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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Background</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Many smoking-related deaths are due to cardiovascular diseases such as coronary heart disease &#40;CHD&#41;&#44; stroke and peripheral arterial disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> In Spain&#44; 24&#37; of the population older than 15 years smokes&#44; and 20&#37; claim to be ex-smokers&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Current smokers have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus &#40;DM2&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> and the chronic macrovascular complications of diabetes&#46; Smoking is a major risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and CHD in patients with DM2&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> However&#44; the prevalence of smoking among men and women with diabetes in Spain is approximately 27&#37; and 35&#37;&#44; respectively&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Smoking cessation &#40;SC&#41; in this high-risk population could be one of the best approaches for proper disease management&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Information provided by cardiovascular risk scales can be useful in primary care&#44; both for diagnosis and treatment&#46; However&#44; the accuracy of most current scales in predicting risk among patients with DM2 is a subject of debate&#46; To solve this problem&#44; the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study &#40;UKPDS&#41; Risk Engine was published in 2001&#44; which included&#44; among other factors&#44; blood glucose control and the duration of the patient&#39;s diabetes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study assesses the cardiovascular risk according to the UKPDS risk engine in a representative sample of patients with DM2&#44; comparing the clinical characteristics of smokers versus those of ex-smokers&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Objectives</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our primary objective was to assess and compare&#44; using the UKPDS risk engine&#44; the CHD risk of patients with DM2 who were either current or former smokers&#46; The secondary objective was to compare these results with those obtained with the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Registre Giron&#237; del Cor</span> &#40;REGICOR&#41; and Framingham scales&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Study design</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 156 Spanish diabetes specialists participated in this nationwide&#44; cross-sectional&#44; observational&#44; epidemiological&#44; multicenter study&#44; which employed a stratified&#44; multistage probability sample without replacement&#46; The sampling frame was all health regions of the 17 Spanish autonomous communities&#44; similar to other studies sponsored by Pfizer Spain&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> The number of clinics was proportional to the population of each region&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Patients and methods</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study was conducted from February to December 2012&#46; To ensure similarity in terms of sex and age range&#44; each investigator included 8 patients with DM2<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> &#40;4 current smokers and 4 ex-smokers&#41; who visited their office for any reason&#46; The inclusion criteria were &#40;a&#41; patients of either sex&#44; &#40;b&#41; an age of 18 years or older and c&#41; current smokers &#40;daily consumers of at least 1 cigarette&#47;day for the last month&#41; or former smokers &#40;at least 10 years since quitting&#41;&#46; The exclusion criteria were &#40;a&#41; former smoker for fewer than 10 years&#44; &#40;b&#41; a history of cardiovascular events or known nephropathy &#40;secondary cardiovascular disease prevention&#41; and &#40;c&#41; unwillingness to participate in the study&#46; All included participants provided their informed written consent&#46; The study was approved by the ethics committees of all the centers involved and by the Spanish Ministry of Health&#46; The following data were recorded&#58; &#40;a&#41; demographic data &#40;province and area &#91;rural&#44; intermediary or urban&#93;&#41;&#59; &#40;b&#41; anthropometric variables&#44; including height&#44; weight and waist circumference&#59; &#40;c&#41; blood pressure measured in the consultation<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#59; &#40;d&#41; the last metabolic blood profile including HbA<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1c</span> and lipid levels&#59; &#40;e&#41; DM2 state according to the American Diabetes Association &#40;ADA&#41; classification&#59; and &#40;f&#41; current smoking status&#44; age when patient started smoking&#44; duration of smoking cessation &#40;ex-smokers&#41; and packs&#47;year &#40;current smokers&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The data were collected during a single visit&#44; and there was no follow-up&#46; All gathered data were based on the information provided by the participants and on the data contained in the case histories&#46; All participants continued to undergo their usual diabetic treatment indicated by their physicians&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Using the participants&#8217; clinical data&#44; the CHD risk at 10 years was estimated with the UKPDS equation<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> using Microsoft Excel&#39;s implementation of the UKPDS Risk Engine v2&#46;0 provided by the University of Oxford&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This equation includes the age at diagnosis&#44; sex&#44; ethnicity&#44; DM2 duration &#40;years&#41;&#44; HbA<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1c</span> level&#44; smoking status&#44; systolic blood pressure &#40;SBP&#41; and total and high-density lipoprotein &#40;HDL&#41;-cholesterol&#46; To assess the influence of the population used for the development of risk scales and their suitability for patients with diabetes&#44; we also calculated the risks based on the Framingham equation calibrated for the Spanish population aged 35&#8211;74 years &#40;REGICOR&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> using the online risk calculator &#40;v2&#46;1&#44; April 2012&#41;&#44; and on the updated &#40;2008&#41; Framingham risk equation<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> using the Microsoft Excel worksheet designed by the University of Edinburgh&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> The REGICOR scale includes sex&#44; age&#44; presence of DM2&#44; smoking status&#44; total cholesterol level&#44; SBP and diastolic blood pressure &#40;DBP&#41;&#44; adjusting the total result according to HDL-cholesterol levels&#46; The Framingham scale is based on age&#44; sex&#44; smoking status &#40;smoker&#47;nonsmoker&#41;&#44; diabetes status&#44; SBP&#44; total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol&#46; Long-term former smokers with diabetes show small differences in tobacco-related cardiovascular deaths when compared with nonsmokers&#46; These differences are even smaller in terms of CHD&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> with a significant risk reduction observed after 10 years of smoking cessation&#46; Accordingly&#44; our ex-smokers were coded as nonsmokers in the REGICOR and Framingham risk scales&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results are expressed as mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>standard deviation &#40;SD&#41;&#44; mean &#40;95&#37; confidence interval &#91;95&#37;CI&#93;&#41; or counts &#40;percentage&#41;&#44; unless stated otherwise&#46; Nominal variables were analyzed with the chi-squared test or Fisher&#39;s exact test as appropriate&#46; We performed a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">z</span> transformation of the continuous variables&#44; expressing the deviation from the mean as SD&#46; We then used univariate one-way general linear models &#40;GLMs&#41; to evaluate the differences in the continuous variables between current and ex-smokers based on a single analysis&#46; Given that there were differences between the two types of smokers using the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> test&#44; age was introduced as a covariate in the analysis of other variables&#46; The effect of the risk scales&#44; duration of diabetes&#44; blood glucose control and smoking status on the estimated CHD at 10 years was analyzed using a two-way GLM&#44; introducing age as a covariate&#46; Significant differences among the risk scales were then analyzed by applying the Bonferroni correction&#46; The relative risk reduction &#40;RRR&#41;&#44; regarded as the estimated reduction of coronary heart event risk between former and current smokers&#44; was calculated as follows&#58; &#91;&#40;current smokers estimated event rate<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>former smokers estimated event rate&#41;&#47;former smokers estimated event rate&#93;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>100&#46; The number needed to treat &#40;NNT&#41; was calculated as follows&#58; &#91;1&#47;&#40;current smokers estimated event rate<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>former smokers estimated event rate&#41;&#93;&#46; The SPSS statistical package &#40;version 17&#46;0&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> was employed throughout the analysis&#46; Statistical significance was considered for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;05&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Results</span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Study population characteristics</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 1062 patients with DM2 were initially included&#44; 172 of whom were subsequently excluded &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#44; resulting in 890 patients ultimately analyzed&#46; The patients were distributed to 2 separate groups according to smoking habit&#58; 444 current smokers and 446 ex-smokers&#46; Ninety-five percent &#40;95&#37;&#41; and 96&#37; of the active and ex-smokers were 35 years of age or older&#44; respectively&#46; The smokers had a lower body mass index &#40;BMI&#41; than ex-smokers despite having similar waist circumferences&#46; Obesity &#40;BMI &#8805;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41; was also lower in the