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se estima que el empleo de opioides ha aumentado de forma progresiva<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a>&#44; multiplic&#225;ndose por 14 en las &#250;ltimas dos d&#233;cadas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#46; El aumento de las prescripciones se ha relacionado con un incremento de las tasas de abuso y dependencia de estos f&#225;rmacos&#44; y aunque no hay acuerdo en los datos de prevalencia&#44; son varios los estudios que sit&#250;an dichas tasas por encima del 35&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;9</span></a>&#46; Existen pocos estudios que analicen la influencia del g&#233;nero en el uso y abuso de los opioides por prescripci&#243;n&#44; pese a la importancia de las diferencias entre hombres y mujeres demostradas en el consumo de otras sustancias<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la prevalencia de dependencia de f&#225;rmacos opioides en una muestra de pacientes espa&#241;oles con dolor cr&#243;nico&#44; as&#237; como evaluar las posibles diferencias de g&#233;nero en el uso y dependencia de los mismos&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Material y m&#233;todos</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Participaron 254 consumidores de f&#225;rmacos opioides con dolor cr&#243;nico no oncol&#243;gico&#46; La recogida de datos se realiz&#243; desde septiembre de 2014 hasta enero de 2017&#44; entre todos los pacientes que acud&#237;an a la consulta de la Unidad del Dolor de un Hospital General Universitario&#46; Los criterios de inclusi&#243;n en el estudio fueron&#58; ser mayor de 18 a&#241;os y estar bajo tratamiento m&#233;dico ambulatorio con analg&#233;sicos opioides durante al menos los &#250;ltimos 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>meses &#40;el 80&#37; consum&#237;an f&#225;rmacos opioides durante m&#225;s de 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>meses&#41;&#46; Se descartaron los pacientes que no pudieron ser evaluados correctamente debido a la falta de comprensi&#243;n de las preguntas &#40;por estar bajo los efectos de alguna sustancia o por problemas neurol&#243;gicos&#41; y quienes no aceptaron realizar la evaluaci&#243;n completa&#44; resultando una muestra definitiva de 229 pacientes&#46; La edad media de la muestra fue de 59<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os &#40;rango&#58; 25-94<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os&#41;&#44; siendo el 69&#37; mujeres y el 31&#37; hombres&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tras la firma de un consentimiento informado y en sesiones individuales de 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min llevadas a cabo por psic&#243;logos entrenados&#44; se aplic&#243; una entrevista semiestructurada creada <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ad hoc</span> en la que se recog&#237;an las siguientes variables&#58; caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas &#40;p&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ej&#46;&#44; edad&#44; estado civil&#41;&#44; caracter&#237;sticas del tratamiento con f&#225;rmacos opioides &#40;tipo de f&#225;rmaco&#44; duraci&#243;n del tratamiento&#44; v&#237;as de administraci&#243;n y uso de psicof&#225;rmacos como coadyuvantes&#41; y consumo de otras sustancias&#46; La dependencia de f&#225;rmacos opioides se evalu&#243; mediante un listado de 7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#237;tems de respuesta dicot&#243;mica &#40;s&#237;&#47;no&#41;&#44; como recoge el <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders&#44; 4th Edition</span> &#40;DSM-IV-TR&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dada la falta de acuerdo sobre las tasas de prevalencia de abuso o dependencia de f&#225;rmacos opioides&#44; el tama&#241;o muestral se calcul&#243; teniendo en cuenta el porcentaje de poblaci&#243;n que est&#225; aquejada de dolor cr&#243;nico&#46; Con un 20&#37; de porcentaje esperado de dolor cr&#243;nico en poblaci&#243;n espa&#241;ola&#44; un 5&#37; de margen de error y un 95&#37; de intervalo de confianza&#44; el tama&#241;o muestral m&#237;nimo requerido fue de 249 participantes&#46;</p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">An&#225;lisis de datos</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los datos se analizaron utilizando IBM SPSS Statistics for Macintosh&#44; versi&#243;n 20&#46;0<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#46; Se realiz&#243; el an&#225;lisis bivariado&#44; utilizando la prueba de chi-cuadrado como estad&#237;stico de contraste para las variables no continuas&#44; y la t de Student para muestras independientes en las variables continuas&#46; Se calcul&#243; el tama&#241;o del efecto <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">delta</span> de Cohen para las variables continuas y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">phi</span> de Cramer para las no continuas&#46; Para reducir al m&#237;nimo el error tipo<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">i</span> se utiliz&#243; la correcci&#243;n de Bonferroni para un error &#945; de 0&#44;05 en grupos de variables relacionadas&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Resultados</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas de la muestra fueron homog&#233;neas en ambos g&#233;neros &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Indicaciones de la prescripci&#243;n de f&#225;rmacos opioides</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las principales indicaciones fueron trastornos relacionados con el dolor de espalda &#40;56&#37;&#41;&#44; piernas &#40;15&#37;&#41; y cuello u hombros &#40;12&#37;&#41;&#46; No se encontraron diferencias de g&#233;nero en funci&#243;n de la enfermedad subyacente &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Caracter&#237;sticas del tratamiento para el dolor cr&#243;nico con f&#225;rmacos opioides</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los f&#225;rmacos opioides m&#225;s usados fueron &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#41;&#58; tramadol&#47;paracetamol &#40;22&#37;&#41;&#44; hidrocloruro de oxicodona&#47;naloxona &#40;18&#37;&#41;&#44; tapentadol &#40;18&#37;&#41; y fentanilo &#40;8&#37;&#41;&#46; El 24&#37; de los pacientes consum&#237;a 2 o m&#225;s f&#225;rmacos opioides&#46; En cuanto al uso de psicof&#225;rmacos como coadyuvantes&#44; un 46&#37; recib&#237;a ansiol&#237;ticos&#44; un 18&#37; antidepresivos&#44; un 14&#37; antiepil&#233;pticos y un 7&#37; hipn&#243;ticos&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las principales v&#237;as de administraci&#243;n del opioide fueron la oral &#40;c&#225;psulas&#44; 77&#37;&#41; y la transd&#233;rmica &#40;parches&#44; 13&#37;&#41;&#46; En los pacientes cuyo tratamiento consist&#237;a en la ingesta de m&#225;s de un opioide&#44; el 18&#37; utilizaban solo la v&#237;a oral y el 6&#37; combinaban las v&#237;as transd&#233;rmica y oral&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Del total de la muestra&#44; el 20&#37; consum&#237;an f&#225;rmacos opioides desde hac&#237;a menos de un a&#241;o&#44; el 64&#37; lo hac&#237;an desde hac&#237;a un a&#241;o o m&#225;s&#44; y el 16&#37;&#44; durante m&#225;s de 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os&#46; No se encontraron diferencias de g&#233;nero en ninguna de las variables asociadas al tratamiento con f&#225;rmacos opioides &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Prevalencia de la dependencia a f&#225;rmacos opioides</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El 46&#37; de los pacientes cumpl&#237;a 3 o m&#225;s criterios de dependencia de f&#225;rmacos opioides del DSM-IV-TR<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> &#40;aunque en un 6&#37; el diagn&#243;stico fue provisional por llevar menos de 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>meses en tratamiento&#41; y no hubo diferencias entre hombres y mujeres &#40;&#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;992&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41;&#46; S&#237; exist&#237;an diferencias estad&#237;sticamente significativas en la edad media &#40;62<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os en