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"textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are still the leading cause of death worldwide,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> being the first cause of death in the Spanish population.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> In addition, CVD are responsible for high social and economical burden, including direct costs related to the use of health resources for the diagnosis and treatment of the various forms of CVD, and indirect cost derived from early mortality, absenteeism from work, family care or disability.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Among the direct costs, and according to the Spanish Ministry of Health, CVD ranks first in drug consumption (considering the percentage of defined daily dose (DDD) over the total of therapeutic groups).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Atorvastatin, enalapril and simvastatin are included among the ten top active ingredients in number of vials/packages prescribed.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cardiovascular mortality rates in Spain have decreased over the last decades. This reduction could be explained by a better control of risk factors and the use of evidence-based treatments.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> It is generally accepted that the prevention of CVD – and CVD related mortality – is based on the detection and control of modifiable risk factors, such as hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM) or overweight.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> In Spain, the most important achievements contributing to mortality reduction have been the better control of cholesterol levels and blood pressure.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8,9</span></a> However, other risk factors have not followed this beneficial trend. The increases in body mass index (BMI) in men, smoking in women, and diabetes mellitus (DM) in both sexes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> could be slowing down the mortality reduction in Spain.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the CVD-related burden settings, multiple documents have been written to help clinicians in their daily clinical decision making. These documents include clinical practice guidelines (CPG), recommendations and algorithms based on the available clinical evidence. In light of this wide amount of documentation, the difficulty for clinicians of being properly informed in their clinical practice is understandable. For this reason, the Spanish Society of Internal Medicine (SEMI) has coordinated an experience and knowledge exchange of experts, to help the clinicians to make decisions and solve questions of the daily practice, providing a practical approach to patients with potential cardiovascular risk (CVR). This document is not intended to increase the already available information. Considering the current situation of the health system, and in line with other similar initiatives from American scientific societies,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11,12</span></a> this statement pretends to promote the effective use of procedures or medications in the management of CV risk factors, identifying practices that are not often necessary and which may cause detrimental effects.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Methodology</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A panel of experts conducted a comprehensive analysis of the scientific literature related to diabetes and other CVR factors. This expert panel comprised 51 internal medicine physicians specialized in diabetes and CVD. Five of the 51 internists acted as coordinators and 8 as moderators. After reviewing the existing evidence each moderator proposed the key issues to be discussed by the experts. The 5 coordinators defined 21 relevant questions concerning diabetes and CVR factors, and proceeded to review and select the most pertinent bibliography which was sent to the experts for their review. After this preliminary work, a consensus conference took place in Córdoba (Spain) on 23 November 2012. The whole-day conference was divided into three sessions: three moderators presented the key topics (diabetes and obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension and platelet antiaggregation) and formulated the questions to be discussed. Then, the members of the panel were distributed into 4 working groups to discuss and formulate precise answers to the questions being posed. Each working group had 2 moderators who conducted the discussions and summarized the conclusions. Finally, a plenary session took place, in which one moderator from each working group communicated the answers agreed upon by the groups and put to an anonymous vote by electronic system to reach a global agreement. Attendees had 3 vote options: “I agree”, “I do not agree” and “I cannot define based on the evidence”. A consensus agreement was considered when at least 75% of the votes were “I agree”. When the cut-off point was not reached, the question was discussed by the whole panel, reworded accordingly, and then put to a vote again. After the vote and once a consensus were reached, the 5 coordinators supervised all the questions and answers to confirm its accuracy.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Results</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 21 questions were answered by a mean of 41 participants (range 32–44). Eleven (52%) questions were approved on the first ballot, and the rest underwent a second vote to achieve the minimum 75% of agreement. Some of the latest were reworded to better express the opinion of the experts. The result of this consensus is presented in the form of answers to the questions clustered under the four key topics (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0005">Figs. 1–4</a>).<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">A.</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">DM and obesity (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>)</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0010"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1.</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Is it appropriate to test for myocardial ischemia in all DM2 asymptomatic patients?</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0015"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The detection of myocardial ischemia is not indicated as a routine practice.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13,14</span></a> In DM2 asymptomatic patients, a comprehensive clinical history searching for CVR, including symptoms and signs of CVD, and an electrocardiogram obtained at rest should be enough.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0020"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2.</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Is it necessary to carry out a self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) in DM2 patients not treated with insulin?</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0025"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Routine SMBG is not needed in DM2 patients with a stable disease and a good glycemic control,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> particularly in those patients treated with anti-diabetics non-related to higher risk of hypoglycemia.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients treated with insulin secretagogues must have access to SMBG, to confirm hypoglycemia if it is suspected.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0035"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In newly diagnosed patients, a SMBG during the first 2 months could be suggested as part of the patient diabetic education.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0040"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An efficient use of self-checks would decrease the cost of the management of DM patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a></p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0030"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0045"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3.</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When and how frequently should HbA1c be tested?</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0035"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0050"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For diagnostic purposes, HbA1c should be tested in patients with altered basal glycemia, in those with high CVR, and in patients with overt CVD.