current smokers &#40;current vs&#46; ex-smokers&#58; 165 &#91;37&#37;&#93; and 190 &#91;43&#37;&#93;&#59; chi-squared&#44; 7&#46;9&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;019&#41;&#46; The mean HbA<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1c</span> and triglyceride levels were higher in the current smokers &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Estimated risk of coronary heart disease according to the UKPDS risk engine</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The likelihood of CHD at 10 years according to the UKPDS risk engine was significantly greater for the smokers &#40;25&#46;4&#37;&#59; 95&#37; CI 23&#46;6&#8211;27&#46;2&#41; than for the ex-smokers &#40;20&#46;8&#37;&#59; 95&#37; CI 19&#46;3&#8211;22&#46;4&#41;&#44; after adjusting for age &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span>&#44; 850&#46;2&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>A&#41;&#46; The RRR of the former smokers versus the current smokers was 22&#37; at 10 years&#46; The estimated NNT to avoid a coronary event at 10 years was 22 individuals&#46; Smokers also had a greater mean predicted risk of a fatal coronary event at 10 years &#40;17&#46;9&#37;&#59; 95&#37; CI 16&#46;3&#8211;19&#46;5&#41; than the ex-smokers &#40;15&#46;4&#37;&#59; 95&#37; CI 14&#46;0&#8211;16&#46;9&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span>&#44; 875&#46;2&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#44; adjusted for age&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>A&#41;&#46; The RRR of the ex-smokers for a fatal coronary event at 10 years was 15&#37; compared with the current smokers&#46; The estimated NNT was 43 individuals&#46; The risk of CHD at 10 years &#40;UKPDS risk &#8805;20&#37;&#41; was lower for the former smokers &#40;178&#44; 40&#37;&#41; than for the current smokers &#40;223&#44; 50&#37;&#41; &#40;odds ratio &#91;OR&#93;&#44; 1&#46;5&#59; 95&#37; CI 1&#46;2&#8211;2&#93;&#59; chi-squared&#44; 9&#46;6&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;002&#41;&#44; as was the risk for a fatal coronary event &#40;114 &#91;26&#37;&#93; vs&#46; 140 &#91;32&#37;&#93;&#44; respectively&#59; OR&#44; 1&#46;3&#59; 95&#37; CI 1&#46;0&#8211;1&#46;8&#59; chi-squared&#44; 3&#46;9&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;049&#41;&#46; The RRR was similar for those patients diagnosed with diabetes 10 or more years ago &#40;36&#46;7&#37; &#91;95&#37; CI 33&#46;6&#8211;39&#46;8&#93; vs&#46; 28&#46;7&#37; &#91;95&#37; CI 26&#46;2&#8211;31&#46;3&#93; for the current smokers vs&#46; ex-smokers&#44; respectively&#59; RRR&#44; 28&#37;&#41; and for those participants who had been diagnosed with diabetes within the past 10 years &#40;17&#46;2&#37; &#91;95&#37; CI 15&#46;6&#8211;18&#46;8&#93; vs&#46; 13&#46;4&#37; &#91;95&#37; CI 12&#46;0&#8211;14&#46;8&#93; for the current smokers vs&#46; former smokers&#44; respectively&#59; RRR&#44; 29&#37;&#41;&#46; In addition&#44; the patients with poor blood glucose control &#40;HbA<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1c</span> &#62;7&#37;&#41; benefited more from smoking cessation &#40;RRR of ex-smokers vs&#46; current smokers&#44; 24&#37;&#41; than those individuals with HbA<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1c</span> &#8804;7&#37; &#40;RRR of ex-smokers vs&#46; smokers&#44; 10&#37;&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>B&#41;&#46; As for the influence of age and sex &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>C&#41;&#44; we detected a higher RRR of predicted CHD risk in the former smokers versus current smokers&#44; regardless of the age in men and in women under 60 years of age &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>B&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Comparison of the UKPDS&#44; REGICOR and Framingham risk scales</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study included patients between 35 and 75 years of age &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46; There were statistically significant differences among the 3 risk scales in predicting CHD risk at 10 years&#46; The patients showed the highest estimated risk when assessed by the UKPDS risk engine&#44; while the lowest values were observed with the REGICOR scale&#46; Nonetheless&#44; all equations showed a reduced estimated CHD risk at 10 years in former smokers compared with current smokers&#46; According to the UKPDS risk engine&#44; however&#44; this higher risk only applies to men&#46; The number of patients presenting a very high CHD risk &#40;UKPDS and Framingham score &#8805;20&#37; or REGICOR score &#8805;10&#37;&#41;&#44; considering all patients as a whole &#40;current smokers vs&#46; ex-smokers&#41; was 207 &#40;51&#37;&#41; versus 142 &#40;37&#37;&#41; for the UKPDS risk engine &#40;OR&#44; 1&#46;8&#59; 95&#37; CI 1&#46;4&#8211;2&#46;4&#93;&#59; chi-squared&#44; 17&#46;7&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#41;&#59; 235 &#40;58&#37;&#41; versus 101 &#40;26&#37;&#41; for the Framingham scale &#40;OR&#44; 4&#46;0&#59; 95&#37; CI 2&#46;9&#8211;5&#46;4&#93;&#59; chi-squared&#44; 84&#46;3&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#41; and 198 &#40;49&#37;&#41; versus 91 &#40;23&#37;&#41; for the REGICOR scale &#40;OR&#44; 3&#46;2&#59; 95&#37; CI 2&#46;3&#8211;4&#46;3&#93;&#59; chi-squared&#44; 56&#46;6&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Discussion</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study is the first to offer a comprehensive evaluation of predicted CHD in current vs&#46; ex-smokers DM2 Spanish patients&#46; Our results support the beneficial effect of smoking cessation in the primary prevention of CHD&#44; as recommended by current clinical guidelines&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a></p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our results show consistent risk reduction in young and older men and in young women&#46; Smoking is strongly associated with an increase in coronary events among women with DM2&#44; although this association is weaker in women over 60 years of age&#46; CHD is unusual in premenopausal women&#44; and women are usually approximately 10 years older than their male counterparts at the onset of CHD&#46; The women in our study older than 60 years presented higher SBP values and a longer duration of diabetes &#40;data not shown&#41;&#46; Nonetheless&#44; smoking cessation was associated with a lower risk of CHD among postmenopausal women with diabetes in our study&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We also observed a significant interaction between smoking status and blood glucose control in terms of predicted CHD risk&#44; suggesting that the estimated benefit of smoking cessation might be greater among patients with poorer metabolic control&#46; Individuals with diabetes who smoke have poorer blood glucose control than ex-smokers&#46; Individuals with diabetes but no known cardiovascular disease can have better outcomes after improving glucose control than those undergoing secondary prevention&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> Although the potential synergy among smoking&#44; poor metabolic control and cardiovascular outcomes has not been well studied&#44; our results suggest that smoking cessation is crucial for these patients&#44; which is consistent with the results from patients with HbA<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1c</span> levels &#62;7&#37;&#44; who also had a higher BMI&#44; larger waist circumference&#44; higher SBP and DBP values and a poorer lipid profile compared with patients with better blood glucose control &#40;data not shown&#41;&#46; Smoking cessation is associated with weight gain&#44; although long-term ex-smokers with diabetes show no significant weight differences compared with smokers&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> While this short-term weight gain might weaken the cardiovascular benefits&#44; the reduction in cardiovascular disease outcomes in ex-smokers with diabetes is similar to that seen in those without diabetes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a></p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cardiovascular risk scales use major risk factors to predict the likelihood of a cardiovascular event over a defined period&#46; There are several concerns&#44; especially for individuals with diabetes&#46; Cardiovascular disease risk estimates depend highly on the studied population&#44; and the risk might therefore not be extrapolatable to other populations&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> The Framingham risk scale for the Spanish population overestimates the risk of CHD and is inferior to the REGICOR scale for Spain and Southern European countries&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21&#44;22</span></a> Although most absolute risk scales include DM2 as a dichotomous variable&#44; several factors &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; age at diagnosis&#44; duration of diabetes and blood glucose control&#41; that have an established contribution to cardiovascular disease risk among patients with diabetes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> are not included in these scales&#46; Among the few existing diabetes-specific prediction models&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> the UKPDS risk engine is recommended for calculating cardiovascular risk in patients with DM2 by the International Diabetes Federation and by the National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions&#46; Most validation studies of the UKPDS risk engine have shown moderate to poor calibration&#44; with an overestimation of CHD risk&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24&#44;25</span></a></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The available data on Spanish patients with DM2 are poor&#46; The Validation of the Coronary Risk Tables in the South of Europe &#40;VERIFICA&#41; study<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> validated the calibrated version of the Framingham risk scale from the REGICOR study but did not consider either blood glucose control or the duration of the diabetes&#46; It is well known that cardiovascular risk scales based on Anglo-Saxon populations&#44; such as the UKPDS and Framingham equations&#44; overestimate the actual risk for patients from Mediterranean countries&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27&#44;28</span></a> Risk scales adapted to the Spanish population&#44; such as the REGICOR&#44; might underestimate this risk in patients with