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la asociaci&#243;n entre la TMP-COVID-19 y el gasto sanitario p&#250;blico per c&#225;pita &#40;GSPpc&#41;&#46; Para las comparaciones entre pa&#237;ses europeos&#44; se utiliz&#243; la base de datos de la OCDE para el c&#225;lculo del GSPpc &#40;&#250;ltimo dato disponible&#44; referido a 2019&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> y el registro de la Johns Hopkins University para el c&#225;lculo de la TMP-COVID-19 &#40;referido al 29 de agosto del 2020&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para las comparaciones entre comunidades aut&#243;nomas se utiliz&#243; la estad&#237;stica de gasto sanitario p&#250;blico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> y la TMP-COVID-19&#44; en cada una de ellas&#44; se calcul&#243; como el n&#250;mero de muertes en cada comunidad aut&#243;noma publicado por el Ministerio de Sanidad al 28 de agosto del 2020<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#44; dividido por su poblaci&#243;n al primero de enero del 2019&#44; publicada por el Instituto Nacional de Estad&#237;stica &#40;INE&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para analizar las correlaciones entre las variables de GSPpc y de TMP-COVID-19 se utiliz&#243; el coeficiente de correlaci&#243;n de Pearson&#46; Asimismo&#44; se contrastaron&#44; para los pa&#237;ses europeos y las comunidades aut&#243;nomas&#44; las TMP-COVID-19 entre aquellos con mayor y menor GSPpc que el promedio mediante la <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> de Student&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Todos los contrastes realizados fueron bilaterales y las diferencias se consideraron significativas con p &#60; 0&#44;05&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Resultados</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No se hall&#243; una correlaci&#243;n&#44; en los pa&#237;ses europeos&#44; entre GSPpc y TMP-COVID-19 &#40;r&#58; 0&#44;3&#59; p &#61; 0&#44;14&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#41;&#46; Tampoco se encontr&#243; esta asociaci&#243;n para las comunidades aut&#243;nomas &#40;r&#58; 0&#44;03&#59; p &#61; 0&#44;91&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; Asimismo&#44; no se observaron diferencias significativas en la TMP-COVID-19 entre grupos de GSPpc superiores o inferiores al promedio para los pa&#237;ses europeos &#40;29&#44;5 &#177; 25&#44;7&#44; en GSPpc &#62; 3&#46;559 US&#36; en poderes paritarios de compra frente a 14&#44;4 &#177; 21&#44;9&#44; GSPpc &#60; 3&#46;559 US&#36;&#59; p &#61; 0&#44;1&#41; ni entre comunidades aut&#243;nomas &#40;70&#44;7 &#177; 42&#44;3&#44; en GSPpc &#62; 1&#46;416 &#8364; frente a 14&#44;4 &#177; 21&#44;9&#44; GSPpc &#60; 1&#46;416 &#8364;&#59; p &#61; 0&#44;3&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Discusi&#243;n</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El &#171;bajo&#187; gasto sanitario p&#250;blico no puede&#44; con la informaci&#243;n disponible de los pa&#237;ses europeos y las comunidades aut&#243;nomas&#44; alegarse como cofactor causal de los malos resultados en el manejo de la crisis de la COVID-19 en Espa&#241;a&#46; Este hallazgo no es sorprendente&#44; pues las posibles explicaciones de este fracaso &#40;la falta de preparaci&#243;n para la pandemia&#59; la mala coordinaci&#243;n entre las autoridades centrales y regionales&#44; entre hospital y atenci&#243;n primaria&#44; entre el sistema sanitario y los servicios sociales&#59; el envejecimiento de la poblaci&#243;n&#59; las desigualdades sociales y de salud&#44; etc&#46;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4&#44;9</span></a> no est&#225;n directamente vinculadas a la disponibilidad de recursos sino a su apropiada utilizaci&#243;n&#46; Algunos estudios que comparan la tasa de letalidad y de mortalidad por COVID-19 no han encontrado la asociaci&#243;n entre mayor gasto sanitario p&#250;blico y mejores resultados<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;11</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La relaci&#243;n entre &#171;bajo gasto sanitario p&#250;blico&#187; y malos resultados&#44; mantenida por distintos expertos y agentes del sistema&#44; ser&#237;a inocua si no comprometiera dos aspectos que son relevantes&#58; el primero desde la perspectiva &#233;tica y el segundo&#44; estrat&#233;gico&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Berwick<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#44; entre otros&#44; ha llamado la atenci&#243;n sobre que la mayor parte de los factores de producci&#243;n de salud se encuentran en pol&#237;ticas sociales que compiten con la sanidad en la distribuci&#243;n p&#250;blica de recursos&#46; Reclamar m&#225;s recursos para &#171;sanidad&#187; en nombre de la &#171;salud&#187;&#44; sin haber abordado las acciones precisas para obtener la mayor rentabilidad social de los recursos p&#250;blicos destinados a sanidad&#44; no es &#233;ticamente sustentable&#46; Este razonamiento conduce al siguiente aspecto&#46; Una de las bondades que puede derivar de la pandemia es contribuir a remover las barreras para