pacientes no dependientes vs&#46; 56<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os en dependientes &#91;t<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#44;231&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;01&#93;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La tasa de dependencia fue significativamente mayor &#40;&#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#44;539&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41; en los pacientes que recib&#237;an combinaciones de dos o m&#225;s f&#225;rmacos opioides &#40;59&#37;&#41;&#44; en comparaci&#243;n con los que consum&#237;an un &#250;nico opioide de los categorizados por la escala analg&#233;sica de la Organizaci&#243;n Mundial de la Salud como d&#233;bil &#40;37&#37;&#41; o fuerte &#40;44&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El porcentaje de dependientes tambi&#233;n aument&#243; significativamente &#40;&#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#44;693&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41; conforme lo hac&#237;a la duraci&#243;n del tratamiento&#46; En los pacientes cuya duraci&#243;n del tratamiento fue inferior al a&#241;o el 29&#37; cumpl&#237;a criterios de dependencia&#44; frente al 48&#37; entre los que llevaban entre 1 y 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os&#44; y el 58&#37; entre los que llevaban 5 o m&#225;s a&#241;os bajo tratamiento con analg&#233;sicos opioides&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Uso concomitante de otras sustancias durante el tratamiento</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El 41 y el 28&#37; de los pacientes hab&#237;an consumido alcohol y tabaco&#44; respectivamente&#44; en el &#250;ltimo mes&#44; y el 3&#37;&#44; cannabis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#41;&#46; El porcentaje de consumidores de alcohol y cannabis fue significativamente mayor entre los hombres &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41;&#44; aunque las diferencias solo fueron significativas para el consumo de alcohol tras aplicar el ajuste de Bonferroni &#40;&#945;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#47;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;017&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Discusi&#243;n</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Al igual que en estudios previos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8-10</span></a>&#44; el 46&#37; de los pacientes con dolor cr&#243;nico&#44; consumidores de f&#225;rmacos opioides&#44; cumple criterios de dependencia&#44; sin hallarse diferencias significativas entre hombres y mujeres&#46; No obstante&#44; s&#237; existi&#243; una asociaci&#243;n negativa entre la edad y la dependencia a f&#225;rmacos opioides&#44; lo que concuerda con hallazgos anteriores<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13-15</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tampoco se hallaron diferencias de g&#233;nero en las caracter&#237;sticas del tratamiento con f&#225;rmacos opioides&#46; Solamente se encontraron diferencias entre hombres y mujeres en relaci&#243;n con el uso concomitante de otras sustancias&#44; lo cual es un factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de dependencia a los f&#225;rmacos opioides&#46; Los hallazgos fueron congruentes con las estad&#237;sticas sobre consumo de alcohol y drogas en poblaci&#243;n general espa&#241;ola &#40;Encuestas sobre Alcohol y Drogas en Espa&#241;a 2013&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#44; que revela un consumo significativamente mayor de alcohol y cannabis en hombres&#46; Los resultados del presente estudio tambi&#233;n alertan sobre la importancia de controlar&#44; antes y durante el tratamiento&#44; el uso de sustancias psicoactivas como el cannabis o el alcohol&#44; tal como recomiendan estudios previos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#44; pues sus tasas de consumo son elevadas a pesar de las consecuencias negativas derivadas de su combinaci&#243;n con f&#225;rmacos opioides<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Por &#250;ltimo&#44; la dependencia a f&#225;rmacos opioides est&#225; asociada a las caracter&#237;sticas del tratamiento recibido y su duraci&#243;n&#46; Pese a las reticencias de los profesionales sanitarios y pacientes respecto al uso de opioides m&#225;s potentes&#44; nuestros resultados se&#241;alan que fue en la combinaci&#243;n de dos o m&#225;s f&#225;rmacos opioides donde el porcentaje de pacientes dependientes result&#243; mayor&#46; Las tasas de dependencia tambi&#233;n aumentan conforme lo hace la duraci&#243;n del tratamiento&#44; lo que reabre el debate sobre la seguridad del uso de estos f&#225;rmacos a largo plazo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este estudio tiene limitaciones&#46; En primer lugar&#44; las limitaciones propias del uso de autoinformes&#44; como el sesgo de deseabilidad social&#44; que consiste en la tendencia a dar respuestas socialmente aceptables&#46; Este sesgo se minimiz&#243; realizando entrevistas individuales por psic&#243;logos entrenados que pudiesen detectar una posible infraestimaci&#243;n de las respuestas de los pacientes&#44; y mediante el uso de instrumentos ampliamente utilizados en el &#225;mbito de las drogodependencias y de la evaluaci&#243;n del uso inadecuado de f&#225;rmacos opioides<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&#46; En segundo lugar&#44; para aumentar la generalizaci&#243;n de los datos se precisan estudios con mayor tama&#241;o muestral que profundicen en la evaluaci&#243;n de otras variables m&#233;dicas y psicol&#243;gicas potencialmente relacionadas con el abuso y la dependencia a f&#225;rmacos opioides&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No obstante&#44; se trata de un estudio realizado en una muestra suficiente de pacientes evaluados en el contexto de una Unidad del Dolor&#44; por lo que los hallazgos obtenidos se convierten en un primer paso para conocer la prevalencia de dependencia a f&#225;rmacos opioides y las caracter&#237;sticas de su uso en poblaci&#243;n con dolor cr&#243;nico en Espa&#241;a&#46; Puesto que la falta de evidencia dificulta la implementaci&#243;n de pr&#225;cticas que minimicen el riesgo asociado al uso de f&#225;rmacos opioides<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#44; la informaci&#243;n de este estudio puede ser &#250;til para los especialistas implicados en el tratamiento del dolor cr&#243;nico&#58; por una parte&#44; para la planificaci&#243;n del tratamiento con f&#225;rmacos opioides y&#44; por otra&#44; para el desarrollo de estrategias de prevenci&#243;n de su uso inadecuado&#44; independientemente del g&#233;nero&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Financiaci&#243;n</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este trabajo ha sido financiado en la convocatoria de Ayudas para la realizaci&#243;n de trabajos de investigaci&#243;n para la mejora de la atenci&#243;n del paciente cr&#243;nico complejo y del paciente susceptible de cuidados paliativos &#40;2013&#41; de la Conselleria de Sanidad Valenciana &#40;ref&#46; PCC-18&#47;13&#41;&#46; La fuente de financiaci&#243;n no ha tenido participaci&#243;n en el dise&#241;o del estudio&#44; la colecci&#243;n de datos&#44; el an&#225;lisis o la interpretaci&#243;n de estos&#44; en la redacci&#243;n del manuscrito o en la decisi&#243;n de enviarlo para publicaci&#243;n&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objetivos</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Analizar la prevalencia del uso y la dependencia a f&#225;rmacos opioides en poblaci&#243;n espa&#241;ola con dolor cr&#243;nico y evaluar diferencias de g&#233;nero&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Pacientes y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">En 229 usuarios de f&#225;rmacos opioides se evaluaron variables sociodemogr&#225;ficas&#44; caracter&#237;sticas del tratamiento con opioides y uso de otras sustancias&#46; Se realiz&#243; un an&#225;lisis descriptivo y bivariado&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Resultados</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El 46&#37; cumpl&#237;a criterios de dependencia de f&#225;rmacos opioides &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders&#44; 4th Edition</span> &#91;DSM-IV-TR&#93;&#41;&#46; El consumo de alcohol y cannabis fue mayor en hombres&#46; Las tasas de dependencia en el uso de f&#225;rmacos opioides fueron significativamente superiores en los tratamientos prolongados&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La planificaci&#243;n de tratamientos con opioides y las estrategias de prevenci&#243;n de uso inadecuado deben ser independientes del g&#233;nero&#46; Son necesarios m&#225;s estudios que profundicen en las variables m&#233;dicas y psicol&#243;gicas relacionadas con el uso y la dependencia de opioides&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Objetivos"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "Pacientes y m&#233;todos"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0020"