diabetes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Smoking cessation counseling by clinicians is an effective and cost-effective intervention&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> Unfortunately&#44; screening for smoking status and routine counseling on smoking cessation are often overlooked&#46; To narrow the gap between the clinical guidelines and standard clinical practice&#44; the calculated patient cardiovascular risk profile should improve screening performance and smoking cessation management by physicians&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study&#39;s limitations are as follows&#58; &#40;a&#41; the Framingham and REGICOR risk scales include smoking status as a dichotomous variable &#40;smoker vs&#46; nonsmoker&#41;&#46; Our study therefore only included &#40;in addition to current smokers&#41; long-term former smokers who could be considered nonsmokers in terms of cardiovascular events&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> Smoking cessation for patients with DM2 is associated with a rapid decrease in cardiovascular risk&#44; showing no statistically significant differences versus nonsmokers in terms of CHD and myocardial infarction relative risk<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#59; &#40;b&#41; there were small but statistically significant differences in terms of age among the study subgroups&#59; &#40;c&#41; the risk scales do not include the number of cigarettes smoked per day as an independent risk factor for smokers&#44; although there is a well-known dose-dependent correlation with CHD&#59; &#40;d&#41; our results come from a low incidence at baseline population and cannot therefore be extrapolated to other high-risk countries&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; smoking cessation for patients with DM2 is accompanied by a significant decrease in the estimated risk of CHD and fatal coronary events at 10 years&#46; This decrease is even greater for patients with poorer blood glucose control and is attenuated in women over 60 years of age&#46; Our findings underscore the importance of smoking cessation interventions for patients with diabetes&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Funding</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The present study was funded by Pfizer S&#46;L&#46;U&#46;&#44; Madrid &#40;Spain&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">MLR declares that they have no conflicts of interest&#46; VSB is employed by Pfizer S&#46;L&#46;U&#46;</p></span></span>"
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            3 => "Cardiovascular risk score"
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            0 => "Diabetes mellitus tipo 2"
            1 => "Fumar"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Aims</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To assess the cardiovascular risk according to the UKPDS risk engine&#59; Framingham function and score comparing clinical characteristics of diabetes mellitus type 2 &#40;DM2&#41; patients according to their habits status&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Patients and methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A descriptive analysis was performed&#46; A total of 890 Spanish patients with DM2 &#40;444 smokers and 446 former-smokers&#41; were included in a cross-sectional&#44; observational&#44; epidemiological multicenter nationwide study&#46; Coronary heart disease risk at 10 years was calculated using the UKPDS risk score in both patient subgroups&#46; Results were also compared with the Spanish calibrated &#40;REGICOR&#41; and updated Framingham risk scores&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The estimated likelihood of coronary heart disease risk at 10 years according to the UKPDS score was significantly greater in smokers compared with former-smokers&#46; This increased risk was greater in subjects with poorer blood glucose control&#44; and was attenuated in women &#8805;60 years-old&#46; The Framingham and UKPDS scores conferred a greater estimated risk than the REGICOR equation in Spanish diabetics&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Quitting smoke in patients with DM2 is accompanied by a significant decrease in the estimated risk of coronary events as assessed by UKPDS&#46; Our findings support the importance of quitting smoking among diabetic patients in order to reduce cardiovascular risk&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivos</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Evaluar el riesgo cardiovascular con la herramienta <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">UKPDS risk engine</span>&#44; la funci&#243;n y escala Framingham y comparar las caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas de pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 &#40;DM2&#41; en base a sus h&#225;bitos&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Pacientes y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se llev&#243; a cabo un an&#225;lisis descriptivo&#46; Se incluy&#243; a un total de 890 pacientes con DM2 &#40;444 fumadores y 446 no fumadores&#41; en un estudio transversal&#44; observacional&#44; epidemiol&#243;gico&#44; multic&#233;ntrico y a nivel nacional&#46; Se calcul&#243; el riesgo de enfermedad coronaria a 10 a&#241;os utilizando&#44; para ello&#44; la puntuaci&#243;n UKPDS en ambas cohortes&#46; Los resultados se compararon tambi&#233;n con las puntuaciones calibradas para Espa&#241;a &#40;REGICOR&#41; y la escala de riesgo de Framingham&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La probabilidad estimada de enfermedad coronaria a los 10 a&#241;os seg&#250;n la herramienta UKPDS fue ostensiblemente superior en los fumadores que en los no fumadores&#46; Este aumento del riesgo fue mayor en sujetos con un peor control de la glucosa en sangre&#44; y disminuye en mujeres de 60 o m&#225;s a&#241;os de edad&#46; Tanto Framingham como UKPDS confieren un riesgo estimado mayor que REGICOR a los diab&#233;ticos espa&#241;oles&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Dejar de fumar en pacientes con DM2 implica un descenso significativo del riesgo estimado de eventos coronarios seg&#250;n la herramienta UKPDS&#46; Nuestros descubrimientos avalan lo importante que es dejar de fumar en pacientes diab&#233;ticos a la hora de reducir el riesgo cardiovascular&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0025"
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          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0030"
            "titulo" => "Pacientes y m&#233;todos"
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          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0040"
            "titulo" => "Conclusiones"
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      ]
    ]
    "NotaPie" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0020">Please cite this article as&#58; Luque-Ram&#237;rez M&#44; Sanz de Burgoa V&#44; en nombre de los participantes del estudio DIABETES&#46; Impacto de la cesaci&#243;n tab&#225;quica en el riesgo cardiovascular estimado de pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2&#58; El estudio DIABETES&#46; Rev Cl&#237;n Esp&#46; 2018&#59;218&#58;391&#8211;398&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Flow of patients included in the study&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#40;A&#41; Estimated risk of coronary heart disease at 10 years according to the UKPDS risk engine as a function of smoking status&#46; The data were analyzed with a one-way general linear model&#44; introducing age as a covariate&#46; Current smokers are represented by black circles and ex-smokers by white circles&#46; &#42;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;05 for smoking status&#46; &#40;B&#41; Influence of blood glucose control upon the estimated risk of coronary heart disease as a function of smoking status&#46; The data were analyzed with a two-way general linear model&#44; introducing age as a covariate&#46; Current smokers are represented by black circles and ex-smokers by white circles&#46; &#42;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;05 for smoking status&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8224;</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;05 for blood glucose control status&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8225;</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;05 for the interaction between smoking status and blood glucose control&#46; &#40;C&#41; Influence of age and gender upon estimated relative risk reduction of coronary heart disease among ex-smokers versus smokers&#46; Data are shown as means&#46; Estimated risk of coronary heart disease in current smokers is represented by black circles&#46; Arrowheads represent estimated relative risk reduction of ex-smokers vs&#46; current smokers&#46;</p>"
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      2 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The results are expressed as means<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SD or raw values &#40;percentage&#41;&#46; The effects of the study subgroup on the continues variables were analyzed with an age-adjusted unidirectional GLM&#46; For the nominal variables&#44; we used the chi-squared test or Fisher&#39;s exact test&#44; as appropriate&#46;</p><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Abbreviations&#58; BMC&#44; body mass index&#59; DM2&#44; type 2 diabetes mellitus&#59; F&#44; female&#59; GLM&#44; general linear model&#59; HDL&#44; high-density lipoprotein&#59; LDL&#44; low-density lipoprotein&#59; M&#44; male&#59; SD&#44; standard deviation&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Age&#44; years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">56<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">59<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">299 &#40;67&#41;&#47;147 &#40;33&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;103&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Race &#40;white&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">429 &#40;96&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Packs&#47;year&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;&#46;0001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">BMI&#44; kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;004&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Waist circumference&#44; cm&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">101<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">104<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;155&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Systolic