las mejoras y las reformas que requiere el SNS&#46; Entre estas est&#225;n las relacionadas con eliminar el gasto que no beneficia a la salud<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En Espa&#241;a&#44; la Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Medicina Interna impuls&#243; el movimiento &#171;no hacer&#187;&#44; alineado en este sentido<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#46; La asociaci&#243;n&#44; no basada en la evidencia&#44; entre el &#171;bajo gasto sanitario p&#250;blico&#187; y los resultados desv&#237;a la atenci&#243;n sobre el hecho&#44; crucial&#44; de que una fuente relevante de recursos para sanidad es el aumento en la eficiencia cl&#237;nica&#44; que es en donde se concentra el gasto sanitario y que&#44; para ello&#44; es necesario contar con los profesionales cl&#237;nicos y las sociedades cient&#237;fico-m&#233;dicas&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El aumento de la eficiencia cl&#237;nica no agota las acciones de mejora y de reforma de nuestro SNS&#44; que abarcan tambi&#233;n elementos estructurales&#44; de modelo asistencial&#44; del sistema de informaci&#243;n&#44; etc<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;15</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Conclusiones</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La asociaci&#243;n entre &#171;bajo gasto sanitario p&#250;blico&#187; y los malos resultados obtenidos por el SNS en la crisis de la COVID-19 no est&#225; sustentada en la evidencia disponible&#46; Los incrementos de financiaci&#243;n de la sanidad p&#250;blica deber&#237;an destinarse a las reformas estructurales para aumentar su eficiencia social&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran no tener ning&#250;n conflicto de intereses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Analizar la asociaci&#243;n entre el gasto sanitario p&#250;blico per c&#225;pita y la tasa de mortalidad poblacional por COVID-19 en Europa y en Espa&#241;a&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Material y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se utiliz&#243; el coeficiente de correlaci&#243;n de Pearson&#46; Asimismo&#44; se contrastaron los promedios de TMP-COVID-19 entre pa&#237;ses y comunidades aut&#243;nomas con mayor y menor GSPpc que el promedio&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Resultados</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">No se hall&#243; correlaci&#243;n&#44; en los pa&#237;ses europeos&#44; entre el gasto sanitario p&#250;blico per c&#225;pita y la tasa de mortalidad poblacional por COVID-19 &#40;r&#58; 0&#44;3&#59; p &#61; 0&#44;14&#41;&#44; ni en las comunidades aut&#243;nomas &#40;r&#58; 0&#44;03&#59; p &#61; 0&#44;91&#41;&#46; Tampoco se encontraron diferencias significativas en el contraste de la tasa de mortalidad poblacional por COVID-19 por grupos de gasto sanitario p&#250;blico per capita&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La asociaci&#243;n entre &#171;bajo&#187; gasto sanitario p&#250;blico y malos resultados en Espa&#241;a en la crisis de la COVID-19 no est&#225; sustentada en la evidencia disponible&#46; Los aumentos de financiaci&#243;n de la sanidad p&#250;blica deber&#237;an destinarse a las reformas estructurales para aumentar su eficiencia social&#46;</p></span>"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objective</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To analyze the association between public health expenditure per capita and the mortality rate due to COVID-19 in Europe and Spain&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Material and methods</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Pearson&#39;s correlation coefficient was used to compare and contrast the mortality rate due to COVID-19 between countries and autonomous communities with higher and lower public health expenditure per capita than the mean&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Results</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">No correlation between the public health expenditure per capita and the mortality rate due to COVID-19 &#40;r&#58; 0&#46;3&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#61; 0&#46;14&#41; was found among European countries or Spain&#39;s Autonomous Communities &#40;r&#58; 0&#46;03&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#61; 0&#46;91&#41;&#46; No significant differences were found when comparing the mortality rate due to COVID-19 among the public health expenditure per capita groups&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The available evidence does not support association between &#171;low&#187; public healthcare expenditure and the poor outcomes observed in Spain during the COVID-19 pandemic&#46; Increased funding for the Spanish National Health System should be earmarked for structural reforms to increase its social efficiency&#46;</p></span>"
