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Professional recognition of female and male doctors
Reconocimiento profesional a médicos y médicas
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Bruguera, P. Arrizabalaga, M.C. Londoño, J. Padrós" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Bruguera" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "bruguera@clinic.ub.es" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">¿</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "P." "apellidos" => "Arrizabalaga" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "M.C." "apellidos" => "Londoño" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "J." "apellidos" => "Padrós" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Ex-presidente del Colegio Oficial de Médicos de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Secretaria general del Colegio Oficial de Médicos de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Hepatología, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Vicepresidente del Colegio Oficial de Médicos de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Reconocimiento profesional a médicos y médicas" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 2317 "Ancho" => 1551 "Tamanyo" => 104725 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Relationship between female awardees of the prize for excellence of the Official College of Physicians of Barcelona (COMB) and the women who formed part of the panel (A) and same relationship for the men (B).</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><elsevierMultimedia ident="tb0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Introduction</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The incorporation of women in medical studies and in the exercise of the medical profession is a growing phenomenon, one that will persist for the foreseeable future.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,2</span></a> The feminization is very clearly visible in medical care. In Spain, women represent more than 70% of professionals in the primary care setting and somewhat more than 40% of those who work in hospitals.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> However, they constitute a much smaller proportion of the management of healthcare centers (section and department heads) and in university posts (professors and associate professors), in which men are clearly in the majority.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This discrepancy between the number of women who practice medicine and the number who have positions of authority in healthcare and academia could be explained by a lower aspiration by women to assume senior positions. This interpretation is not based on any study. Conversely, this fact could be explained by the fact that the appointment system has an obvious male influence.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> The resistance of male physicians to cede higher level professional seats to their female colleagues could be one of the explanations for this situation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To determine whether the assessment of professional quality through the judgment of colleagues is influenced by the gender of those that must make this assessment, the present study has been designed to examine the relationship between the gender of the awardees of the excellence prize bestowed by the College of Physicians of Barcelona (COMB) and that of the members of the panel that awarded the prizes.</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Materials and methods</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">COMB awards prizes each year for professional excellence to physicians whose professional activity is of a quality that exceeds the expected and required, whether at the healthcare, teaching or research level. Forty-two prizes are delivered each year (7 prizes in 6 categories: mental health, public health and other healthcare settings, research, teaching and humanities, either as cultural activities or as activities related to solidarity). Candidates cannot be nominated for these prizes and the awardees are proposed and chosen by 6 judges, 1 for each category, composed of 7 individuals chosen each year by the governing board of COMB.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The selection of judges is not performed according to a specific protocol but rather by the free decision of the governing board of COMB, 1 or 2 of whose members form part of each of the panels. The other members are elected by their professional prestige governing board or for having received one of these prizes in the past. The panel selection is conducted in a manner that attempts to reflect the profession, so that the awardees can be considered to have received, indirectly, the recognition by the profession as a whole.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the panel meeting to elect the awardees, each member proposes 1–3 individuals that are judged to deserve a prize for excellence and provides the reasons that justify their proposal. A discussion then begins among the members of each panel in order to reduce to 7 the number of those who may be awarded, which will be those who gain the highest acceptance among the panel members. One of the exclusion criteria was having received an ethical sanction. The selected individuals should have conducted their profession for at least 20 years.</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We have calculated how many physicians have been distinguished with the prize of excellence from 2004 to 2012, as well as the proportion of men and women in the panels of each category. We have linked the composition of the panels with the proportion of men and women awardees in each panel.</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Considering that women predominate among younger colleagues and men predominate among older colleagues<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>, we investigated the influence of age on the possibility of obtaining the prize. We compared the mean age of awardees with the mean age of men and women colleagues within the age range of 45–70 years, given that the majority of awardees are included in this age range.</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The comparison between the quantitative and qualitative variables was conducted using Student-<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> and chi-squared tests, respectively. To assess the impact of the year of obtaining the prize, the cohort was divided into 2 periods. Period 1 included the physicians awarded between 2004 and 2008, and period 2 included those awarded between 2009 and 2012. The relationship between the number of female and male awardees and the evaluated predictive factors was analyzed with a linear regression model in which the dependent variable was the number of male and female awardees. The correlation coefficient was calculated using the Pearson test. The analyses were performed using the SPSS<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span> v.20.0 statistical suite.