening treatment duration&#59; d&#41; decreasing the percentage of inappropriate treatments &#40;from 36&#46;5&#37; in 2014 to 26&#46;9&#37; in 2017&#41;&#59;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> e&#41; reducing the incidence of infection and colonization by B-MDR&#44; such as extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Escherichia coli</span> &#40;BLEE&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> or <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Clostridioides difficile</span>&#59;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> f&#41; decreasing the mortality of candidemias or bacteremias due to B-MDR&#59;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> and g&#41; reducing spending on antibiotics &#40;23&#44;142&#44;349 Euros in primary care in the five years PIRASOA has been in place in Andalusia&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When a PROA is implemented&#44; an initial evaluation is necessary in order to establish strategies and measurable indicators as well as periodic evaluations to determine its effectiveness&#46; The indicators must be shared and homogeneous among the different PROAs&#46; In the 2012 PROA document&#44; the first directives were established and included antimicrobial and microbiologic use indicators and morbidity and mortality&#46; In 2017&#44; the PRAN included new indicators &#40;5 ESAC and 4 non-ESAC&#41; as well as qualitative indicators in primary care in the seven most prevalent infections in the general population&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this issue&#44; Rojas Garc&#237;a y Anto&#241;anzas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> present an analysis of the quality of antibiotics prescribing in La Rioja&#46; They use the prescribing quality indicators of the ESAC&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Other authors have defined other prescribing quality indicators&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> The 2019&#8211;2021 PRAN included qualitative and quantitative indicators of antibiotic use in primary care &#40;some from ESAC and others that were new&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As the PRAN indicates&#44; it is very important to conduct local studies that identify problems and&#44; following their analysis&#44; search for local solutions&#46; But we cannot forget that this is part of a larger problem and it is necessary to implement general measures&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The focus on improving antimicrobial prescribing is a multifaceted issue that must be approached in a gradual<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> and multidisciplinary manner with the creation of treatment guidelines&#59; education&#44; diffusion&#44; and implementation of the guidelines&#59; and the monitoring of results and feedback on them&#44; etc&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">First&#44; when a PROA is implemented in the community and in a hospital&#44; we need high-quality antimicrobial treatment guidelines that help make therapeutic decisions&#46; These are the reference used to analyze prescribing quality&#46; With National Antimicrobial Treatment Guidelines for the main infections and recommendations based on evidence and their resistance patterns&#44; we could improve care&#44; reduce the variability in clinical practice and treatment&#44; and ensure homogeneous information&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The CC&#46;AA&#46; in Spain could develop their own guidelines&#44; although they must be adapted to the national recommendations&#46; Treatment guidelines must be created by a multidisciplinary team in which the prescribers themselves participate&#46; It must be a dynamic process with frequent revisions and updates &#40;every year or two years&#41; that adapt to changes in microbial sensitivity and new treatment recommendations&#46; This favors its implementation&#44; acceptance&#44; and integration into daily practice&#46; In our country&#44; there are currently various antimicrobial treatment guidelines available online which can be accessed for free from anywhere&#44; be it a rural or urban setting&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a></p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another fundamental pillar of the PROAs is training on all levels &#40;physicians&#44; pharmacists&#44; dentists&#44; veterinarians&#44; nurses&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#46; The prescribers are those ultimately responsible for antibiotic use&#46; The method shown to be the most effective is comprehensive training in clinical practice provided by peers in addition to periodic clinical advising sessions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> Peer advising involves the professionalism of the consultant and not top-down management&#59; it involves education rather than imposition or coercion&#59; it is inclusive and participative&#44; all within a multidisciplinary team with shared leadership rather than individual command&#46; The role of the consultant &#40;pharmacist&#44; infectious disease specialist&#44; primary care physician&#44; microbiologist&#41; is based on their scientific expertise and leadership and leads to acceptance of treatment advice with the conviction that it is the best option for the patient and society&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Training can be done through courses&#44; conferences&#44; periodic reports&#44; etc&#46; Education must be included in undergraduate and graduate studies &#40;in all clinical specialties&#41; with specific units on resistance and the appropriate use of antibiotics&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sources of commercial information negatively influence antimicrobial prescribing