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0055"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For metabolic control, in diabetic patients: at least every 6 months when the disease is stable; every 3 months in non-stable patients or after treatment modifications.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0060"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">HbA1c interpretation has to take into account some limitations, including hemoglobinopathy, pregnancy, chronic kidney disease, etc.</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0040"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0065"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">4.</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">How low should LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) be kept in DM2?</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0045"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0070"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The primary goal is an LDL-C<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dl in all diabetic patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13,19</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0075"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A further target of LDL-C below 70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dL has been proposed in patients:</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0050"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0080"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">–</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With a very high CVR: atherogenic dyslipidemia (defined as decreased HDL cholesterol [HDL-C] and increased triglycerides [TG]),<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> chronic renal impairment (glomerular filtration rate<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>45<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml/min) with proteinuria,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> or peripheral artery disease.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0085"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">–</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With overt CVD.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13,19</span></a></p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0055"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0090"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">5.</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Which diabetic patients would benefit from a lipid lowering medication aimed to reduce TG and increase HDL-C levels?</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0060"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0095"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Once the LDL-C target is achieved (as stated in question 4), patients with HDL-C<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>35<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dl and TG<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dl would benefit from additional lipid lowering medication.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a></p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0065"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0100"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">6.</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Is there any evidence on the superiority of certain weight-loss diets in improving the CVR?</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0070"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0105"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is no consistent evidence supporting the superiority of any particular diet in terms of weight loss.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> However, the Mediterranean diet improves the cardio-metabolic profile over the long term in obese patients<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> and it has shown to reduce the incidence of CV events among people at high CVR.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0110"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clinical studies are needed to establish the cardiovascular safety of dissociated diets.</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0075"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0115"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">B.</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">High blood pressure (HBP) <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a></p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0080"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0120"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1.</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Do antihypertensive drugs make a significant difference that justify their choice as first-line treatment for HBP?<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a></p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0085"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0125"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">First of all, changes in lifestyle, such as diet or exercise, should not be overlooked as an essential first step in the treatment of HBP.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0130"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">First-line drugs should include angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers and diuretics.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0135"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Treatment must be tailored according to the degree of CVR, co-morbidities, age, ethnicity, tolerance, blood pressure level, therapeutic purposes and cost/effectiveness profile.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0140"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Renin–angiotensin system inhibitors are the right choice for patients with DM and metabolic syndrome.</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0090"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0145"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2.</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When should ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM)/Self Monitoring of Blood Pressure (SMBP) be carried out in hypertensive patients?<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a></p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0095"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0150"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We should optimize the arterial blood pressure measure at the doctor's office.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0155"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It would be advisable to generalize the SMBP records for a better control of blood pressure values.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0160"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In case of doubt on HBP diagnosis or degree of therapeutic control, SMBP or preferably ABMP (when available) must be preformed.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0165"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It would be desirable that all hypertensive patients had at least one ABPM record (when available).</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0100"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0170"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3.</span><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Which diagnostic tests should be carried out in every newly diagnosed hypertensive patient?<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a></p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0105"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0175"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A proper clinical history together with a comprehensive physical examination is essential.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0180"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Every patient should undergo the following:</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0110"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0185"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">–</span><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Laboratory tests (including plasma glucose, lipid profile, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and albumin–creatinine ratio in a fresh urine sample).</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0190"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">–</span><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Electrocardiogram.</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0115"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0195"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">4.