Original article
Red wine intake but not other alcoholic beverages increases total antioxidant capacity and improves pro-inflammatory profile after an oral fat diet in healthy volunteers
El consumo de vino tinto pero no otras bebidas alcohólicas aumenta la capacidad antioxidante y mejora el perfil pro-inflamatorio después de una dieta rica en grasas oral en voluntarios sanos
A. Torresa,c, V. Cachofeirob,c, J. Millána,c, V. Laherab,c, M.L. Nietod, R. Martínd, E. Belloa,c, L.A. Alvarez-Salaa,c,
Autor para correspondencia
a Internal Medicine, Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
b Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
c Instituto de investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
d Instituto Biología y Genética Molecular, CSIC-UVA, Valladolid, Spain
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"apellidos" => "Alvarez-Sala" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "lalvarezsalaw@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 2 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Internal Medicine, Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Instituto de investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Instituto Biología y Genética Molecular, CSIC-UVA, Valladolid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "El consumo de vino tinto pero no otras bebidas alcohólicas aumenta la capacidad antioxidante y mejora el perfil pro-inflamatorio después de una dieta rica en grasas oral en voluntarios sanos" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 2038 "Ancho" => 1608 "Tamanyo" => 137030 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Relative changes in lipid peroxidation and total antioxidant capacity after an oral fat diet and different beverages intake. Data are shown as percentages. # <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05, * <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Atherosclerosis is considered to be a chronic local micro-inflammatory process in the subintimal space of arteries due to the deposit of oxidized LDL particles, where inflammatory factors and oxidative stress play a role.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Dietary composition plays a role in atherogenesis, not only by modifying cholesterol levels, but also by modifying the prooxidant/antioxidant and pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory profile. Several cohort studies have shown that the western diet, rich in saturated fat, increases cardiovascular events and cardiovascular mortality.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> However, the incidence and prevalence of cardiovascular disease in some populations with a fat-rich diet are similar to those of countries with a lower fat intake.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,4</span></a> Moderate red wine intake has been related to this effect, which has been known as “the French Paradox”<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> due to the increase in HDL cholesterol and the benefits on haemostatic factors.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> In fact, since the French paradox was reported, many studies have demonstrated that moderate alcohol intake has a cardioprotective effect.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> However, the lifestyle, socio-economical factors, the pattern of consumption and the type of alcoholic beverage could be important confounding factors when analyzing this association.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The relationship between alcoholic beverage intake, inflammation and antioxidant metabolism is controversial. Some prospective studies have proved that light-to-moderate alcohol intake is associated with lesser concentrations of inflammatory factors, including C reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin 6 (IL-6).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7–9</span></a> However, no information on the impact in inflammatory mediators such as soluble phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) is available. This association could be explained by an ethanol-dependent effect.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> Moreover, some prospective studies have shown that the results are better for the consumption of red wine than for beer or other alcoholic drinks.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11,12</span></a> Data are controversial concerning the oxidative damage. Intervention studies have shown that moderate alcohol consumption is linked to increase in free radicals and lipid peroxidation<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13,14</span></a> but, on the other hand, moderate alcohol consumption decreased DNA oxidation markers<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> and increased antioxidant capacity.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Polyphenols, which are found in abundance in red wine, are thought to stimulate the prevention of atherosclerosis, and a regular moderate intake of wine has been shown to decrease the concentration of pro-inflammatory markers<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> and lipid peroxidation markers<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18,19</span></a> and to increase antioxidant capacity.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> However, it seems that this effect appears only in an oxidative environment,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> such as the postprandial state.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In a previous study on an acute model,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0360"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> we showed that a moderate intake of vodka – but not red wine – together with a fat-rich diet, activated nuclear factor KB (NF-KB) in circulating monocytes from healthy people. The same alcohol intake maintained for 5 days, together with a usual fat-enriched diet, red wine – but not vodka or brandy – decreases expression of NF-KB in circulating monocytes. Rum, which has a moderate level of polyphenols, decreases expression of NF-KB in circulating monocytes to a lesser extent. Red wine also decreases the plasma concentration of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0360"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The aim of the study was to compare the effect of different alcohol beverages (red wine, rum, brandy or vodka) intake, consumed together with a fat diet, on inflammatory factors, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant capacity in healthy people after a five-day period.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Material and methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Participants</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Twenty potential participants, who were examined in order to exclude relevant disorders, underwent a blood test (including a lipid profile). Individuals with a plasma cholesterol level >220<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dl and smokers were excluded. Weight and height were recorded and body surface index was calculated using the Dubois formula.