blood pressure&#44; mm Hg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">136<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">137<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;267&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Diastolic blood pressure&#44; mm Hg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">79<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;132&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Duration of DM2&#44; years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;877&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">HbA<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1c</span>&#44; levels&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;005&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Total cholesterol&#44; mg&#47;dL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">203<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>43&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>42&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;292&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">HDL-cholesterol&#44; mg&#47;dL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">47<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;021&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LDL-cholesterol&#44; mg&#47;dL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">123<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>37&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">121<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>37&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;441&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Triglycerides&#44; mg&#47;dL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">175<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>104&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">161<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>87&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;021&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Clinical characteristics of the population&#46; Smokers compared with ex-smokers&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The results are expressed as means and with a 95&#37; confidence interval &#40;95&#37; CI&#41;&#46; The effects of the risk scales and smoking in coronary disease estimated at 10 years were analyzed using a general bidirectional age-adjusted linear model &#40;GLM&#41;&#46; The significant differences between the risk scales were analyzed by applying Bonferroni&#39;s correction&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">REGICOR</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">UKPDS</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Framingham</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Comparison between scales</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ager range &#40;35&#8211;74 years&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">IC 95&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">IC 95&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">95&#37; CI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="9" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">All patients</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Smokers &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>403&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">11&#46;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10&#46;40&#8211;11&#46;80&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">24&#46;98&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">23&#46;24&#8211;26&#46;72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">22&#46;63&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">21&#46;60&#8211;23&#46;64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="char" valign="top">404&#46;4<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a&#44;b&#44;c</span></a></td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="char" valign="top">&#60;&#46;001</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ex-smokers &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>389&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;51&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;01&#8211;8&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">19&#46;28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">17&#46;79&#8211;20&#46;77&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15&#46;91&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15&#46;03&#8211;16&#46;79&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Relative risk reduction&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">50</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">30</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">42</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="9" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="9" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Men</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Smokers &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>289&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12&#46;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">11&#46;30&#8211;13&#46;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">29&#46;93&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">27&#46;86&#8211;32&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">24&#46;46&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">23&#46;24&#8211;25&#46;68&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="char" valign="top">264&#46;3<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a&#44;b&#44;c</span></a></td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="char" valign="top">&#60;&#46;001</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ex-smokers &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>267&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;70&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;05&#8211;8&#46;35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">22&#46;64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">20&#46;69&#8211;24&#46;59&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">17&#46;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15&#46;89&#8211;18&#46;15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Relative risk reduction&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">54</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">32</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">46</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="9" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="9" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Women</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Smokers &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>114&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8&#46;32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;48&#8211;9&#46;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12&#46;43&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10&#44;75&#8211;14&#44;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">17&#44;97&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16&#44;41&#8211;19&#46;53&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">104&#46;4<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a&#44;b&#44;c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ex-smokers &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>122&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&#46;35&#8211;7&#46;81&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">11&#46;93&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10&#46;42&#8211;13&#46;44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13&#44;50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12&#46;30&#8211;14&#46;70&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Relative risk reduction&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">19</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">0</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">32</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                  "host" => array:1 [
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                            0 => "A&#46; L&#243;pez-de-Andres"
                            1 => "R&#46; Jim&#233;nez-Garc&#237;a"
                            2 => "V&#46; Hern&#225;ndez-Barrera"
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                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.diabres.2012.06.007"
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                        "volumen" => "98"
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        "texto" => "<p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors would like to thank all the diabetes specialists and patients for their collaboration in this study&#46; The authors would also like to thank Luz Samaniego and Marina Azc&#225;rate for their technical assistance&#46;</p>"
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Original article
Impact of smoking cessation on estimated cardiovascular risk in Spanish type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: The DIABETES study
Impacto de la cesación tabáquica en el riesgo cardiovascular estimado de pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2: El estudio DIABETES
M. Luque-Ramíreza, V. Sanz de Burgoab,
Corresponding author
, on behalf of the participants of the DIABETES study
a Grupo de Investigación en Diabetes, Obesidad y Reproducción Humana, Universidad de Alcalá, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