quality&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> Measurements that only seek to reduce pharmaceutical spending<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> as well as restrictive measurements &#40;prior authorization&#44; treatment substitution and&#47;or suspension&#41; have not been shown to be effective in the long-term&#44; as they are perceived as a limitation on the prescriber&#8217;s freedom&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An interesting piece of data provided by Rojas Garc&#237;a et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> is that prescriptions from the NHS &#40;18&#46;55 DDD&#41; were of &#8220;high&#8221; quality&#44; according to ESAC standards&#46; However&#44; prescriptions among patients who belong to mutual insurance companies &#40;21&#46;79 DDD&#41; were of &#8220;low&#8221; quality&#46; This should lead to intensifying measures to implement the PROAs among mutual insurance company physicians &#40;and private practice physicians and dentists&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In Andalusia&#44; within the PIRASOA framework&#44; collaboration agreements are signed between the professional colleges of physicians&#44; pharmacists&#44; and most recently dentists as well&#46; These agreements establish measures such as the periodic diffusion of the PIRASOA objectives among members&#44; collaboration on healthcare prevention and education campaigns aimed at the general population&#44; and support for research and innovation&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ease of dosing&#44; drugs with fewer side effects&#44; and shorter courses of treatment facilitate proper compliance with antimicrobial treatment&#46; In recent years&#44; various clinical trials have demonstrated the effectiveness of shorter courses of treatment in some more common&#44; uncomplicated&#44; community-acquired infections &#40;pyelonephritis&#44; cystitis&#44; cellulitis&#44; acute bronchitis&#44; community-acquired pneumonia&#44; or ENT infections&#41;&#46; Therefore&#44; smaller packages should be prescribed&#46; Significantly decreasing use could also be achieved by using packages adapted to the duration of treatment&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In addition to the evaluation of prescribing quality&#44; it is essential to report local&#44; autonomous community&#44; and national information back to the prescribers&#46; This allows for implementing agreed-upon corrective measures if necessary while at the same time making them participants in the programs&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lastly&#44; patient empowerment is fundamental&#46; This includes shared doctor-patient decision-making &#40;especially when there is no indication for antibiotic treatment&#41;&#59; education on the proper use of antibiotics&#59; and campaigns to raise awareness and educate the public on the prudent use of antibiotics&#44; especially among the most demanding groups &#40;older adults&#44; those with a low socioeconomic status&#41;&#46; A more rational use of antibiotics would have a positive impact and&#44; fundamentally&#44; would prevent self-medication&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Among the novel measures to improve antimicrobial prescribing&#44; computer systems have been developed for decision-making regarding prescribing&#46; Some of them are specifically for primary care&#44; such as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Antibioclic&#46;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The use of antibiotics in veterinary medicine is another important point&#46; Data on use are obtained from laboratories which have voluntarily joined the REDUCE program&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> The data are incomplete&#59; they do not include all laboratories nor purchases made at retailers or online&#46; According to the REDUCE program&#44; antibiotic sales for veterinary use decreased 32&#46;4&#37; &#40;from 418&#46;8&#160;mg&#47;PCU in 2014 to 283&#46;1&#160;mg&#47;PCU in 2017&#41;&#46; Their use has been reduced 71&#37; in aviculture and colistin use among swine has been reduced 97&#46;18&#37;&#46; Even still&#44; Spain is one of the countries with the highest veterinary antibiotic use&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Avoiding the use of critically important antimicrobials is of particular relevance&#46; They must be reserved for treating potentially lethal infections in humans&#46; Veterinarians must periodically declare all antibiotics they have prescribed for animals and farms within the framework of PRAN actions&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; the implementation of PROA programs in hospitals and primary care and the creation of the REDUCE program for veterinary medicine have improved antimicrobial prescribing quality&#46; It is essential to encourage healthcare providers to adhere to the PRAN and to conduct training courses&#46; There must be a close relationship and integration among hospital care&#44; primary care&#44; and long-term care facilities&#46; Institutional support and involvement from the Autonomous Communities and the Ministry of Health&#44; Consumption&#44; and Social Welfare as well as other government agencies is fundamental&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Jim&#233;nez-Mej&#237;as ME&#44; Gil-Navarro MV&#46; Calidad de la prescripci&#243;n de los antimicrobianos&#46; Abordaje polifac&#233;tico y multidisciplinar&#46; Rev Clin Esp&#46; 2021&#59;221&#58;540&#8211;543&#46;</p>"
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Editorial
Quality of antimicrobial prescriptions: A multifaceted, multidisciplinary approach
Calidad de la prescripción de los antimicrobianos. Abordaje polifacético y multidisciplinar
M.E. Jiménez-Mejíasa,
Corresponding author
mej-mejias@telefonica.net

Corresponding author.