            "titulo" => "Conclusiones"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objectives</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To analyse the prevalence in the use and dependence on opioid drugs in the Spanish population with chronic pain and evaluate the differences according to sex&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Patients and methods</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The demographic variables&#44; opioid treatment characteristics and use of other substances were assessed in 229 users of opioid drugs&#46; A descriptive bivariate analysis of the data was performed&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Results</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Forty-six percent of the patients met the criteria of dependence on opioid drugs &#40;Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders&#44; 4th Edition &#91;DSM-IV-TR&#93;&#41;&#46; Alcohol and cannabis consumption was greater in the men&#46; The rates of dependence on the use of opioid drugs were significantly higher in the extended treatments&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Planning for treatments with opioids and strategies for preventing inappropriate use should not depend on the patient&#39;s sex&#46; We need further studies on the medical and psychological variables related to the use of and dependence on opioids&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
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            "identificador" => "abst0025"
            "titulo" => "Objectives"
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            "identificador" => "abst0030"
            "titulo" => "Patients and methods"
          ]
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            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "Results"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0040"
            "titulo" => "Conclusions"
          ]
        ]
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">DT&#58; desviaci&#243;n t&#237;pica&#59; n&#58; n&#250;mero&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Caracter&#237;sticas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mujeres &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>157&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Hombres &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>72&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>229&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">t&#47;&#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Edad media &#40;DT&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">61 &#40;14&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">57 &#40;15&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">59 &#40;14&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;852 &#40;0&#44;065&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;26&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Estado civil</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Solteros&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">14 &#40;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8 &#40;11&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">22 &#40;10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="4" align="center" valign="middle">1&#44;638 &#40;0&#44;651&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="4" align="center" valign="middle">0&#44;09</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Casados&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">103 &#40;66&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">50 &#40;69&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">153 &#40;67&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Viudos&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">19 &#40;12&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5 &#40;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">24 &#40;11&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Divorciados&#47;separados n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">21 &#40;13&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">9 &#40;13&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">30 &#40;13&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Situaci&#243;n laboral</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Empleado&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12 &#40;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">14 &#40;20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">26 &#40;12&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="4" align="center" valign="middle">10&#44;503 &#40;0&#44;015&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="4" align="center" valign="middle">0&#44;22</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Desempleado&#47;jubilado&#47;baja&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">139 &#40;89&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">55 &#40;78&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">194 &#40;86&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Incapacidad&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1 &#40;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2 &#40;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3 &#40;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Otros&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4 &#40;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4 &#40;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nivel educativo</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Sin estudios&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">42 &#40;27&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13 &#40;18&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">55 &#40;24&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="4" align="center" valign="middle">6&#44;93 &#40;0&#44;074&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="4" align="center" valign="middle">0&#44;17</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Primarios&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">51 &#40;33&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">20 &#40;28&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">71 &#40;31&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">30 &#40;42&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">86 &#40;38&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">9 &#40;13&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16 &#40;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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              "identificador" => "tblfn0035"
              "etiqueta" => "a"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Se aplic&#243; el ajuste de Bonferroni en las 4 variables sociodemogr&#225;ficas &#40;&#945; &#61; 0&#44;05&#47;4 &#61; 0&#44;0125&#41;&#46;</p>"
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            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0005"
              "etiqueta" => "b"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Se utiliz&#243; chi cuadrado y t de Student para muestras independientes &#40;dos colas&#41; para las variables no continuas y continuas&#44; respectivamente&#46;</p>"
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0010"
              "etiqueta" => "c"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">&#948; de Cohen para las variables continuas y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">phi</span> de Cramer para las no continuas&#46;</p>"