</span><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When should secondary HBP be screened?<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a></p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0120"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0200"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is advisable in newly diagnosed patients aged <20 and >65 years.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0205"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In patients with resistant hypertension.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0210"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When physical or complementary examinations show alterations suggesting secondary HBP.</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0125"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0215"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">C.</span><p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dyslipidemia</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0130"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0220"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1.</span><p id="par0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When should creatine kinase (CK) be measured in patients on statins?</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0135"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0225"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We do not believe that CK levels should be determined systematically, due to its low specificity and sensibility; thus it should be reserved for symptomatic patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29–32</span></a></p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0140"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0230"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2.</span><p id="par0255" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Does statin treatment provide cardiovascular benefits in patients with low-CVR?</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0145"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0235"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0260" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Statins are beneficial in patients at low-CVR,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> although the decision of starting treatment with those drugs must take into account efficiency criteria.</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0150"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0240"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3.</span><p id="par0265" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Should the potential risk of DM associated with statin treatment modify our clinical practice?</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0155"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0245"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0270" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The low risk of incident diabetes showed with statins in clinical trials should not modify the indication of those drugs in non-diabetic patients meeting the criteria for statin treatment.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a></p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0160"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0250"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">4.</span><p id="par0275" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When should serum transaminases be monitored during statin therapy?</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0165"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0255"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0280" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We recommend to measure transaminases levels at the beginning of treatment, when new symptoms or signs appear (e.g. jaundice), in patients with liver disease and when the treatment pattern is changed (e.g. changes in dosage, new drug combination, etc.)</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0170"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0260"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">5.</span><p id="par0285" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Does the non-fasting TG evaluation have any clinical relevance?</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0175"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0265"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0290" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although recent epidemiological studies remark the higher value of non-fasting (as compared to fasting) TG as predictors of CVD,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> due to the lack of clear recommendations in current CPG, together with the difficulty in interpreting laboratory results under non-fasting conditions, including glycemia or calculated LDL-C, we strongly discourage its use for clinical decision making.</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0180"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0270"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">D.</span><p id="par0295" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Antiaggregation</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0185"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0275"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1.</span><p id="par0300" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Is antiaggregation useful in primary prevention? Who would benefit?</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0190"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0280"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0305" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Antiaggregation is not useful in primary prevention on a general basis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13,35,36</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0285"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0310" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It can be considered in high CVR patients, balancing the risk of bleeding in each patient.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13,37</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0290"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0315" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although antiaggregation could be considered in cancer prevention, currently there is not enough evidence to support this recommendation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a></p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0195"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0295"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2.</span><p id="par0320" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Should antiaggregation be used in DM as primary prevention?</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0200"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0300"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0325" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Antiaggregation in DM is associated to higher pharmacologic resistance and higher risk of bleeding.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0305"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0330" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The scientific evidence has not proven net clinical benefit in DM, and there are discrepancies among CPG.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0310"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0335" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thus, antiaggregation in primary prevention is only justified in patients with DM and high CVR.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a></p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0205"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0315"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3.</span><p id="par0340" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Is double antiaggregation useful in secondary prevention?</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0210"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0320"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0345" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Except in the case of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), double antiaggregation has not demonstrated clear net clinical benefit.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0325"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0350" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In ACS not under percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), we recommend double antiaggregation after balancing the risk of bleeding.