b Departamento Médico, Pfizer S.L.U., Madrid, Spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Background</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Many smoking-related deaths are due to cardiovascular diseases such as coronary heart disease &#40;CHD&#41;&#44; stroke and peripheral arterial disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> In Spain&#44; 24&#37; of the population older than 15 years smokes&#44; and 20&#37; claim to be ex-smokers&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Current smokers have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus &#40;DM2&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> and the chronic macrovascular complications of diabetes&#46; Smoking is a major risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and CHD in patients with DM2&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> However&#44; the prevalence of smoking among men and women with diabetes in Spain is approximately 27&#37; and 35&#37;&#44; respectively&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Smoking cessation &#40;SC&#41; in this high-risk population could be one of the best approaches for proper disease management&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Information provided by cardiovascular risk scales can be useful in primary care&#44; both for diagnosis and treatment&#46; However&#44; the accuracy of most current scales in predicting risk among patients with DM2 is a subject of debate&#46; To solve this problem&#44; the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study &#40;UKPDS&#41; Risk Engine was published in 2001&#44; which included&#44; among other factors&#44; blood glucose control and the duration of the patient&#39;s diabetes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study assesses the cardiovascular risk according to the UKPDS risk engine in a representative sample of patients with DM2&#44; comparing the clinical characteristics of smokers versus those of ex-smokers&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Objectives</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our primary objective was to assess and compare&#44; using the UKPDS risk engine&#44; the CHD risk of patients with DM2 who were either current or former smokers&#46; The secondary objective was to compare these results with those obtained with the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Registre Giron&#237; del Cor</span> &#40;REGICOR&#41; and Framingham scales&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Study design</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 156 Spanish diabetes specialists participated in this nationwide&#44; cross-sectional&#44; observational&#44; epidemiological&#44; multicenter study&#44; which employed a stratified&#44; multistage probability sample without replacement&#46; The sampling frame was all health regions of the 17 Spanish autonomous communities&#44; similar to other studies sponsored by Pfizer Spain&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> The number of clinics was proportional to the population of each region&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Patients and methods</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study was conducted from February to December 2012&#46; To ensure similarity in terms of sex and age range&#44; each investigator included 8 patients with DM2<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> &#40;4 current smokers and 4 ex-smokers&#41; who visited their office for any reason&#46; The inclusion criteria were &#40;a&#41; patients of either sex&#44; &#40;b&#41; an age of 18 years or older and c&#41; current smokers &#40;daily consumers of at least 1 cigarette&#47;day for the last month&#41; or former smokers &#40;at least 10 years since quitting&#41;&#46; The exclusion criteria were &#40;a&#41; former smoker for fewer than 10 years&#44; &#40;b&#41; a history of cardiovascular events or known nephropathy &#40;secondary cardiovascular disease prevention&#41; and &#40;c&#41; unwillingness to participate in the study&#46; All included participants provided their informed written consent&#46; The study was approved by the ethics committees of all the centers involved and by the Spanish Ministry of Health&#46; The following data were recorded&#58; &#40;a&#41; demographic data &#40;province and area &#91;rural&#44; intermediary or urban&#93;&#41;&#59; &#40;b&#41; anthropometric variables&#44; including height&#44; weight and waist circumference&#59; &#40;c&#41; blood pressure measured in the consultation<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#59; &#40;d&#41; the last metabolic blood profile including HbA<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1c</span> and lipid levels&#59; &#40;e&#41; DM2 state according to the American Diabetes Association &#40;ADA&#41; classification&#59; and &#40;f&#41; current smoking status&#44; age when patient started smoking&#44; duration of smoking cessation &#40;ex-smokers&#41; and packs&#47;year &#40;current smokers&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The data were collected during a single visit&#44; and there was no follow-up&#46; All gathered data were based on the information provided by the participants and on the data contained in the case histories&#46; All participants continued to undergo their usual diabetic treatment indicated by their physicians&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Using the participants&#8217; clinical data&#44; the CHD risk at 10 years was estimated with the UKPDS equation<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> using Microsoft Excel&#39;s implementation of the UKPDS Risk Engine v2&#46;0 provided by the University of Oxford&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This equation includes the age at diagnosis&#44; sex&#44; ethnicity&#44; DM2 duration &#40;years&#41;&#44; HbA<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1c</span> level&#44; smoking status&#44; systolic blood pressure &#40;SBP&#41; and total and high-density lipoprotein &#40;HDL&#41;-cholesterol&#46; To assess the influence of the population used for the development of risk scales and their suitability for patients with diabetes&#44; we also calculated the risks based on the Framingham equation calibrated for the Spanish population aged 35&#8211;74 years &#40;REGICOR&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> using the online risk calculator &#40;v2&#46;1&#44; April 2012&#41;&#44; and on the updated &#40;2008&#41; Framingham risk equation<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> using the Microsoft Excel worksheet designed by the University of Edinburgh&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> The REGICOR scale includes sex&#44; age&#44; presence of DM2&#44; smoking status&#44; total cholesterol level&#44; SBP and diastolic blood pressure &#40;DBP&#41;&#44; adjusting the total result according to HDL-cholesterol levels&#46; The Framingham scale is based on age&#44; sex&#44; smoking status &#40;smoker&#47;nonsmoker&#41;&#44; diabetes status&#44; SBP&#44; total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol&#46; Long-term former smokers with diabetes show small differences in tobacco-related cardiovascular deaths when compared with nonsmokers&#46; These differences are even smaller in terms of CHD&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> with a significant risk reduction observed after 10 years of smoking cessation&#46; Accordingly&#44; our ex-smokers were coded as nonsmokers in the REGICOR and Framingham risk scales&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results are expressed as mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>standard deviation &#40;SD&#41;&#44; mean &#40;95&#37; confidence interval &#91;95&#37;CI&#93;&#41; or counts &#40;percentage&#41;&#44; unless stated otherwise&#46; Nominal variables were analyzed with the chi-squared test or Fisher&#39;s exact test as appropriate&#46; We performed a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">z</span> transformation of the continuous variables&#44; expressing the deviation from the mean as SD&#46; We then used univariate one-way general linear models &#40;GLMs&#41; to evaluate the differences in the continuous variables between current and ex-smokers based on a single analysis&#46; Given that there were differences between the two types of smokers using the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> test&#44; age was introduced as a covariate in the analysis of other variables&#46; The effect of the risk scales&#44; duration of diabetes&#44; blood glucose control and smoking status on the estimated CHD at 10 years was analyzed using a two-way GLM&#44; introducing age as a covariate&#46; Significant differences among the risk scales were then analyzed by applying the Bonferroni correction&#46; The relative risk reduction &#40;RRR&#41;&#44; regarded as the estimated reduction of coronary heart event risk between former and current smokers&#44; was calculated as follows&#58; &#91;&#40;current smokers estimated event rate<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>former smokers estimated event rate&#41;&#47;former smokers estimated event rate&#93;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>100&#46; The number needed to treat &#40;NNT&#41; was calculated as follows&#58; &#91;1&#47;&#40;current smokers estimated event rate<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>former smokers estimated event rate&#41;&#93;&#46; The SPSS statistical package &#40;version 17&#46;0&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> was employed throughout the analysis&#46; Statistical significance was considered for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;05&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Results</span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Study population characteristics</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 1062 patients with DM2 were initially included&#44; 172 of whom were subsequently excluded &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#44; resulting in 890 patients ultimately analyzed&#46; The patients were distributed to 2 separate groups according to smoking habit&#58; 444 current smokers and 446 ex-smokers&#46; Ninety-five percent &#40;95&#37;&#41; and 96&#37; of the active and ex-smokers were 35 years of age or older&#44; respectively&#46; The smokers had a lower body mass index &#40;BMI&#41; than ex-smokers despite having similar waist circumferences&#46; Obesity &#40;BMI &#8805;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41; was also lower in the current smokers &#40;current vs&#46; ex-smokers&#58; 165 &#91;37&#37;&#93; and 190 &#91;43&#37;&#93;&#59; chi-squared&#44; 7&#46;9&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;019&#41;&#46; The mean HbA<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1c</span> and triglyceride levels were higher in the current smokers &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Estimated risk of coronary heart disease according to the UKPDS risk engine</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The likelihood of CHD at 10 years according to the UKPDS risk engine was significantly greater for the smokers &#40;25&#46;4&#37;&#59; 95&#37; CI 23&#46;6&#8211;27&#46;2&#41; than for the ex-smokers &#40;20&#46;8&#37;&#59; 95&#37; CI 19&#46;3&#8211;22&#46;4&#41;&#44; after adjusting for age &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span>&#44; 850&#46;2&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>A&#41;&#46; The RRR of the former