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas de la muestra de pacientes con dolor cr&#243;nico</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mujeres &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>157&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#934;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trastornos por los que se indica el tratamiento &#40;zona principal de dolor&#41;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Espalda&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">92 &#40;59&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">36 &#40;50&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">128 &#40;56&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="4" align="center" valign="middle">3&#44;202 &#40;0&#44;361&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="4" align="center" valign="middle">0&#44;12</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Piernas&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">19 &#40;12&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15 &#40;21&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">34 &#40;15&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cuello&#47;hombros&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">19 &#40;12&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">9 &#40;13&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">28 &#40;12&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Otros &#40;brazos&#44; cadera&#44; pies&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">27 &#40;17&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12 &#40;17&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">39 &#40;17&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F&#225;rmacos opioides m&#225;s usados</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Tramadol&#47;paracetamol&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">11 &#40;15&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">51 &#40;22&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#44;407 &#40;0&#44;121&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hidrocloruro de oxicodona&#47;naloxona&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">29 &#40;19&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13 &#40;18&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">42 &#40;18&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;001 &#40;0&#44;999&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Tapentadol&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">26 &#40;17&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16 &#40;22&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">42 &#40;18&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;721 &#40;0&#44;399&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Fentanilo&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4 &#40;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18 &#40;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;376 &#40;0&#44;450&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Duraci&#243;n del tratamiento con f&#225;rmacos opioides</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60; 1 a&#241;o&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">30 &#40;19&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15 &#40;21&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">45 &#40;20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle">0&#44;325 &#40;0&#44;850&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle">0&#44;04</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span> 1 a 4 a&#241;os&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">102 &#40;65&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">44 &#40;61&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">146 &#40;64&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span> &#8805; 5 a&#241;os&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">25 &#40;16&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13 &#40;18&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">38 &#40;17&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">V&#237;as de administraci&#243;n m&#225;s usadas del f&#225;rmaco opioide</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Solo oral&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">97 &#40;62&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">40 &#40;56&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">137 &#40;60&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="5" align="center" valign="middle">6&#44;993 &#40;0&#44;136&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="5" align="center" valign="middle">0&#44;17</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Solo transd&#233;rmica&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15 &#40;10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">14 &#40;19&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">29 &#40;13&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Combinaci&#243;n oral&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">29 &#40;19&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">11 &#40;15&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">40 &#40;18&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Combinaci&#243;n transd&#233;rmica<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>oral&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8 &#40;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6 &#40;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">14 &#40;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Otras &#40;nasal&#44; subcut&#225;nea&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8 &#40;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1 &#40;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">9 &#40;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Psicof&#225;rmacos coadyuvantes en el tratamiento del dolor</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ansiol&#237;ticos&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">69 &#40;44&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">37 &#40;51&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">106 &#40;46&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;820 &#40;0&#44;365&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Antidepresivos&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">28 &#40;18&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12 &#40;17&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">40 &#40;18&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;001 &#40;0&#44;977&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Antiepil&#233;pticos&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">20 &#40;13&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12 &#40;17&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">32 &#40;14&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;349 &#40;0&#44;555&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hipn&#243;ticos&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12 &#40;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5 &#40;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">17 &#40;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;001 &#40;0&#44;999&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Uso concomitante de otras sustancias</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Alcohol&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">54 &#40;35&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">40 &#40;56&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">94 &#40;41&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8&#44;072 &#40;0&#44;004&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Tabaco&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">39 &#40;25&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Uso y dependencia de fármacos opioides en población española con dolor crónico: prevalencia y diferencias de género
Use and dependence on opioid drugs in the Spanish population with chronic pain: Prevalence and differences according to sex
A. Coloma-Carmonaa,
Autor para correspondencia
ainhoa.coloma@umh.es

Autor para correspondencia.