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0330"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0355" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In ACS undergoing PCI, we recommend double antiaggregation, with a minimum of 1 month for metallic-stents and 3–6 months for pharmacological-stents.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span></a></p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0215"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0335"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">4.</span><p id="par0360" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Can we use proton pump inhibitors (PPI) in patients on antiaggregation treatment?</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0220"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0340"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0365" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is not enough evidence supporting a potential increased risk of cardiovascular events with the concomitant use of clopidogrel and PPI.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0345"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0370" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We recommend the use of PPI in antiaggregated patients after considering the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding.</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0225"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0350"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">5.</span><p id="par0375" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Should antiaggregation be used in secondary prevention in DM?</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0230"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0355"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0380" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Unless contraindicated, antiaggregation is mandatory in secondary prevention in DM patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span></a></p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0235"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0360"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">6.</span><p id="par0385" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Do new antiaggregation agents (P2Y12 inhibitors) have any advantages?</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0240"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0365"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0390" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At present, the indication for the new P2Y12 inhibitors is for secondary prevention after ACS.</p></li></ul></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Discussion</span><p id="par0395" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study shows that there is an extensive agreement among Spanish internal medicine physicians concerning crucial issues on diabetes and CVR factors. In addition, it shows the SEMI position related to 21 measures to implement an efficient use of available recommendations.</p><p id="par0400" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Among the 6 questions on DM and obesity, only one (A-5) was controversial. Initially, the working group proposed to recommend the specific use of fibrates and omega-3 agents to reduce triglycerides and increase HDL-C levels. However, it was not accepted by the majority of the whole panel; thus the agreement was to avoid the specific mention of these drugs, keeping the recommendation in a more generic level.</p><p id="par0405" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding HBP, three out of the four questions required further revision by the whole panel: question B-2: although the usefulness of both ABPM and SMBP are fully recognized, the first is not always available in the medical practice. For this reason, the panel agreed to recommend spreading the use of SMBP, although stressing that it would be desirable to have at least one ABMP per patient (conditioned to its availability). Question B-3: considering the diagnostic tests to be carried out in newly diagnosed hypertensive patients, the panel questioned the need of a routine chest X-ray and finally decided not to include this complementary test unless clinically indicated. Question B-4: After discussion, the panel decided to focus the screening for secondary HBP on three key points: age at diagnosis, resistance to treatment and a suspected secondary HBP.</p><p id="par0410" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the dyslipidemia section, when monitoring patients on statins for dyslipidemia (question C-1), the working group initially recommended the systematic evaluation of CK levels in all patients on statin treatment. However, after discussing and evaluating the clinical evidence, the whole panel acknowledged that it was not cost-efficient to systematically test CK levels during statin treatment. Thus, we recommend conducting the test only in symptomatic patients. The other 2 questions requiring a second vote were approved after a slight modification of the answer or the question.</p><p id="par0415" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Finally, there was controversy regarding the minimum time of double antiaggregation (question D-3) in patients with ACS and PCI; this point was discussed and agreed upon according to the available evidence. The other 2 questions requiring a second vote reached the consensus by modifying the answers.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Conclusion</span><p id="par0420" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In spite of the multiple available guidelines on CVR and diabetes, there are practical questions needing simple answers. Routine clinical practices should be reconsidered according to clinical evidence and experience. Customary practices should be adapted to individual patients’ characteristics. A rational use of diagnostic and management procedures leads to improved cost-effectiveness. Upon this consensus, SEMI recommends 21 measures to promote the efficient use of medical CV procedures.</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0425" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This initiative has been supported by the Spanish Society of Internal Medicine (SEMI) and funded by Boehringer Ingelheim and Lilly. The authors declare no conflicts of interest.</p></span></span>"
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"resumen" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Although the mortality associated to cardiovascular diseases (CVD) has been reduced in the last decades, CVD remains the main cause of mortality in Spain and they are associated with an important morbidity and a huge economic burden. The increasing prevalence of obesity and diabetes could be slowing down the mortality reduction in Spain. Clinicians have often difficulty making clinical decisions due to the multiple clinical guidelines available. Moreover, in the current context of economic crisis it is critical to promote an efficient use of diagnostic and therapeutic proceedings to ensure the viability of public health care systems. The Spanish Society of Internal Medicine (SEMI) has coordinated a consensus document to answer questions of daily practice with the aim of facilitating physicians’ decision-making in the management of diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors from a cost-efficiency point of view.</p>"
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"resumen" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Aunque la mortalidad asociada a enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV) se ha reducido en las últimas décadas, las ECV siguen siendo la causa principal de mortalidad en España y están asociadas a una morbilidad importante y una enorme carga económica.</p><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La creciente prevalencia de obesidad y de diabetes podría estar frenando la reducción en la mortalidad en España. Los médicos suelen tener mucha dificultad en la toma de decisiones clínicas debido a las múltiples guías clínicas disponibles. Por otro lado, en el contexto actual de la crisis económica es imprescindible promover un uso eficaz de los procedimientos diagnósticos y terapéuticos para garantizar la viabilidad de los sistemas de salud pública. La Sociedad Española de Medicina Interna (SEMI) ha desarrollado un documento de consenso para responder a las dudas que surgen en la práctica rutinaria con el objetivo de facilitar a los médicos la toma de decisiones en el control de la diabetes y en los factores de riesgo cardiovascular desde el punto de vista de la rentabilidad.</p>"
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