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> Finally, eight males and eight females aged 22–29 years were included. They all gave their written informed consent to participate.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The local ethics committee approved the study, which was performed according to institutional and Good Clinical Practice guidelines. The study protocol has been registered at Clinicaltrials.gov (<a href="ctgov:NCT02033174">NCT02033174</a>).</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Study design</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We performed a cross-over study over five different weeks. All participants were randomized to five groups. They all received the same oral fat-enriched diet and different amounts of the different test beverages (red wine, vodka, brandy or rum) in order to maintain the amount of alcohol constant in each of the phases. In every week, they all received equal amounts of ethanol every day and only the type of alcoholic beverage changed from week to week. In a fifth observation period (control phase) no alcoholic drinks were given, although sugar was added to part of their usual water intake to compensate for the alcohol calories. In the five situations, caloric intake was maintained constant. All participants went through the five phases, with an interval of at least two weeks between each phase (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). During the 1- to 3-week washing periods, participants returned to their usual dietary habits but refrained from the consumption of any alcoholic beverage. Blood samples were obtained from participants after 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h fasting (day 0) and at day 5 after the beginning of each week of study.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Diet</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The fat-enriched diet contained 1487<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kcal/m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> with 654<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kcal/m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> (44%) as fat. The distribution of fat was 22% saturated, 12% monounsaturated, and 10% polyunsaturated. The food was prepared in the hospital with common solid and liquid foods and supplemented with cheese, bars of a commercial chocolate, and widely available sugar-enriched drinks. The alcoholic beverage was administered daily at lunch and dinner (60% and 40% of the amount, respectively). In all cases, alcohol represented a daily total amount of 16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g/m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>. The content of alcohol was 12% in red wine, 37% in rum, and 35% in brandy, and all three drinks had been stored for three years in oak barrels. Vodka was tri-distilled and contained 40% alcohol.</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Phenolic concentration of beverages</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Total phenols, expressed as gallic acid equivalents, were determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent as previously described.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Lipoprotein profile and pro-inflammatory factors determination</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Venous blood samples were collected in EDTA. After centrifugation, part of the plasma samples was stored at −80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>¿C until analysis of α tumor necrosis factor (TNFα), IL-6, lipid peroxidation (LPO)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was performed. Lipid determinations were performed in fresh plasma samples using standard techniques. Briefly, lipid profile included the following: total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol and total triglycerides. Lipoproteins were isolated by an ultracentrifugation method and cholesterol and triglycerides were then assayed enzymatically in the resulting subfractions (HDL was obtained after treating ultracentrifugate infranatant with phosphotungstic acid-Mg). Commercial enzymatic kits were used (Boehringer Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany) adapted to a RA-XT autoanalyzer (Bayer Diagnostics, Tarrytown, NY, USA) LDL cholesterol was calculated as the difference between infranatant cholesterol and HDL cholesterol. In all cases, procedures were adapted (sample/reagent ratio) to obtain a photometric precision equivalent to cholesterol or triglycerides concentrations in the range of 150–300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dl.</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In order to determine TNFα (pg/ml) and IL-6 (pg/ml), a quantitative immunoassay using commercial kits (R&D Systems, Inc. Minneapolis, USA) was conducted. High sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) (mg/l) was determined using a latex particle-enhanced turbidimetric immunoassay (Ortho Clinical Diagnostic, Rochester, USA). sPLA2 (ng/dl) was measured using a commercial enzymatic immunoassay (EIA, Cayman Chemical Co., Ann Arbor, MI, USA).</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Lipid peroxidation and total antioxidant capacity</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">LPO was analyzed using a commercial kit (Lipid hydroperoxide, Cayman Chemical Co., Ann Arbor, MI, USA) and TAC using a commercial immunoassay (Antioxidant Assay, Cayman Chemical Co., Ann Arbor, MI, USA).</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The normality of data was calculated using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. Data were expressed as median (interquartile range). We used Wilcoxon test to compare changes before and after the intervention. Kruskal–Wallis test for independent samples was used to evaluate changes in plasma concentrations depending on beverages. Mann–Whitney <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span> test was used to analyze differences after intervention, depending on the beverages. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-Values lower than 0.05 were considered significant. We used SPPS 18.0 for statistical analysis.</p></span></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Results</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The adherence to protocol was complete. Anthropometric parameters and weight were constant along the study. No differences were found in lipid profile after intervention (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Fat enriched diet, pro-inflammatory factors, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant capacity</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The fat-enriched diet led to increased plasma hsCRP when comparing basal values with fifth-day day values [0.5 (0.1–1.2) vs 1.0 (0.1–1.0) mg/l; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05]. A trend was observed toward increased plasma concentrations of TNFα and IL-6 as a result of the diet but no significant differences were found.