, J.L. Carballoa, J. Rodríguez-Marína, A. Pérez-Carbonellb
a Centro de Psicología Aplicada, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Alicante, España
b Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Elche, Alicante, España
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        "titulo" => "Use and dependence on opioid drugs in the Spanish population with chronic pain&#58; Prevalence and differences according to sex"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El dolor cr&#243;nico es un problema de salud importante&#44; con una prevalencia estimada del 20&#37; en poblaci&#243;n adulta espa&#241;ola<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; Pese a las reservas sobre su efectividad y seguridad a largo plazo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#44; los f&#225;rmacos opioides se han convertido en el tratamiento de elecci&#243;n en pacientes con dolor cr&#243;nico de intensidad media-alta<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#44; representando un 34&#37; de la medicaci&#243;n prescrita con esta finalidad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Aunque en Espa&#241;a no existen datos actualizados&#44; se estima que el empleo de opioides ha aumentado de forma progresiva<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a>&#44; multiplic&#225;ndose por 14 en las &#250;ltimas dos d&#233;cadas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#46; El aumento de las prescripciones se ha relacionado con un incremento de las tasas de abuso y dependencia de estos f&#225;rmacos&#44; y aunque no hay acuerdo en los datos de prevalencia&#44; son varios los estudios que sit&#250;an dichas tasas por encima del 35&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;9</span></a>&#46; Existen pocos estudios que analicen la influencia del g&#233;nero en el uso y abuso de los opioides por prescripci&#243;n&#44; pese a la importancia de las diferencias entre hombres y mujeres demostradas en el consumo de otras sustancias<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la prevalencia de dependencia de f&#225;rmacos opioides en una muestra de pacientes espa&#241;oles con dolor cr&#243;nico&#44; as&#237; como evaluar las posibles diferencias de g&#233;nero en el uso y dependencia de los mismos&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Material y m&#233;todos</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Participaron 254 consumidores de f&#225;rmacos opioides con dolor cr&#243;nico no oncol&#243;gico&#46; La recogida de datos se realiz&#243; desde septiembre de 2014 hasta enero de 2017&#44; entre todos los pacientes que acud&#237;an a la consulta de la Unidad del Dolor de un Hospital General Universitario&#46; Los criterios de inclusi&#243;n en el estudio fueron&#58; ser mayor de 18 a&#241;os y estar bajo tratamiento m&#233;dico ambulatorio con analg&#233;sicos opioides durante al menos los &#250;ltimos 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>meses &#40;el 80&#37; consum&#237;an f&#225;rmacos opioides durante m&#225;s de 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>meses&#41;&#46; Se descartaron los pacientes que no pudieron ser evaluados correctamente debido a la falta de comprensi&#243;n de las preguntas &#40;por estar bajo los efectos de alguna sustancia o por problemas neurol&#243;gicos&#41; y quienes no aceptaron realizar la evaluaci&#243;n completa&#44; resultando una muestra definitiva de 229 pacientes&#46; La edad media de la muestra fue de 59<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os &#40;rango&#58; 25-94<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os&#41;&#44; siendo el 69&#37; mujeres y el 31&#37; hombres&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tras la firma de un consentimiento informado y en sesiones individuales de 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min llevadas a cabo por psic&#243;logos entrenados&#44; se aplic&#243; una entrevista semiestructurada creada <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ad hoc</span> en la que se recog&#237;an las siguientes variables&#58; caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas &#40;p&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ej&#46;&#44; edad&#44; estado civil&#41;&#44; caracter&#237;sticas del tratamiento con f&#225;rmacos opioides &#40;tipo de f&#225;rmaco&#44; duraci&#243;n del tratamiento&#44; v&#237;as de administraci&#243;n y uso de psicof&#225;rmacos como coadyuvantes&#41; y consumo de otras sustancias&#46; La dependencia de f&#225;rmacos opioides se evalu&#243; mediante un listado de 7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#237;tems de respuesta dicot&#243;mica &#40;s&#237;&#47;no&#41;&#44; como recoge el <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders&#44; 4th Edition</span> &#40;DSM-IV-TR&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dada la falta de acuerdo sobre las tasas de prevalencia de abuso o dependencia de f&#225;rmacos opioides&#44; el tama&#241;o muestral se calcul&#243; teniendo en cuenta el porcentaje de poblaci&#243;n que est&#225; aquejada de dolor cr&#243;nico&#46; Con un 20&#37; de porcentaje esperado de dolor cr&#243;nico en poblaci&#243;n espa&#241;ola&#44; un 5&#37; de margen de error y un 95&#37; de intervalo de confianza&#44; el tama&#241;o muestral m&#237;nimo requerido fue de 249 participantes&#46;</p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">An&#225;lisis de datos</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los datos se analizaron utilizando IBM SPSS Statistics for Macintosh&#44; versi&#243;n 20&#46;0<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#46; Se realiz&#243; el an&#225;lisis bivariado&#44; utilizando la prueba de chi-cuadrado como estad&#237;stico de contraste para las variables no continuas&#44; y la t de Student para muestras independientes en las variables continuas&#46; Se calcul&#243; el tama&#241;o del efecto <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">delta</span> de Cohen para las variables continuas y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">phi</span> de Cramer para las no continuas&#46; Para reducir al m&#237;nimo el error tipo<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">i</span> se utiliz&#243; la correcci&#243;n de Bonferroni para un error &#945; de 0&#44;05 en grupos de variables relacionadas&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Resultados</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas de la muestra fueron homog&#233;neas en ambos g&#233;neros &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Indicaciones de la prescripci&#243;n de f&#225;rmacos opioides</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las principales indicaciones fueron trastornos relacionados con el dolor de espalda &#40;56&#37;&#41;&#44; piernas &#40;15&#37;&#41; y cuello u hombros &#40;12&#37;&#41;&#46; No se encontraron diferencias de g&#233;nero en funci&#243;n de la enfermedad subyacente &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Caracter&#237;sticas del tratamiento para el dolor cr&#243;nico con f&#225;rmacos opioides</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los f&#225;rmacos opioides m&#225;s usados fueron &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#41;&#58; tramadol&#47;paracetamol &#40;22&#37;&#41;&#44; hidrocloruro de oxicodona&#47;naloxona &#40;18&#37;&#41;&#44; tapentadol &#40;18&#37;&#41; y fentanilo &#40;8&#37;&#41;&#46; El 24&#37; de los pacientes consum&#237;a 2 o m&#225;s f&#225;rmacos opioides&#46; En cuanto al uso de psicof&#225;rmacos como coadyuvantes&#44; un 46&#37; recib&#237;a ansiol&#237;ticos&#44; un 18&#37; antidepresivos&#44; un 14&#37; antiepil&#233;pticos y un 7&#37; hipn&#243;ticos&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las principales v&#237;as de administraci&#243;n del opioide fueron la oral &#40;c&#225;psulas&#44; 77&#37;&#41; y la transd&#233;rmica &#40;parches&#44; 13&#37;&#41;&#46; En los pacientes cuyo tratamiento consist&#237;a en la ingesta de m&#225;s de un opioide&#44; el 18&#37; utilizaban solo la v&#237;a oral y el 6&#37; combinaban las v&#237;as transd&#233;rmica y oral&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Del total de la muestra&#44; el 20&#37; consum&#237;an