smokers versus the current smokers was 22&#37; at 10 years&#46; The estimated NNT to avoid a coronary event at 10 years was 22 individuals&#46; Smokers also had a greater mean predicted risk of a fatal coronary event at 10 years &#40;17&#46;9&#37;&#59; 95&#37; CI 16&#46;3&#8211;19&#46;5&#41; than the ex-smokers &#40;15&#46;4&#37;&#59; 95&#37; CI 14&#46;0&#8211;16&#46;9&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span>&#44; 875&#46;2&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#44; adjusted for age&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>A&#41;&#46; The RRR of the ex-smokers for a fatal coronary event at 10 years was 15&#37; compared with the current smokers&#46; The estimated NNT was 43 individuals&#46; The risk of CHD at 10 years &#40;UKPDS risk &#8805;20&#37;&#41; was lower for the former smokers &#40;178&#44; 40&#37;&#41; than for the current smokers &#40;223&#44; 50&#37;&#41; &#40;odds ratio &#91;OR&#93;&#44; 1&#46;5&#59; 95&#37; CI 1&#46;2&#8211;2&#93;&#59; chi-squared&#44; 9&#46;6&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;002&#41;&#44; as was the risk for a fatal coronary event &#40;114 &#91;26&#37;&#93; vs&#46; 140 &#91;32&#37;&#93;&#44; respectively&#59; OR&#44; 1&#46;3&#59; 95&#37; CI 1&#46;0&#8211;1&#46;8&#59; chi-squared&#44; 3&#46;9&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;049&#41;&#46; The RRR was similar for those patients diagnosed with diabetes 10 or more years ago &#40;36&#46;7&#37; &#91;95&#37; CI 33&#46;6&#8211;39&#46;8&#93; vs&#46; 28&#46;7&#37; &#91;95&#37; CI 26&#46;2&#8211;31&#46;3&#93; for the current smokers vs&#46; ex-smokers&#44; respectively&#59; RRR&#44; 28&#37;&#41; and for those participants who had been diagnosed with diabetes within the past 10 years &#40;17&#46;2&#37; &#91;95&#37; CI 15&#46;6&#8211;18&#46;8&#93; vs&#46; 13&#46;4&#37; &#91;95&#37; CI 12&#46;0&#8211;14&#46;8&#93; for the current smokers vs&#46; former smokers&#44; respectively&#59; RRR&#44; 29&#37;&#41;&#46; In addition&#44; the patients with poor blood glucose control &#40;HbA<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1c</span> &#62;7&#37;&#41; benefited more from smoking cessation &#40;RRR of ex-smokers vs&#46; current smokers&#44; 24&#37;&#41; than those individuals with HbA<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1c</span> &#8804;7&#37; &#40;RRR of ex-smokers vs&#46; smokers&#44; 10&#37;&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>B&#41;&#46; As for the influence of age and sex &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>C&#41;&#44; we detected a higher RRR of predicted CHD risk in the former smokers versus current smokers&#44; regardless of the age in men and in women under 60 years of age &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>B&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Comparison of the UKPDS&#44; REGICOR and Framingham risk scales</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study included patients between 35 and 75 years of age &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46; There were statistically significant differences among the 3 risk scales in predicting CHD risk at 10 years&#46; The patients showed the highest estimated risk when assessed by the UKPDS risk engine&#44; while the lowest values were observed with the REGICOR scale&#46; Nonetheless&#44; all equations showed a reduced estimated CHD risk at 10 years in former smokers compared with current smokers&#46; According to the UKPDS risk engine&#44; however&#44; this higher risk only applies to men&#46; The number of patients presenting a very high CHD risk &#40;UKPDS and Framingham score &#8805;20&#37; or REGICOR score &#8805;10&#37;&#41;&#44; considering all patients as a whole &#40;current smokers vs&#46; ex-smokers&#41; was 207 &#40;51&#37;&#41; versus 142 &#40;37&#37;&#41; for the UKPDS risk engine &#40;OR&#44; 1&#46;8&#59; 95&#37; CI 1&#46;4&#8211;2&#46;4&#93;&#59; chi-squared&#44; 17&#46;7&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#41;&#59; 235 &#40;58&#37;&#41; versus 101 &#40;26&#37;&#41; for the Framingham scale &#40;OR&#44; 4&#46;0&#59; 95&#37; CI 2&#46;9&#8211;5&#46;4&#93;&#59; chi-squared&#44; 84&#46;3&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#41; and 198 &#40;49&#37;&#41; versus 91 &#40;23&#37;&#41; for the REGICOR scale &#40;OR&#44; 3&#46;2&#59; 95&#37; CI 2&#46;3&#8211;4&#46;3&#93;&#59; chi-squared&#44; 56&#46;6&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Discussion</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study is the first to offer a comprehensive evaluation of predicted CHD in current vs&#46; ex-smokers DM2 Spanish patients&#46; Our results support the beneficial effect of smoking cessation in the primary prevention of CHD&#44; as recommended by current clinical guidelines&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a></p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our results show consistent risk reduction in young and older men and in young women&#46; Smoking is strongly associated with an increase in coronary events among women with DM2&#44; although this association is weaker in women over 60 years of age&#46; CHD is unusual in premenopausal women&#44; and women are usually approximately 10 years older than their male counterparts at the onset of CHD&#46; The women in our study older than 60 years presented higher SBP values and a longer duration of diabetes &#40;data not shown&#41;&#46; Nonetheless&#44; smoking cessation was associated with a lower risk of CHD among postmenopausal women with diabetes in our study&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We also observed a significant interaction between smoking status and blood glucose control in terms of predicted CHD risk&#44; suggesting that the estimated benefit of smoking cessation might be greater among patients with poorer metabolic control&#46; Individuals with diabetes who smoke have poorer blood glucose control than ex-smokers&#46; Individuals with diabetes but no known cardiovascular disease can have better outcomes after improving glucose control than those undergoing secondary prevention&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> Although the potential synergy among smoking&#44; poor metabolic control and cardiovascular outcomes has not been well studied&#44; our results suggest that smoking cessation is crucial for these patients&#44; which is consistent with the results from patients with HbA<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1c</span> levels &#62;7&#37;&#44; who also had a higher BMI&#44; larger waist circumference&#44; higher SBP and DBP values and a poorer lipid profile compared with patients with better blood glucose control &#40;data not shown&#41;&#46; Smoking cessation is associated with weight gain&#44; although long-term ex-smokers with diabetes show no significant weight differences compared with smokers&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> While this short-term weight gain might weaken the cardiovascular benefits&#44; the reduction in cardiovascular disease outcomes in ex-smokers with diabetes is similar to that seen in those without diabetes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a></p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cardiovascular risk scales use major risk factors to predict the likelihood of a cardiovascular event over a defined period&#46; There are several concerns&#44; especially for individuals with diabetes&#46; Cardiovascular disease risk estimates depend highly on the studied population&#44; and the risk might therefore not be extrapolatable to other populations&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> The Framingham risk scale for the Spanish population overestimates the risk of CHD and is inferior to the REGICOR scale for Spain and Southern European countries&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21&#44;22</span></a> Although most absolute risk scales include DM2 as a dichotomous variable&#44; several factors &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; age at diagnosis&#44; duration of diabetes and blood glucose control&#41; that have an established contribution to cardiovascular disease risk among patients with diabetes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> are not included in these scales&#46; Among the few existing diabetes-specific prediction models&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> the UKPDS risk engine is recommended for calculating cardiovascular risk in patients with DM2 by the International Diabetes Federation and by the National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions&#46; Most validation studies of the UKPDS risk engine have shown moderate to poor calibration&#44; with an overestimation of CHD risk&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24&#44;25</span></a></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The available data on Spanish patients with DM2 are poor&#46; The Validation of the Coronary Risk Tables in the South of Europe &#40;VERIFICA&#41; study<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> validated the calibrated version of the Framingham risk scale from the REGICOR study but did not consider either blood glucose control or the duration of the diabetes&#46; It is well known that cardiovascular risk scales based on Anglo-Saxon populations&#44; such as the UKPDS and Framingham equations&#44; overestimate the actual risk for patients from Mediterranean countries&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27&#44;28</span></a> Risk scales adapted to the Spanish population&#44; such as the REGICOR&#44; might underestimate this risk in patients with diabetes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Smoking cessation counseling by clinicians is an effective and cost-effective intervention&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> Unfortunately&#44; screening for smoking status and routine counseling on smoking cessation are often overlooked&#46; To narrow the gap between the clinical guidelines and standard clinical practice&#44; the calculated patient cardiovascular risk profile should improve screening performance and smoking cessation management by physicians&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study&#39;s limitations are as follows&#58; &#40;a&#41; the Framingham and REGICOR risk scales include smoking status as a dichotomous variable &#40;smoker vs&#46; nonsmoker&#41;&#46; Our study therefore only included &#40;in addition to current smokers&#41; long-term former smokers who could be considered nonsmokers in terms of cardiovascular events&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> Smoking cessation for patients with DM2 is associated with a rapid decrease in cardiovascular risk&#44; showing no statistically significant differences versus nonsmokers in terms of CHD and myocardial infarction relative risk<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#59; &#40;b&#41; there were small but statistically significant differences in terms of age among the study subgroups&#59; &#40;c&#41; the risk scales do not include the number of cigarettes smoked per day as an independent risk factor for smokers&#44; although there is a well-known dose-dependent correlation with CHD&#59; &#40;d&#41; our results come from a low incidence at baseline population and cannot therefore be extrapolated to other high-risk countries&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; smoking cessation for patients with DM2 is accompanied by a significant decrease in the estimated risk of CHD and fatal coronary events at 10 years&#46; This decrease is even greater for patients with poorer blood glucose control and is attenuated in women over 60 years of age&#46; Our findings underscore the importance of smoking cessation interventions for patients with diabetes&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Funding</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The present study was funded by Pfizer S&#46;L&#46;U&#46;&#44; Madrid &#40;Spain&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">MLR declares that they have no conflicts of interest&#46; VSB is employed by Pfizer S&#46;L&#46;U&#46;</p></span></span>"