</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The oral fat-enriched diet caused an increase in plasma concentrations of LPO [3.7 (2.7–7.3) vs 4.6 (3.6–6.0) μM; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05] and a decrease in plasma concentrations of TAC [17.7 (14.0–20.1) vs 12.7 (8.1–20.3) mM; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05] at day 5 (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Fat-enriched diet, alcohol beverages and pro-inflammatory factors</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No differences were observed on hsCRP when comparing baseline values and values after intake of different alcoholic drinks at day 5.</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Red wine intake decreased plasma levels of IL-6 [4.5 (3.0–9.1) vs 4.0 (1.6–8.2) pg/ml; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05)]. After rum, brandy, and vodka intake, the plasma concentration of TNFα and IL-6 tended to increase but no significant differences were achieved (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>).</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Relative changes in circulating concentrations of inflammatory markers are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>. After red wine intake IL-6, TNFα and hsCRP decreased significantly compared with an oral fat diet without ethanol beverages (16.74<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11.11% vs −15.40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14.28%, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05; 55.23<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>33.8% vs −28.95<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9.7%, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.016; and 63.71<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20.66% vs −9.40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14.06%, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05), whereas after rum, brandy and vodka intake there were no differences.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No changes were found in circulating concentrations of sPLA2 after the fat-enriched diet, neither taken with alcoholic beverages nor with the control drink.</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Fat-enriched diet, alcohol beverages, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant capacity</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The amounts of total polyphenols in the studied alcoholic beverages, expressed as equivalents of gallic acid, were the following: 2660<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/L red wine, 357<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/L rum, and 89<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/L brandy. Vodka is the only beverage without polyphenolic compounds.</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The administration of different alcohol beverages along with a fat-enriched diet did not modify the baseline concentrations of LPO. It seemed that vodka intake was superior to rum intake in increasing LPO (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>A). A positive correlation was found between hsCRP and LPO concentrations after red wine intake (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.57; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.042).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Red wine intake increased TAC despite a fat-enriched diet [19.3 (16.3–26.2) vs 22.3 (19.7–25.9); <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05] and compared to controls, rum, vodka and brandy intake (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> for all groups<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.003). No differences were found amongst rum, brandy and vodka (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>B). TAC showed a negative correlation with TNFα after red wine intake (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>−0.51; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.044) and with IL6 after rum intake (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>−0.57; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.026).</p></span></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Discussion</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Light-to-moderate alcohol intake is related to a reduction in cardiovascular risk, due to a beneficial effect on HDL cholesterol, apoAI, fibrinogen and anti-inflammatory responses.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0380"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26,27</span></a> Nevertheless, it seems that alcohol has different antiatherogenic effects depending on the plasma oxidative status and the type of alcohol beverage.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> Our study suggests that a fat-enriched diet causes a pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory environment, increasing hsCRP and LPO, while decreasing TAC. In this environment, red wine intake, but not other alcoholic beverages, modifies the pro-inflammatory profile caused by the fat diet trough changes in serum IL-6, TNFα, hsCRP and TAC.</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Previous studies have found an association between a high-fat meal intake and inflammatory markers<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0390"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> and postprandial plasma lipid peroxidation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0395"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29,30</span></a> Our study demonstrates that this effect persists after a fat-enriched diet for 5 days, without any change in lipid profile probably due to the short time of study.</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is not clear whether the impact of alcoholic drinks on pro-inflammatory factors differs with the sort of alcoholic beverage. Cohort studies showed an association between moderate alcohol consumption and lower concentrations of IL-6, TNFα and a U shape distribution of concentrations of hsCRP related to alcohol intake.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7,8,31</span></a> In contrast, a meta-analysis did not find any association between moderate alcohol consumption and pro-inflammatory factors, even after the stratification of the sample according to the type of alcoholic beverage.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0385"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> Intervention studies in healthy volunteers have shown that beverages with a greater concentration of polyphenols, such as red wine, decrease the levels of these factors.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32,33</span></a> In our study, inflammatory factors such as hsCRP, IL-6 and TNFα were significantly decreased by red wine intake in accordance with previous studies.</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No changes in sPLA2 neither after a fat-enriched meal nor after the other beverages tested were found. This could be explained by the absence of changes in lipid profile after the intervention. In fact, in a previous study there was found a correlation between lipid concentrations and Lp-PLA2.