f&#225;rmacos opioides desde hac&#237;a menos de un a&#241;o&#44; el 64&#37; lo hac&#237;an desde hac&#237;a un a&#241;o o m&#225;s&#44; y el 16&#37;&#44; durante m&#225;s de 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os&#46; No se encontraron diferencias de g&#233;nero en ninguna de las variables asociadas al tratamiento con f&#225;rmacos opioides &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Prevalencia de la dependencia a f&#225;rmacos opioides</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El 46&#37; de los pacientes cumpl&#237;a 3 o m&#225;s criterios de dependencia de f&#225;rmacos opioides del DSM-IV-TR<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> &#40;aunque en un 6&#37; el diagn&#243;stico fue provisional por llevar menos de 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>meses en tratamiento&#41; y no hubo diferencias entre hombres y mujeres &#40;&#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;992&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41;&#46; S&#237; exist&#237;an diferencias estad&#237;sticamente significativas en la edad media &#40;62<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os en pacientes no dependientes vs&#46; 56<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os en dependientes &#91;t<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#44;231&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;01&#93;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La tasa de dependencia fue significativamente mayor &#40;&#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#44;539&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41; en los pacientes que recib&#237;an combinaciones de dos o m&#225;s f&#225;rmacos opioides &#40;59&#37;&#41;&#44; en comparaci&#243;n con los que consum&#237;an un &#250;nico opioide de los categorizados por la escala analg&#233;sica de la Organizaci&#243;n Mundial de la Salud como d&#233;bil &#40;37&#37;&#41; o fuerte &#40;44&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El porcentaje de dependientes tambi&#233;n aument&#243; significativamente &#40;&#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#44;693&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41; conforme lo hac&#237;a la duraci&#243;n del tratamiento&#46; En los pacientes cuya duraci&#243;n del tratamiento fue inferior al a&#241;o el 29&#37; cumpl&#237;a criterios de dependencia&#44; frente al 48&#37; entre los que llevaban entre 1 y 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os&#44; y el 58&#37; entre los que llevaban 5 o m&#225;s a&#241;os bajo tratamiento con analg&#233;sicos opioides&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Uso concomitante de otras sustancias durante el tratamiento</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El 41 y el 28&#37; de los pacientes hab&#237;an consumido alcohol y tabaco&#44; respectivamente&#44; en el &#250;ltimo mes&#44; y el 3&#37;&#44; cannabis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#41;&#46; El porcentaje de consumidores de alcohol y cannabis fue significativamente mayor entre los hombres &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41;&#44; aunque las diferencias solo fueron significativas para el consumo de alcohol tras aplicar el ajuste de Bonferroni &#40;&#945;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#47;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;017&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Discusi&#243;n</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Al igual que en estudios previos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8-10</span></a>&#44; el 46&#37; de los pacientes con dolor cr&#243;nico&#44; consumidores de f&#225;rmacos opioides&#44; cumple criterios de dependencia&#44; sin hallarse diferencias significativas entre hombres y mujeres&#46; No obstante&#44; s&#237; existi&#243; una asociaci&#243;n negativa entre la edad y la dependencia a f&#225;rmacos opioides&#44; lo que concuerda con hallazgos anteriores<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13-15</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tampoco se hallaron diferencias de g&#233;nero en las caracter&#237;sticas del tratamiento con f&#225;rmacos opioides&#46; Solamente se encontraron diferencias entre hombres y mujeres en relaci&#243;n con el uso concomitante de otras sustancias&#44; lo cual es un factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de dependencia a los f&#225;rmacos opioides&#46; Los hallazgos fueron congruentes con las estad&#237;sticas sobre consumo de alcohol y drogas en poblaci&#243;n general espa&#241;ola &#40;Encuestas sobre Alcohol y Drogas en Espa&#241;a 2013&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#44; que revela un consumo significativamente mayor de alcohol y cannabis en hombres&#46; Los resultados del presente estudio tambi&#233;n alertan sobre la importancia de controlar&#44; antes y durante el tratamiento&#44; el uso de sustancias psicoactivas como el cannabis o el alcohol&#44; tal como recomiendan estudios previos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#44; pues sus tasas de consumo son elevadas a pesar de las consecuencias negativas derivadas de su combinaci&#243;n con f&#225;rmacos opioides<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Por &#250;ltimo&#44; la dependencia a f&#225;rmacos opioides est&#225; asociada a las caracter&#237;sticas del tratamiento recibido y su duraci&#243;n&#46; Pese a las reticencias de los profesionales sanitarios y pacientes respecto al uso de opioides m&#225;s potentes&#44; nuestros resultados se&#241;alan que fue en la combinaci&#243;n de dos o m&#225;s f&#225;rmacos opioides donde el porcentaje de pacientes dependientes result&#243; mayor&#46; Las tasas de dependencia tambi&#233;n aumentan conforme lo hace la duraci&#243;n del tratamiento&#44; lo que reabre el debate sobre la seguridad del uso de estos f&#225;rmacos a largo plazo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este estudio tiene limitaciones&#46; En primer lugar&#44; las limitaciones propias del uso de autoinformes&#44; como el sesgo de deseabilidad social&#44; que consiste en la tendencia a dar respuestas socialmente aceptables&#46; Este sesgo se minimiz&#243; realizando entrevistas individuales por psic&#243;logos entrenados que pudiesen detectar una posible infraestimaci&#243;n de las respuestas de los pacientes&#44; y mediante el uso de instrumentos ampliamente utilizados en el &#225;mbito de las drogodependencias y de la evaluaci&#243;n del uso inadecuado de f&#225;rmacos opioides<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&#46; En segundo lugar&#44; para aumentar la generalizaci&#243;n de los datos se precisan estudios con mayor tama&#241;o muestral que profundicen en la evaluaci&#243;n de otras variables m&#233;dicas y psicol&#243;gicas potencialmente relacionadas con el abuso y la dependencia a f&#225;rmacos opioides&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No obstante&#44; se trata de un estudio realizado en una muestra suficiente de pacientes evaluados en el contexto de una Unidad del Dolor&#44; por lo que los hallazgos obtenidos se convierten en un primer paso para conocer la prevalencia de dependencia a f&#225;rmacos opioides y las caracter&#237;sticas de su uso en poblaci&#243;n con dolor cr&#243;nico en Espa&#241;a&#46; Puesto que la falta de evidencia dificulta la implementaci&#243;n de pr&#225;cticas que minimicen el riesgo asociado al uso de f&#225;rmacos opioides<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#44; la informaci&#243;n de este estudio puede ser &#250;til para los especialistas implicados en el tratamiento del dolor cr&#243;nico&#58; por una parte&#44; para la planificaci&#243;n del tratamiento con f&#225;rmacos opioides y&#44; por otra&#44; para el desarrollo de estrategias de prevenci&#243;n de su uso inadecuado&#44; independientemente del g&#233;nero&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Financiaci&#243;n</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este trabajo ha sido financiado en la convocatoria de Ayudas para la realizaci&#243;n de trabajos de investigaci&#243;n para la mejora de la atenci&#243;n del paciente cr&#243;nico complejo y del paciente susceptible de cuidados paliativos &#40;2013&#41; de la Conselleria de Sanidad Valenciana &#40;ref&#46; PCC-18&#47;13&#41;&#46; La fuente de financiaci&#243;n no ha tenido participaci&#243;n en el dise&#241;o del estudio&#44; la colecci&#243;n de datos&#44; el an&#225;lisis o la interpretaci&#243;n de estos&#44; en la redacci&#243;n del manuscrito o en la decisi&#243;n de enviarlo para publicaci&#243;n&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "identificador" => "sec0045"