, M.V. Gil-Navarrob
a Unidad Clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva. Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Universidad de Sevilla/CSIC/Hospital Universitario Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
b Unidad Clínica de Farmacia, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
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        "titulo" => "Calidad de la prescripci&#243;n de los antimicrobianos&#46; Abordaje polifac&#233;tico y multidisciplinar"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The rise of antimicrobial resistance is a worldwide problem&#46; The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control &#40;ECDC&#41; and the World Health Organization &#40;WHO&#41; consider it a problem of global priority and one of the top ten threats to public health&#46; Infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria &#40;B-MDR&#41; cause more than 33&#44;000 deaths&#47;year in Europe&#44; although it is predicted that they will cause 390&#44;000 deaths &#40;41&#44;345 in Spain&#41; by 2050 &#40;more deaths than those caused by cancer&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Spain has the third highest B-MDR infection rate in Europe&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> In addition&#44; the treatment of B-MDR costs approximately 1&#46;5 billion additional Euros per year in Europe &#40;150 million per year in Spain&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The inappropriate and excessive use of antibiotics has a decisive influence on the emergence of B-MDR&#46; In Spain&#44; use is very high&#58; 26&#46;1 defined daily doses &#40;DDD&#41; per 1000 inhabitants in 2018&#46; Although it has decreased 6&#46;8&#37; in recent years &#40;28 DDD in 2015 to 26&#46;1 in 2018&#41;&#44; it is one of the highest rates in Europe and is far from the European mean &#40;20&#46;1 DDD&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> In Spain&#44; DDDs are higher than in other rich and developed countries such as Germany&#44; the United Kingdom&#44; Sweden&#44; or Norway&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are differences in antibiotic use among the Autonomous Communities &#40;CC&#46;AA&#46; for its initials in Spanish&#41; in Spain&#46; Multiple factors influence these differences&#58; rural or urban setting&#44; socioeconomic status&#44; greater use of private healthcare&#44; population aging&#44; and the implementation of antibiotic optimization programs &#40;PROA&#44; for its initials in Spanish&#41; such as the Comprehensive Program for the Prevention and Control of Healthcare-Related Infections and Appropriate Antibiotics Use in Andalusia &#40;PIRASOA&#44; for its initials in Spanish&#41; or the Coordinating Center for Nosocomial Infection Surveillance of Catalonia &#40;VINCAT&#44; for its initials in Spanish&#41;&#46; Other factors are independent&#44; such as seasonality&#44; sex&#44; etc&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The greatest use of antibiotics &#40;93&#37;&#41; is among outpatients &#40;prescriptions from the Spanish National Health Service &#40;NHS&#41;&#44; mutual insurance companies&#44; and private healthcare providers&#41;&#46; Hospitals are only responsible for the remaining 7&#37; of use&#46; In 2019&#44; according to data from the National Plan against Antibiotic Resistance &#40;PRAN&#44; for its initials in Spanish&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> use ranged from 19&#46;3 DDD in the Balearic Islands to 27&#46;3 DDD in Extremadura&#46; These differences are also notable in prescriptions from the NHS &#40;11&#46;32 DDD in the Balearic Islands to 19&#46;94 DDD in Extremadura&#41;&#44; prescriptions from mutual insurance companies &#40;0&#46;27 DDD in Basque Country to 1&#46;61 in Extremadura&#41;&#44; and prescriptions from private healthcare providers &#40;3&#46;72 DDD in Navarre to 9 DDD in Catalonia&#41;&#46; In La Rioja&#44; antibiotic use in 2019 was 25&#46;03 DDD&#58; 17&#46;9 DDD in prescriptions from the NHS&#44; 0&#46;95 from mutual insurance companies&#44; and 6&#46;17 from private healthcare providers&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">If we want to improve antimicrobial use and prescribing quality&#44; we must act on the public healthcare sector through a strategy that encompasses all scopes&#46; Between 2015 and 2018&#44; the use of antibiotics obtained through NHS prescriptions decreased 7&#46;4&#37; &#40;from 26&#46;31 DDD in 2015 to 24&#46;3 DDD in 2018&#59; about three million packs&#41;&#58; a&#41; prescriptions from the NHS and mutual insurance companies decreased from 18&#46;1 DDD to 16&#46;7 DDD &#40;1&#46;4 DDD&#44; 7&#46;7&#37;&#41;&#59; b&#41; prescriptions from private healthcare providers decreased from 8&#46;2 to 7&#46;6 DDD &#40;0&#46;6 DDD&#44; 7&#46;3&#37;&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> This reduction coincided with the implementation of the first PRAN &#40;2014&#8211;2018&#41;&#44; which all autonomous communities participated in&#46; One of the objectives of the 2019&#8211;2021 PRAM is to come closer to the mean use in Europe&#58; 20 DDD&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This antimicrobial use is underestimated&#46; In Spain&#44; antibiotics are only dispensed with a medical prescription&#44; but 20&#37; of pharmacies &#8220;recognize&#8221; doing so without a medical prescription&#46; This is in addition to those which do so &#8220;without recognizing it&#46;&#8221; Furthermore&#44; the registers from private healthcare providers and dentists are calculated using information provided by just 27&#46;5&#37; of pharmacies&#46; Another source for acquiring antibiotics is the internet&#46; In light of this&#44; it is necessary to implement legislative measures to achieve greater control over pharmacies and online sales as well as interventions to reduce unnecessary use and increase prescribing