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Results</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The total number of awardees in the period 2004–2012 was 375. A total of 275 awardees (73%) were men and 100 (27%) were women. Therefore, the ratio between the number of male and female awardees is 2.75:1 (almost 3 men for every female awardee).</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This relationship between men and women has undergone, over the course of the 9-year study, a trend toward a decreasing number of male physician awardees in favor of an increased number of female physicians (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>). The mean number of female awardees between 2004 and 2008 was significantly less than the mean number of female awardees between 2009 and 2012 (13 vs. 10; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.024). In contrast, the mean number of male awardees was less in the second period, although the difference was not statistically significant (32 vs. 29; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.07).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In all categories there were always a larger number of male physicians than female physicians who received the prize for professional excellence. The smallest difference between the number of male and female physician awardees occurred in the category of primary care (1.2:1), which is where more female physicians conduct their work. The greatest difference occurred in the field of research (6:1) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding the total number of physician colleagues in Barcelona, the males awardees represented 1.7% of the total (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15,827), while the female awardees represented 0.7% of the total number of female colleagues (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14.975). To determine if the predominance of male awardees is due to the predominance of men among the colleagues of Barcelona of more than 45 years of age, we compared the proportion of male and female colleagues between the ages of 45 and 69 years with that of the physician awardees. The number of physician colleagues in Barcelona in this age range in 2012 was 16,287, with 9287 men and 6900 women (ratio, 1.4:1) very much less, almost half, that observed among physician awardees (ratio, 2.7:1).</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The proportion of men among the members of the panels was greater than that of women over the period analyzed (72% vs. 28%). The number of female panelists was significantly higher in the second period (14 vs. 9; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.01). Conversely, the number of male panelists decreased in the second period, although the difference was not statistically significant (28 vs. 33; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.07). Although the difference between the number of male and female panelists has undergone correction over time, mostly in the last 4 years, it is still far from parity (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>).</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We found an association between the number of female awardees and the number of female panelists, although the correlation was not significant (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.6; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.07) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>A). In contrast, we found no association between the number of male awardees and the number of male panelists (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.4; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.02) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>B).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Discussion</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results of this study indicate, firstly, that the awarding of prizes for professional excellence by COMB does not comply with the principle of gender equality, given that it recognizes excellence in a much lower proportion of women than that which corresponds to the total number of physician colleagues of their gender and age. This difference cannot be attributed to a lesser professional competence in women<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> or to a lesser dedication of female physicians to their patients, which a number of studies have qualified as being greater than that of male physicians.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> There is the hypothesis that the difference in the awarding of prizes could be due to the composition of the panels. In this study, we observed that in the category of prizes where there is a smaller difference between the numbers of male and female panelists (primary care), there were more women who were recognized for their professional excellence. In contrast, the mostly male panel (research) was accompanied by the smallest number of female awardees. Moreover, the slight trend to a reduction in the difference between men and women in the panels in recent years has been associated with a slightly greater proportion of female awardees.</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The tendency of panelists to vote for people of the same sex can reflect differences in the criteria of the components that should be included in the concept of excellence, or at least in the weight of each component. There is no universally accepted definition for excellence, a term that can be related to quality, competence, and adherence to the values of the profession, the effort applied to makes things right or better, with the fulfilling of the duties of a physician and the confidence inspired in others. Standards cannot be given to panelists in order to unify their criteria and thereby increase the possibilities of awarding prizes more justly.</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The COMB prizes for professional excellence constitute an example of a quality recognition system, considering that the physician awardees have assumed and exhibited the values of medical professionalism in their professional activities. These values include the commitment to their patients and the medical system, the compliance with ethical standards, the effort to maintain professional competence and the ability to communicate with their patients and respect their professional autonomy in the decision-making process.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11,12</span></a> Such prizes were instituted in COMB in 2004 and enjoy considerable acceptance among the physicians of Barcelona.</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We should accept that the choice of awardees has a certain subjectivity since the concept of professional excellence is broad, given that it attempts to designate a particular exercise of the medical profession as admirable, worthy of admiration and deserving to be emulated. The physician awardees in the healthcare categories have very good relationships with their patients and colleagues and remarkable dedication to their work, which they conduct competently and responsibly. Many are primary care, consulting or family doctors.