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0420"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a></p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Concerning oxidative stress, it seems red wine phenols play a role in the protection of LDL against oxidative damages in vitro<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0425"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a> and in vivo.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0430"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a> LPO decreased after red wine intake as compared to gin.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0435"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37,38</span></a> They showed that red wine, but not vodka intake, decreased postprandial oxidative stress. However, some studies performed in healthy volunteers have shown that oxidizability of lipids is not affected by red wine intake,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0445"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39,40</span></a> in agreement with our results. Nevertheless, we have found a trend toward an increase of LPO by vodka intake compared to brandy, which could be explained by the absence of polyphenols in vodka. LPO showed a weak positive correlation with hsCRP after red wine intake.</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Antioxidant capacity of Mediterranean diet has been widely proven.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41–43</span></a> Several studies have shown that a moderate red wine intake could be related to low cardiovascular risk despite fat rich meals, as occurs with French diet.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0470"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span></a> In our study, fat-enriched diet decreases TAC, but red wine intake compared to other beverages increase antioxidant capacity, probably due to its high phenolic concentrations. Previous studies have reported similar results in the postprandial state. Ventura et al<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0475"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span></a> observed that red wine intake counteracted the decrease in TAC originated by a high fat meal. Natella et al<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0480"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">46</span></a> found an increase of TAC after red wine intake. In a chronic model of alcohol or red wine consumption Micallef et al<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">47</span></a> had similar results as they found that red wine intake promoted an antioxidant effect. Nevertheless, other studies did not observe any change in either a postprandial state<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0490"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48</span></a> or a chronic model.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0495"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">49</span></a></p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is important to remind that alcohol intake has a J shape curve over cardiovascular risk and mortality. In fact, high alcohol intake has a deleterious effect on cardiovascular diseases and mortality.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0500"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">50</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Conclusion</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Moderate red wine intake, as compared to other beverages with different amounts of polyphenols, decreases pro-inflammatory factors and improves serum antioxidant capacity after a pro-atherogenic meal. Our results emphasize the beneficial effects of moderate red wine intake in healthy population and add new information concerning the effects of red wine on sPLA2.</p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:12 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres594226" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec609148" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres594225" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Introducción" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Objetivo" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0045" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec609149" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Material and methods" "secciones" => array:7 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Participants" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Study design" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Diet" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Phenolic concentration of beverages" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Lipoprotein profile and pro-inflammatory factors determination" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Lipid peroxidation and total antioxidant capacity" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Statistical analysis" ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Results" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Fat enriched diet, pro-inflammatory factors, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant capacity" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Fat-enriched diet, alcohol beverages and pro-inflammatory factors" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Fat-enriched diet, alcohol beverages, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant capacity" ] ] ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0070" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0075" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0080" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack199862" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" ] 11 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2015-03-18" "fechaAceptado" => "2015-07-08" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec609148" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Alcohol intake" 1 => "Oral fat diet" 2 => "Inflammation" 3 => "Oxidative stress" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec609149" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Consumo de alcohol" 1 => "Dieta rica en grasas" 2 => "Inflamación" 3 => "Estrés oxidativo" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Different alcoholic beverages exert different effects on inflammation and oxidative stress but these results are controversial and scanty in some aspects. We analyze the effect of different alcoholic beverages after a fat-enriched diet on lipid profile, inflammatory factors and oxidative stress in healthy people in a controlled environment.</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We have performed a cross-over design in five different weeks. Sixteen healthy volunteers have received the same oral fat-enriched diet (1486<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kcal/m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>) and a daily total amount of 16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g/m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> of alcohol, of different beverages (red wine, vodka, brandy or rum) and equivalent caloric intakes as sugar with water in the control group. We have measured the levels of serum lipids, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin 6 (IL-6), soluble phospholipase A2 (sPLA2), lipid peroxidation (LPO) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC).</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Red wine intake was associated with decreased of mean concentrations of hsCRP, TNFα and IL-6 induced by fat-enriched diet (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05); nevertheless, sPLA2 concentrations were not significantly modified. After a fat-enriched diet added with red wine, TAC increased as compared to the same diet supplemented with rum, brandy, vodka or the control (water with sugar) (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05).</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Moderate red wine intake, but not other alcoholic beverages, decreased pro-inflammatory factors and increased total antioxidant capacity despite a fat-enriched diet intake in healthy young volunteers.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introducción</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El efecto de las bebidas alcohólicas sobre la inflamación y el estrés oxidativo es variable y solo parcialmente conocido.</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">: analizar el efecto de diferentes bebidas alcohólicas sobre el perfil lipídico, factores de inflamación y estrés oxidativo en personas sanas con ingesta de una dieta enriquecida en grasas.</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Métodos</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se diseñó un estudio cruzado durante cinco semanas. Dieciséis voluntarios sanos recibieron la misma dieta enriquecida con grasa oral (1.486<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kcal/m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>) más 16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g/m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> de alcohol diarios, consumido como vino tinto, vodka, brandy o ron, o un equivalente calórico en el grupo control (azúcar y agua). Se midieron lípidos en suero, proteína C reactiva de alta sensibilidad (PCR-as), factor de necrosis tumoral (TNF) α, interleucina 6 (IL-6), fosfolipasa A2 soluble (sPLA2), la peroxidación lipídica (LPO) y la capacidad antioxidante total (TAC).</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Resultados</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La ingesta de vino tinto se asoció con una disminución significativa de las concentraciones de PCR-as, TNFα e IL-6, inducida por una dieta rica en grasas (p <0,05). Las concentraciones de sPLA2 no se modificaron. El consumo de vino tinto, aún con una dieta rica en grasas, aumentó la capacidad antioxidante total comparada con el ron, brandy, vodka o el control (agua con azúcar) (p <0,05).</p></span> <span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La ingesta moderada de vino tinto, pero no de otras bebidas alcohólicas, disminuyó las concentraciones de factores proinflamatorios y aumentó la capacidad antioxidante total, a pesar de la dieta enriquecida en grasa en voluntarios jóvenes sanos.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Introducción" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Objetivo" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0045" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:5 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 3393 "Ancho" => 3387 "Tamanyo" => 580387 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Study design.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 2164 "Ancho" => 3326 "Tamanyo" => 250581 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Relative changes in IL-6 (A), TNFα (B) and hsCRP (C) and sPLA2 (D) after an oral fat diet and different beverages intake. Data are shown as percentages. *<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 2038 "Ancho" => 1608 "Tamanyo" => 137030 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Relative changes in lipid peroxidation and total antioxidant capacity after an oral fat diet and different beverages intake. Data are shown as percentages. # <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05, * <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05.</p>" ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Baseline \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Oral fat diet \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Red wine \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Rum \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Brandy \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Vodka \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Total cholesterol (mg/dl) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">166 (143–185) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">167 (151–186) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">172 (158–187) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">163 (153–183) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">168 (157–195) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">162 (151–177) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">LDL-C (mg/dl) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">104 (96–112) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">102 (94–111) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">102 (93–113) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">101 (90–109) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">105 (98–124) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">104 (90–113) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">HDL-C (mg/dl) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">56 (44–62) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">51 (44–62) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">51 (44–64) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">52 (42–55) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">55 (43–64) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">51 (43–61) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Apo B (g/l) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">64 (59–77) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">68 (61–76) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">68 (61–74) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">66 (55–69) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">67 (61–80) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">70 (54–76) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Apo A1 (g/l) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">149 (134–157) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">145 (124–164) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">148 (133–156) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">144 (129–156) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">150 (134–159) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">140 (134–154) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">TG (mg/dl) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">70 (56–93) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">82 (60–92) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">74 (66–113) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">80 (69–103) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">79 (64–99) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">79 (71–96) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">VLDL-C (mg/dl) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7 (4–12) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7 (3–11) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5 (4–13) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6 (5–10) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5 (4–12) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6 (4–10) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab971660.