          "titulo" => "Discusi&#243;n"
        ]
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          "identificador" => "sec0050"
          "titulo" => "Financiaci&#243;n"
        ]
        9 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "Bibliograf&#237;a"
        ]
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    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2017-01-23"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2017-03-29"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "es" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec863555"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Dolor cr&#243;nico"
            1 => "F&#225;rmacos opioides"
            2 => "Dependencia"
            3 => "Diferencias de g&#233;nero"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec863554"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Chronic pain"
            1 => "Opioid drugs"
            2 => "Dependence"
            3 => "Sex differences"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "es" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objetivos</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Analizar la prevalencia del uso y la dependencia a f&#225;rmacos opioides en poblaci&#243;n espa&#241;ola con dolor cr&#243;nico y evaluar diferencias de g&#233;nero&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Pacientes y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">En 229 usuarios de f&#225;rmacos opioides se evaluaron variables sociodemogr&#225;ficas&#44; caracter&#237;sticas del tratamiento con opioides y uso de otras sustancias&#46; Se realiz&#243; un an&#225;lisis descriptivo y bivariado&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Resultados</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El 46&#37; cumpl&#237;a criterios de dependencia de f&#225;rmacos opioides &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders&#44; 4th Edition</span> &#91;DSM-IV-TR&#93;&#41;&#46; El consumo de alcohol y cannabis fue mayor en hombres&#46; Las tasas de dependencia en el uso de f&#225;rmacos opioides fueron significativamente superiores en los tratamientos prolongados&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La planificaci&#243;n de tratamientos con opioides y las estrategias de prevenci&#243;n de uso inadecuado deben ser independientes del g&#233;nero&#46; Son necesarios m&#225;s estudios que profundicen en las variables m&#233;dicas y psicol&#243;gicas relacionadas con el uso y la dependencia de opioides&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Objetivos"
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          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "Pacientes y m&#233;todos"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
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          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0020"
            "titulo" => "Conclusiones"
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      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objectives</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To analyse the prevalence in the use and dependence on opioid drugs in the Spanish population with chronic pain and evaluate the differences according to sex&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Patients and methods</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The demographic variables&#44; opioid treatment characteristics and use of other substances were assessed in 229 users of opioid drugs&#46; A descriptive bivariate analysis of the data was performed&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Results</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Forty-six percent of the patients met the criteria of dependence on opioid drugs &#40;Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders&#44; 4th Edition &#91;DSM-IV-TR&#93;&#41;&#46; Alcohol and cannabis consumption was greater in the men&#46; The rates of dependence on the use of opioid drugs were significantly higher in the extended treatments&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Planning for treatments with opioids and strategies for preventing inappropriate use should not depend on the patient&#39;s sex&#46; We need further studies on the medical and psychological variables related to the use of and dependence on opioids&#46;</p></span>"
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            "identificador" => "abst0025"
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            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "Results"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">DT&#58; desviaci&#243;n t&#237;pica&#59; n&#58; n&#250;mero&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Caracter&#237;sticas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mujeres &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>157&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">59 &#40;14&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;852 &#40;0&#44;065&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Estado civil</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Solteros&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8 &#40;11&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">22 &#40;10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="4" align="center" valign="middle">1&#44;638 &#40;0&#44;651&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="4" align="center" valign="middle">0&#44;09</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Casados&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">50 &#40;69&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">153 &#40;67&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Viudos&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5 &#40;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">24 &#40;11&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Divorciados&#47;separados n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">9 &#40;13&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">30 &#40;13&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Situaci&#243;n laboral</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Empleado&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12 &#40;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">14 &#40;20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">26 &#40;12&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="4" align="center" valign="middle">10&#44;503 &#40;0&#44;015&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="4" align="center" valign="middle">0&#44;22</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Desempleado&#47;jubilado&#47;baja&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">55 &#40;78&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">194 &#40;86&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Incapacidad&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3 &#40;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Otros&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13 &#40;18&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">55 &#40;24&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">20 &#40;28&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">71 &#40;31&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16 &#40;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Se aplic&#243; el ajuste de Bonferroni en las 4 variables sociodemogr&#225;ficas &#40;&#945; &#61; 0&#44;05&#47;4 &#61; 0&#44;0125&#41;&#46;</p>"
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              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Se utiliz&#243; chi cuadrado y t de Student para muestras independientes &#40;dos colas&#41; para las variables no continuas y continuas&#44; respectivamente&#46;</p>"