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13–15</span></a> The differences between male and female physicians<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10,16</span></a> can determine the different quality assessments of their medical practice. It is easier to identify those who deserve to be awarded in the field of teaching<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17,18</span></a> or in the line of research because the merits are easier to measure.</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A similar situation to that described in this study occurs in other situations where professional merit is recognized, such as being part of the editorial boards of medical journals or the steering committees of scientific societies and in the academic promotion to teaching positions in universities, which clearly favor male physicians at the expense of female physicians.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19,20</span></a> It is likely that female physicians do not receive this recognition as frequently as male physicians because men occupy the majority of management positions in journals, research societies and teaching posts and are more likely to positively assess colleagues of their own gender than those of the other gender.</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To avoid negative, involuntary discrimination toward female physicians in the awarding of COMB prizes for excellence, it has been recommended that the composition of the panelists in the following calls be directed toward parity. We do not propose setting quotas for each gender, which could lead to the interpretation that there are two categories of prizes, one for men and another for women. We should only aspire to a situation where all excellent physicians can receive this distinction, without there being a factor that favors some and negatively affects others.</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:11 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xres321895" "titulo" => array:5 [ 0 => "Abstract" 1 => "Precedents and aim" 2 => "Subjects and methods" 3 => "Results" 4 => "Conclusion" ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec304255" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xres321896" "titulo" => array:5 [ 0 => "Resumen" 1 => "Antecedentes y objetivo" 2 => "Sujetos y métodos" 3 => "Resultados" 4 => "Conclusión" ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec304256" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack76084" "titulo" => "Acknowledgements" ] 10 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2013-06-18" "fechaAceptado" => "2013-10-13" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec304255" "palabras" => array:2 [ 0 => "Medical professionalism" 1 => "Professional excellence" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec304256" "palabras" => array:2 [ 0 => "Profesionalismo médico" 1 => "Excelencia profesional" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Precedents and aim</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The awards for the excellence of the Official College of Physicians of Barcelona (COMB) were instituted in 2004 to recognize the excellence of the professional exercise. The winners are yearly chosen by juries appointed by the board of government, whose members propose for the award doctors who, in their opinion, have an exemplary professional and human behavior.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Subjects and methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The number of male and female doctors who have obtained this recognition has been analyzed in relation with the sex distribution in the juries. Likewise it has been compared the ratios men-to-women of those who have been rewarded and this ratio among physicians of more than 45 years.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Between the awarded physicians the ratio men-to-women was of 2.7/1 (range, from 1.2/1 for awardees in primary care to 6/1 in research). The men-to-women ratio among those who were awarded was in parallel to the man-to-women ratios of the juries. The ratio between men and women among members of the COMB of more than 45 years was 1.4/1, whereas in those who were awarded it was of 2.7/1. The increase in the proportion of women in the juries in the last four years has been followed by an increase in the number of female physicians awarded.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This data demonstrate that the predominance of male doctors among those who were awarded does not depend so much on the age factor, but basically on the proportion of male and female doctors in the juries.</p>" ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Antecedentes y objetivo</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los premios a la excelencia del Colegio Oficial de Médicos de Barcelona (COMB) fueron instituidos en 2004 para reconocer la excelencia en el ejercicio profesional. Los premiados son elegidos anualmente por jurados nombrados por la junta de gobierno, cuyos miembros proponen médicos que en su opinión tienen un comportamiento profesional y humano ejemplar.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Sujetos y métodos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Hemos analizado el número de médicos y médicas que han obtenido este reconocimiento y la relación entre el número de varones y mujeres premiados con la distribución por géneros en los jurados. Asimismo se han comparado las edades de médicos y médicas premiados y la de colegiados y colegiadas de más de 45 años.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La relación de varones y mujeres entre los premiados fue de 2,7/1 (rango: 1,2/1 para los premiados en Atención Primaria y 6/1 en el apartado Investigación), con una correlación directa no estadísticamente significativa entre la relación varones/mujeres premiados y jurados. La relación entre varones y mujeres colegiados con más de 45 años fue de 1,4/1, mientras que en los premiados fue de 2,7/1. En los últimos 4 años ha incrementado la proporción de mujeres en los jurados y de forma paralela ha aumentado el número de médicas premiadas.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusión</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El predomino de varones entre los premiados parece relacionarse con la mayor proporción de varones en la composición de los jurados.</p>" ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Bruguera M, Arrizabalaga P, Londoño MC, Padrós J. Reconocimiento profesional a médicos y médicas. Rev Clin Esp. 2014;214:69–73.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:4 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 2317 "Ancho" => 1551 "Tamanyo" => 104725 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Relationship between female awardees of the prize for excellence of the Official College of Physicians of Barcelona (COMB) and the women who formed part of the panel (A) and same relationship for the men (B).