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Lipid profile before and after intervention. Data are expressed as medians (interquartile range).</p>" ] ] 4 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Oral fat diet</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Red wine</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Rum</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Brandy</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Vodka</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Baseline \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">5 day \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Baseline \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">5 day \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Baseline \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">5 day \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Baseline \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">5 day \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Baseline \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">5 day \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">IL-6 (pg/ml) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.5 (2.0–8.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.4 (2.6–6.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.5 (3.0–9.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.0 (1.6–8.2)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6.3 (3.0–9.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6.9 (2.7–11.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.1 (1.8–5.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.4 (2.9–9.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.7 (2.8–7.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.2 (2.1–11.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">TNFα (pg/ml) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6.8 (4.0–8.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">8.0 (5.1–10.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.9 (6.1–8.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.6 (3.7–9.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6.4 (3.2–8.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.0 (2.8–8.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.7 (5.4–9.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">8.2 (3.3–12.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6.3 (2.9–9.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">8.6 (3.8–11.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">hsCRP (mg/l) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.5 (0.1–1.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.0 (0.1–1.9)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.4 (0.2–2.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.5 (0.1–1.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.9 (0.2–2.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.0 (2.8–8.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.5 (0.1–1.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">8.2 (3.3–12.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.7 (0.2–1.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">8.6 (3.8–11.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">sPLA2 (ng/dl) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">474.9 (297.2–934.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">411.1 (230.3–701.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">353.4 (263.2–1040.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">353.9 (149.3–937.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">731.1 (362.2–1010.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">434.7 (169.0–1417.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">496.6 (294.6–874.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">501.3 (258.7–1077.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">431.4 (266.5–921.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">538.8 (306.1–1327.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">LPO (μM) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.7 (2.7–7.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.6 (3.6–6.0)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.8 (3.4–8.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.3 (2.9–6.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.9 (2.4–4.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.2 (1.8–4.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.6 (3.2–6.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.0 (2.8–6.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.0 (1.6–5.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.4 (1.2–7.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">TAC (mM) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">17.7 (14.0–20.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">12.7 (8.1–20.3)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">19.3 (16.3–26.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">22.3 (19.7–25.9)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">17.7 (0.8–2.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">14.6 (6.8–18.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">29.6 (24.9–34.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">31.1 (25.4–34.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">24.4 (20.2–27.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">21.8 (16.6–26.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab971659.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05 compared to baseline.</p>" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0070" 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This study has been partially supported with grant <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs1">Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias</span><span class="elsevierStyleGrantNumber" refid="gs1">FIS01/0602</span>.</p>" "vista" => "all" ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/00142565/0000021500000009/v2_201601010043/S0014256515001939/v2_201601010043/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "1062" "tipo" => "SECCION" "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Originales" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/00142565/0000021500000009/v2_201601010043/S0014256515001939/v2_201601010043/en/main.pdf?idApp=WRCEE&text.app=https://revclinesp.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0014256515001939?idApp=WRCEE" ]
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