quality&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The PROAs are being implemented as a strategy to improve the use of antimicrobials by&#58;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#8211;9</span></a> a&#41; reducing antibiotic use&#59;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> b&#41; increasing treatment compliance&#59; c&#41; shortening treatment duration&#59; d&#41; decreasing the percentage of inappropriate treatments &#40;from 36&#46;5&#37; in 2014 to 26&#46;9&#37; in 2017&#41;&#59;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> e&#41; reducing the incidence of infection and colonization by B-MDR&#44; such as extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Escherichia coli</span> &#40;BLEE&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> or <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Clostridioides difficile</span>&#59;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> f&#41; decreasing the mortality of candidemias or bacteremias due to B-MDR&#59;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> and g&#41; reducing spending on antibiotics &#40;23&#44;142&#44;349 Euros in primary care in the five years PIRASOA has been in place in Andalusia&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When a PROA is implemented&#44; an initial evaluation is necessary in order to establish strategies and measurable indicators as well as periodic evaluations to determine its effectiveness&#46; The indicators must be shared and homogeneous among the different PROAs&#46; In the 2012 PROA document&#44; the first directives were established and included antimicrobial and microbiologic use indicators and morbidity and mortality&#46; In 2017&#44; the PRAN included new indicators &#40;5 ESAC and 4 non-ESAC&#41; as well as qualitative indicators in primary care in the seven most prevalent infections in the general population&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this issue&#44; Rojas Garc&#237;a y Anto&#241;anzas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> present an analysis of the quality of antibiotics prescribing in La Rioja&#46; They use the prescribing quality indicators of the ESAC&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Other authors have defined other prescribing quality indicators&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> The 2019&#8211;2021 PRAN included qualitative and quantitative indicators of antibiotic use in primary care &#40;some from ESAC and others that were new&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As the PRAN indicates&#44; it is very important to conduct local studies that identify problems and&#44; following their analysis&#44; search for local solutions&#46; But we cannot forget that this is part of a larger problem and it is necessary to implement general measures&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The focus on improving antimicrobial prescribing is a multifaceted issue that must be approached in a gradual<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> and multidisciplinary manner with the creation of treatment guidelines&#59; education&#44; diffusion&#44; and implementation of the guidelines&#59; and the monitoring of results and feedback on them&#44; etc&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">First&#44; when a PROA is implemented in the community and in a hospital&#44; we need high-quality antimicrobial treatment guidelines that help make therapeutic decisions&#46; These are the reference used to analyze prescribing quality&#46; With National Antimicrobial Treatment Guidelines for the main infections and recommendations based on evidence and their resistance patterns&#44; we could improve care&#44; reduce the variability in clinical practice and treatment&#44; and ensure homogeneous information&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The CC&#46;AA&#46; in Spain could develop their own guidelines&#44; although they must be adapted to the national recommendations&#46; Treatment guidelines must be created by a multidisciplinary team in which the prescribers themselves participate&#46; It must be a dynamic process with frequent revisions and updates &#40;every year or two years&#41; that adapt to changes in microbial sensitivity and new treatment recommendations&#46; This favors its implementation&#44; acceptance&#44; and integration into daily practice&#46; In our country&#44; there are currently various antimicrobial treatment guidelines available online which can be accessed for free from anywhere&#44; be it a rural or urban setting&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a></p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another fundamental pillar of the PROAs is training on all levels &#40;physicians&#44; pharmacists&#44; dentists&#44; veterinarians&#44; nurses&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#46; The prescribers are those ultimately responsible for antibiotic use&#46; The method shown to be the most effective is comprehensive training in clinical practice provided by peers in addition to periodic clinical advising sessions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> Peer advising involves the professionalism of the consultant and not top-down management&#59; it involves education rather than imposition or coercion&#59; it is inclusive and participative&#44; all within a multidisciplinary team with shared leadership rather than individual command&#46; The role of the consultant &#40;pharmacist&#44; infectious disease specialist&#44; primary care physician&#44; microbiologist&#41; is based on their scientific expertise and leadership and leads to acceptance of treatment advice with the conviction that it is the best option for the patient and society&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Training can be done through courses&#44; conferences&#44; periodic reports&#44; etc&#46; Education