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Gasto sanitario p&#250;blico por habitante &#40;2018&#41; y tasa de mortalidad poblacional por COVID-19 en comunidades aut&#243;nomas&#46;</p> <p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">AND&#58; Andaluc&#237;a&#59; AR&#58; Arag&#243;n&#59; CA&#58; Canarias&#59; CAM&#58; Comunidad de Madrid&#59; C-LM&#58; Castilla-La Mancha&#59; CV&#58; Comunidad Valenciana&#59; CyL&#58; Castilla y Le&#243;n&#59; EX&#58; Extremadura&#59; GAL&#58; Galicia&#44; IB&#58; Islas Baleares&#59; LR&#58; La Rioja&#59; MUR&#58; Regi&#243;n de Murcia&#59; PA&#58; Principado de Asturias&#59; PV&#58; Pa&#237;s Vasco&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;988&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="right" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">23&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Suecia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;928&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="right" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">57&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Holanda&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;767&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="right" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">36&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Luxemburgo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;697&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="right" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Dinamarca&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;663&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="right" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&#44;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Francia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;501&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="right" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">45&#44;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Austria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;402&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="right" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">B&#233;lgica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;125&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="right" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">86&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Islandia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;988&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="right" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#44;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Irlanda&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;919&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="right" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">36&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Reino Unido&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;620&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="right" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">62&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Finlandia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;536&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="right" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Rep&#250;blica Checa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;854&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="right" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Italia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;706&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="right" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">58&#44;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Espa&#241;a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;560&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="right" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">62&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Eslovenia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;314&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="right" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Portugal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;069&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="right" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Estonia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;916&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="right" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Eslovaquia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;912&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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ORIGINAL BREVE
Gasto sanitario público y mortalidad por COVID-19 en España y en Europa
Public healthcare expenditure and COVID-19 mortality in Spain and in Europe
F.J. Elola-Somozaa,
Autor para correspondencia
fjelola@movistar.es

Autor para correspondencia.
, M.C. Bas-Villalobosa,b, J. Pérez-Villacastína,b, C. Macaya-Miguela,c
a Fundación Instituto para la Mejora de la Asistencia Sanitaria, Madrid, España
b Instituto Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, España
c Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, España