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              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">&#948; de Cohen para las variables continuas y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">phi</span> de Cramer para las no continuas&#46;</p>"
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas de la muestra de pacientes con dolor cr&#243;nico</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mujeres &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>157&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Hombres &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>72&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>229&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#934;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trastornos por los que se indica el tratamiento &#40;zona principal de dolor&#41;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Espalda&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">92 &#40;59&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">36 &#40;50&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">128 &#40;56&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="4" align="center" valign="middle">3&#44;202 &#40;0&#44;361&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="4" align="center" valign="middle">0&#44;12</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Piernas&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">19 &#40;12&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15 &#40;21&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">34 &#40;15&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cuello&#47;hombros&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">19 &#40;12&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">9 &#40;13&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">28 &#40;12&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Otros &#40;brazos&#44; cadera&#44; pies&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">27 &#40;17&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12 &#40;17&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">39 &#40;17&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F&#225;rmacos opioides m&#225;s usados</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Tramadol&#47;paracetamol&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">40 &#40;26&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">11 &#40;15&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">51 &#40;22&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#44;407 &#40;0&#44;121&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hidrocloruro de oxicodona&#47;naloxona&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">29 &#40;19&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13 &#40;18&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">42 &#40;18&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;001 &#40;0&#44;999&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Tapentadol&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">26 &#40;17&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16 &#40;22&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">42 &#40;18&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;721 &#40;0&#44;399&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Fentanilo&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">14 &#40;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4 &#40;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18 &#40;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;376 &#40;0&#44;450&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Duraci&#243;n del tratamiento con f&#225;rmacos opioides</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60; 1 a&#241;o&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">30 &#40;19&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15 &#40;21&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">45 &#40;20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle">0&#44;325 &#40;0&#44;850&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle">0&#44;04</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span> 1 a 4 a&#241;os&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">102 &#40;65&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">44 &#40;61&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">146 &#40;64&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span> &#8805; 5 a&#241;os&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">25 &#40;16&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13 &#40;18&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">38 &#40;17&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">V&#237;as de administraci&#243;n m&#225;s usadas del f&#225;rmaco opioide</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Solo oral&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">97 &#40;62&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">40 &#40;56&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">137 &#40;60&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="5" align="center" valign="middle">6&#44;993 &#40;0&#44;136&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="5" align="center" valign="middle">0&#44;17</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Solo transd&#233;rmica&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15 &#40;10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">14 &#40;19&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">29 &#40;13&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Combinaci&#243;n oral&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">29 &#40;19&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">11 &#40;15&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">40 &#40;18&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Combinaci&#243;n transd&#233;rmica<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>oral&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8 &#40;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6 &#40;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">14 &#40;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Otras &#40;nasal&#44; subcut&#225;nea&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8 &#40;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1 &#40;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">9 &#40;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Psicof&#225;rmacos coadyuvantes en el tratamiento del dolor</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ansiol&#237;ticos&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">69 &#40;44&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">37 &#40;51&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">106 &#40;46&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;820 &#40;0&#44;365&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Antidepresivos&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">28 &#40;18&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12 &#40;17&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">40 &#40;18&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;001 &#40;0&#44;977&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Antiepil&#233;pticos&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">20 &#40;13&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12 &#40;17&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">32 &#40;14&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;349 &#40;0&#44;555&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hipn&#243;ticos&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12 &#40;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5 &#40;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">17 &#40;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;001 &#40;0&#44;999&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Uso concomitante de otras sustancias</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Alcohol&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Información del artículo
ISSN: 00142565
Idioma original: Español
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2023 Marzo 6 5 11
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