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              "identificador" => "abst0030"
              "titulo" => "Pacientes y m&#233;todos"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0035"
              "titulo" => "Resultados"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0040"
              "titulo" => "Conclusiones"
            ]
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        ]
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          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1041549"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
        ]
        4 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0005"
          "titulo" => "Background"
        ]
        5 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0010"
          "titulo" => "Methods"
          "secciones" => array:4 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0015"
              "titulo" => "Objectives"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0020"
              "titulo" => "Study design"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0025"
              "titulo" => "Patients and methods"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0030"
              "titulo" => "Statistical analysis"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        6 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0035"
          "titulo" => "Results"
          "secciones" => array:3 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0040"
              "titulo" => "Study population characteristics"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0045"
              "titulo" => "Estimated risk of coronary heart disease according to the UKPDS risk engine"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0050"
              "titulo" => "Comparison of the UKPDS&#44; REGICOR and Framingham risk scales"
            ]
          ]
        ]
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          "identificador" => "sec0055"
          "titulo" => "Discussion"
        ]
        8 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0060"
          "titulo" => "Funding"
        ]
        9 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0065"
          "titulo" => "Conflicts of Interest"
        ]
        10 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xack373870"
          "titulo" => "Acknowledgements"
        ]
        11 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2018-03-02"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2018-04-17"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1041550"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Type 2 diabetes mellitus"
            1 => "Smoking"
            2 => "Smoking cessation"
            3 => "Cardiovascular risk score"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "es" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1041549"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Diabetes mellitus tipo 2"
            1 => "Fumar"
            2 => "Cesaci&#243;n tab&#225;quica"
            3 => "Escala de riesgo cardiovascular"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Aims</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To assess the cardiovascular risk according to the UKPDS risk engine&#59; Framingham function and score comparing clinical characteristics of diabetes mellitus type 2 &#40;DM2&#41; patients according to their habits status&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Patients and methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A descriptive analysis was performed&#46; A total of 890 Spanish patients with DM2 &#40;444 smokers and 446 former-smokers&#41; were included in a cross-sectional&#44; observational&#44; epidemiological multicenter nationwide study&#46; Coronary heart disease risk at 10 years was calculated using the UKPDS risk score in both patient subgroups&#46; Results were also compared with the Spanish calibrated &#40;REGICOR&#41; and updated Framingham risk scores&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The estimated likelihood of coronary heart disease risk at 10 years according to the UKPDS score was significantly greater in smokers compared with former-smokers&#46; This increased risk was greater in subjects with poorer blood glucose control&#44; and was attenuated in women &#8805;60 years-old&#46; The Framingham and UKPDS scores conferred a greater estimated risk than the REGICOR equation in Spanish diabetics&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Quitting smoke in patients with DM2 is accompanied by a significant decrease in the estimated risk of coronary events as assessed by UKPDS&#46; Our findings support the importance of quitting smoking among diabetic patients in order to reduce cardiovascular risk&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Aims"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "Patients and methods"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Results"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0020"
            "titulo" => "Conclusions"
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      "es" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivos</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Evaluar el riesgo cardiovascular con la herramienta <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">UKPDS risk engine</span>&#44; la funci&#243;n y escala Framingham y comparar las caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas de pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 &#40;DM2&#41; en base a sus h&#225;bitos&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Pacientes y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se llev&#243; a cabo un an&#225;lisis descriptivo&#46; Se incluy&#243; a un total de 890 pacientes con DM2 &#40;444 fumadores y 446 no fumadores&#41; en un estudio transversal&#44; observacional&#44; epidemiol&#243;gico&#44; multic&#233;ntrico y a nivel nacional&#46; Se calcul&#243; el riesgo de enfermedad coronaria a 10 a&#241;os utilizando&#44; para ello&#44; la puntuaci&#243;n UKPDS en ambas cohortes&#46; Los resultados se compararon tambi&#233;n con las puntuaciones calibradas para Espa&#241;a &#40;REGICOR&#41; y la escala de riesgo de Framingham&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La probabilidad estimada de enfermedad coronaria a los 10 a&#241;os seg&#250;n la herramienta UKPDS fue ostensiblemente superior en los fumadores que en los no fumadores&#46; Este aumento del riesgo fue mayor en sujetos con un peor control de la glucosa en sangre&#44; y disminuye en mujeres de 60 o m&#225;s a&#241;os de edad&#46; Tanto Framingham como UKPDS confieren un riesgo estimado mayor que REGICOR a los diab&#233;ticos espa&#241;oles&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Dejar de fumar en pacientes con DM2 implica un descenso significativo del riesgo estimado de eventos coronarios seg&#250;n la herramienta UKPDS&#46; Nuestros descubrimientos avalan lo importante que es dejar de fumar en pacientes diab&#233;ticos a la hora de reducir el riesgo cardiovascular&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0025"
            "titulo" => "Objetivos"
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            "identificador" => "abst0030"
            "titulo" => "Pacientes y m&#233;todos"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0040"
            "titulo" => "Conclusiones"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "NotaPie" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0020">Please cite this article as&#58; Luque-Ram&#237;rez M&#44; Sanz de Burgoa V&#44; en nombre de los participantes del estudio DIABETES&#46; Impacto de la cesaci&#243;n tab&#225;quica en el riesgo cardiovascular estimado de pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2&#58; El estudio DIABETES&#46; Rev Cl&#237;n Esp&#46; 2018&#59;218&#58;391&#8211;398&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Flow of patients included in the study&#46;</p>"
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        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#40;A&#41; Estimated risk of coronary heart disease at 10 years according to the UKPDS risk engine as a function of smoking status&#46; The data were analyzed with a one-way general linear model&#44; introducing age as a covariate&#46; Current smokers are represented by black circles and ex-smokers by white circles&#46; &#42;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;05 for smoking status&#46; &#40;B&#41; Influence of blood glucose control upon the estimated risk of coronary heart disease as a function of smoking status&#46; The data were analyzed with a two-way general linear model&#44; introducing age as a covariate&#46; Current smokers are represented by black circles and ex-smokers by white circles&#46; &#42;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;05 for smoking status&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8224;</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;05 for blood glucose control status&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8225;</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;05 for the interaction between smoking status and blood glucose control&#46; &#40;C&#41; Influence of age and gender upon estimated relative risk reduction of coronary heart disease among ex-smokers versus smokers&#46; Data are shown as means&#46; Estimated risk of coronary heart disease in current smokers is represented by black circles&#46; Arrowheads represent estimated relative risk reduction of ex-smokers vs&#46; current smokers&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