must be included in undergraduate and graduate studies &#40;in all clinical specialties&#41; with specific units on resistance and the appropriate use of antibiotics&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sources of commercial information negatively influence antimicrobial prescribing quality&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> Measurements that only seek to reduce pharmaceutical spending<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> as well as restrictive measurements &#40;prior authorization&#44; treatment substitution and&#47;or suspension&#41; have not been shown to be effective in the long-term&#44; as they are perceived as a limitation on the prescriber&#8217;s freedom&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An interesting piece of data provided by Rojas Garc&#237;a et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> is that prescriptions from the NHS &#40;18&#46;55 DDD&#41; were of &#8220;high&#8221; quality&#44; according to ESAC standards&#46; However&#44; prescriptions among patients who belong to mutual insurance companies &#40;21&#46;79 DDD&#41; were of &#8220;low&#8221; quality&#46; This should lead to intensifying measures to implement the PROAs among mutual insurance company physicians &#40;and private practice physicians and dentists&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In Andalusia&#44; within the PIRASOA framework&#44; collaboration agreements are signed between the professional colleges of physicians&#44; pharmacists&#44; and most recently dentists as well&#46; These agreements establish measures such as the periodic diffusion of the PIRASOA objectives among members&#44; collaboration on healthcare prevention and education campaigns aimed at the general population&#44; and support for research and innovation&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ease of dosing&#44; drugs with fewer side effects&#44; and shorter courses of treatment facilitate proper compliance with antimicrobial treatment&#46; In recent years&#44; various clinical trials have demonstrated the effectiveness of shorter courses of treatment in some more common&#44; uncomplicated&#44; community-acquired infections &#40;pyelonephritis&#44; cystitis&#44; cellulitis&#44; acute bronchitis&#44; community-acquired pneumonia&#44; or ENT infections&#41;&#46; Therefore&#44; smaller packages should be prescribed&#46; Significantly decreasing use could also be achieved by using packages adapted to the duration of treatment&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In addition to the evaluation of prescribing quality&#44; it is essential to report local&#44; autonomous community&#44; and national information back to the prescribers&#46; This allows for implementing agreed-upon corrective measures if necessary while at the same time making them participants in the programs&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lastly&#44; patient empowerment is fundamental&#46; This includes shared doctor-patient decision-making &#40;especially when there is no indication for antibiotic treatment&#41;&#59; education on the proper use of antibiotics&#59; and campaigns to raise awareness and educate the public on the prudent use of antibiotics&#44; especially among the most demanding groups &#40;older adults&#44; those with a low socioeconomic status&#41;&#46; A more rational use of antibiotics would have a positive impact and&#44; fundamentally&#44; would prevent self-medication&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Among the novel measures to improve antimicrobial prescribing&#44; computer systems have been developed for decision-making regarding prescribing&#46; Some of them are specifically for primary care&#44; such as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Antibioclic&#46;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The use of antibiotics in veterinary medicine is another important point&#46; Data on use are obtained from laboratories which have voluntarily joined the REDUCE program&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> The data are incomplete&#59; they do not include all laboratories nor purchases made at retailers or online&#46; According to the REDUCE program&#44; antibiotic sales for veterinary use decreased 32&#46;4&#37; &#40;from 418&#46;8&#160;mg&#47;PCU in 2014 to 283&#46;1&#160;mg&#47;PCU in 2017&#41;&#46; Their use has been reduced 71&#37; in aviculture and colistin use among swine has been reduced 97&#46;18&#37;&#46; Even still&#44; Spain is one of the countries with the highest veterinary antibiotic use&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Avoiding the use of critically important antimicrobials is of particular relevance&#46; They must be reserved for treating potentially lethal infections in humans&#46; Veterinarians must periodically declare all antibiotics they have prescribed for animals and farms within the framework of PRAN actions&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; the implementation of PROA programs in hospitals and primary care and the creation of the REDUCE program for veterinary medicine have improved antimicrobial prescribing quality&#46; It is essential to encourage healthcare providers to adhere to the PRAN and to conduct training courses&#46; There must be a close relationship and integration among hospital care&#44; primary care&#44; and long-term care facilities&#46; Institutional support and involvement from the Autonomous Communities and the Ministry of Health&#44; Consumption&#44; and Social Welfare as well as other government agencies is fundamental&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Jim&#233;nez-Mej&#237;as ME&#44; Gil-Navarro MV&#46; Calidad de la prescripci&#243;n de los antimicrobianos&#46; Abordaje polifac&#233;tico y multidisciplinar&#46; Rev Clin Esp&#46; 2021&#59;221&#58;540&#8211;543&#46;</p>"
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