</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Año \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Awardees</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Panelists</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Men (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Women (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Men (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Women (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2004 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">32 (76) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10 (24) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">33 (79) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9 (21) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2005 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">29 (72) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">11 (27) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">31 (74) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">11 (26) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2006 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">32 (76) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10 (24) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">41 (75) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7 (15) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2007 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">33 (79) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9 (21) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">32 (76) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10 (24) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2008 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">33 (79) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9 (21) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">31 (74) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">11 (26) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2009 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">29 (56) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">13 (31) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">31 (74) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">11 (26) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2010 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">31 (74) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">11 (26) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">29 (67) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">14 (33) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2011 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">30 (73) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">11 (27) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">28 (65) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">15 (35) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2012 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">27 (64) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">15 (36) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">27 (63) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">16 (37) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab468353.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Number of men and women among the awardees and panelists during the period 2004–2012.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Category \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ratio of men to women among awardees \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ratio of men to women among panelists \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Hospital care \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.8:1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2:1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Primary care \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.2:1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.1:1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Other settings \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.2:1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.2:1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Medical education \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.3:1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.9:1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Research \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6:1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.2:1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Humanities \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.6:1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.1:1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Total \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.7:1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2:1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab468354.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ratio of men to women among the awardees and panelists of the various categories of prizes during the period 2004–2012.</p>" ] ] 3 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "tb0005" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATEXTO" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "texto" => array:1 [ "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">What we know?</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The feminization of the medical profession is a very visible situation in medical care. The prizes for professional excellence awarded each year by the Official School of Physicians of Barcelona have mostly been given to men. The judges also consist mostly of men.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">What this article provides?</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is a certain parallel between the gender of panel members and the gender of the people awarded the prizes.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Editors</p></span></span>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:20 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Growing number of female physicians changing the face of Canada medicine" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "R. 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We would also like to thank Dr. Marc Soler for his suggestions.</p>" "vista" => "all" ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/22548874/0000021400000002/v1_201403141104/S2254887413001458/v1_201403141104/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "1901" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Original Articles" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/22548874/0000021400000002/v1_201403141104/S2254887413001458/v1_201403141104/en/main.pdf?idApp=WRCEE&text.app=https://revclinesp.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2254887413001458?idApp=WRCEE" ]
| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2023 March | 5 | 4 | 9 |
| 2018 February | 13 | 0 | 13 |
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