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            "identificador" => "at1"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The results are expressed as means<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SD or raw values &#40;percentage&#41;&#46; The effects of the study subgroup on the continues variables were analyzed with an age-adjusted unidirectional GLM&#46; For the nominal variables&#44; we used the chi-squared test or Fisher&#39;s exact test&#44; as appropriate&#46;</p><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Abbreviations&#58; BMC&#44; body mass index&#59; DM2&#44; type 2 diabetes mellitus&#59; F&#44; female&#59; GLM&#44; general linear model&#59; HDL&#44; high-density lipoprotein&#59; LDL&#44; low-density lipoprotein&#59; M&#44; male&#59; SD&#44; standard deviation&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;155&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Systolic blood pressure&#44; mm Hg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;267&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Diastolic blood pressure&#44; mm Hg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">79<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;132&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Duration of DM2&#44; years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;877&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">HbA<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1c</span>&#44; levels&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;005&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Total cholesterol&#44; mg&#47;dL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">203<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>43&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>42&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">HDL-cholesterol&#44; mg&#47;dL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">47<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;021&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LDL-cholesterol&#44; mg&#47;dL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">123<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>37&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">121<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>37&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;441&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Triglycerides&#44; mg&#47;dL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">175<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>104&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">161<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>87&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;021&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Clinical characteristics of the population&#46; Smokers compared with ex-smokers&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The results are expressed as means and with a 95&#37; confidence interval &#40;95&#37; CI&#41;&#46; The effects of the risk scales and smoking in coronary disease estimated at 10 years were analyzed using a general bidirectional age-adjusted linear model &#40;GLM&#41;&#46; The significant differences between the risk scales were analyzed by applying Bonferroni&#39;s correction&#46;</p>"
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">REGICOR</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">UKPDS</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Framingham</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Comparison between scales</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ager range &#40;35&#8211;74 years&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">IC 95&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">IC 95&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">95&#37; CI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="9" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">All patients</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Smokers &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>403&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10&#46;40&#8211;11&#46;80&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">24&#46;98&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">23&#46;24&#8211;26&#46;72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">22&#46;63&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">21&#46;60&#8211;23&#46;64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="char" valign="top">404&#46;4<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a&#44;b&#44;c</span></a></td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="char" valign="top">&#60;&#46;001</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ex-smokers &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>389&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;51&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;01&#8211;8&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">19&#46;28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">17&#46;79&#8211;20&#46;77&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15&#46;91&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15&#46;03&#8211;16&#46;79&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Relative risk reduction&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">50</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">30</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">42</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="9" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="9" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Men</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Smokers &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>289&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12&#46;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">11&#46;30&#8211;13&#46;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">29&#46;93&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">27&#46;86&#8211;32&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">24&#46;46&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">23&#46;24&#8211;25&#46;68&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="char" valign="top">264&#46;3<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a&#44;b&#44;c</span></a></td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="char" valign="top">&#60;&#46;001</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ex-smokers &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>267&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;70&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;05&#8211;8&#46;35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">22&#46;64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">20&#46;69&#8211;24&#46;59&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">17&#46;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15&#46;89&#8211;18&#46;15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Relative risk reduction&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">54</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">32</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">46</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="9" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="9" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Women</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Smokers &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>114&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8&#46;32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;48&#8211;9&#46;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12&#46;43&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10&#44;75&#8211;14&#44;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">17&#44;97&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16&#44;41&#8211;19&#46;53&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">104&#46;4<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a&#44;b&#44;c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ex-smokers &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>122&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&#46;35&#8211;7&#46;81&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">11&#46;93&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10&#46;42&#8211;13&#46;44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13&#44;50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12&#46;30&#8211;14&#46;70&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Relative risk reduction&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">19</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">0</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">32</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Comparison of the estimated risk of coronary disease at 10 years &#40;&#37;&#41; according to the cardiovascular risk scales&#46;</p>"
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    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0015"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:29 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0150"
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                0 => array:2 [
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Smoking-attributable deaths in Spain&#44; 2006"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "J&#46;R&#46; Banegas"
                            1 => "L&#46; D&#237;ez-Ga&#241;&#225;n"
                            2 => "B&#46; Ba&#241;uelos-Marco"
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        "texto" => "<p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors would like to thank all the diabetes specialists and patients for their collaboration in this study&#46; The authors would also like to thank Luz Samaniego and Marina Azc&#225;rate for their technical assistance&#46;</p>"
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ISSN: 22548874
Original language: English
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