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gasto sanitario del SNS como una de las causas de la mala respuesta a la crisis de la COVID-19 de nuestro pa&#237;s<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> y se ha se&#241;alado a la &#171;austeridad&#187; posterior a la crisis de 2008 como un factor agravante<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46; Si esta tesis fuera correcta&#44; los pa&#237;ses con m&#225;s gasto dedicado a sanidad p&#250;blica o&#44; en Espa&#241;a&#44; las comunidades aut&#243;nomas con mayor gasto sanitario p&#250;blico&#44; tender&#237;an a obtener mejores resultados&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En este trabajo se analiza la asociaci&#243;n entre el gasto sanitario p&#250;blico y la tasa de mortalidad poblacional por COVID-19 &#40;TMP-COVID-19&#41; en Europa y en Espa&#241;a&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Material y m&#233;todos</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se analiz&#243; la asociaci&#243;n entre la TMP-COVID-19 y el gasto sanitario p&#250;blico per c&#225;pita &#40;GSPpc&#41;&#46; Para las comparaciones entre pa&#237;ses europeos&#44; se utiliz&#243; la base de datos de la OCDE para el c&#225;lculo del GSPpc &#40;&#250;ltimo dato disponible&#44; referido a 2019&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> y el registro de la Johns Hopkins University para el c&#225;lculo de la TMP-COVID-19 &#40;referido al 29 de agosto del 2020&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para las comparaciones entre comunidades aut&#243;nomas se utiliz&#243; la estad&#237;stica de gasto sanitario p&#250;blico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> y la TMP-COVID-19&#44; en cada una de ellas&#44; se calcul&#243; como el n&#250;mero de muertes en cada comunidad aut&#243;noma publicado por el Ministerio de Sanidad al 28 de agosto del 2020<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#44; dividido por su poblaci&#243;n al primero de enero del 2019&#44; publicada por el Instituto Nacional de Estad&#237;stica &#40;INE&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para analizar las correlaciones entre las variables de GSPpc y de TMP-COVID-19 se utiliz&#243; el coeficiente de correlaci&#243;n de Pearson&#46; Asimismo&#44; se contrastaron&#44; para los pa&#237;ses europeos y las comunidades aut&#243;nomas&#44; las TMP-COVID-19 entre aquellos con mayor y menor GSPpc que el promedio mediante la <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> de Student&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Todos los contrastes realizados fueron bilaterales y las diferencias se consideraron significativas con p &#60; 0&#44;05&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Resultados</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No se hall&#243; una correlaci&#243;n&#44; en los pa&#237;ses europeos&#44; entre GSPpc y TMP-COVID-19 &#40;r&#58; 0&#44;3&#59; p &#61; 0&#44;14&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#41;&#46; Tampoco se encontr&#243; esta asociaci&#243;n para las comunidades aut&#243;nomas &#40;r&#58; 0&#44;03&#59; p &#61; 0&#44;91&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; Asimismo&#44; no se observaron diferencias significativas en la TMP-COVID-19 entre grupos de GSPpc superiores o inferiores al promedio para los pa&#237;ses europeos &#40;29&#44;5 &#177; 25&#44;7&#44; en GSPpc &#62; 3&#46;559 US&#36; en poderes paritarios de compra frente a 14&#44;4 &#177; 21&#44;9&#44; GSPpc &#60; 3&#46;559 US&#36;&#59; p &#61; 0&#44;1&#41; ni entre comunidades aut&#243;nomas &#40;70&#44;7 &#177; 42&#44;3&#44; en GSPpc &#62; 1&#46;416 &#8364; frente a 14&#44;4 &#177; 21&#44;9&#44; GSPpc &#60; 1&#46;416 &#8364;&#59; p &#61; 0&#44;3&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Discusi&#243;n</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El &#171;bajo&#187; gasto sanitario p&#250;blico no puede&#44; con la informaci&#243;n disponible de los pa&#237;ses europeos y las comunidades aut&#243;nomas&#44; alegarse como cofactor causal de los malos resultados en el manejo de la crisis de la COVID-19 en Espa&#241;a&#46; Este hallazgo no es sorprendente&#44; pues las posibles explicaciones de este fracaso &#40;la falta de preparaci&#243;n para la pandemia&#59; la mala coordinaci&#243;n entre las autoridades centrales y regionales&#44; entre hospital y atenci&#243;n primaria&#44; entre el sistema sanitario y los servicios sociales&#59; el envejecimiento de la poblaci&#243;n&#59; las desigualdades sociales y de salud&#44; etc&#46;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4&#44;9</span></a> no est&#225;n directamente vinculadas a la disponibilidad de recursos sino a su apropiada utilizaci&#243;n&#46; Algunos estudios que comparan la tasa de letalidad y de mortalidad por COVID-19 no han encontrado la asociaci&#243;n entre mayor gasto sanitario p&#250;blico y mejores resultados<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;11</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La relaci&#243;n entre &#171;bajo gasto sanitario p&#250;blico&#187; y malos resultados&#44; mantenida por distintos expertos y agentes del sistema&#44; ser&#237;a inocua si no comprometiera dos aspectos que son relevantes&#58; el primero desde la perspectiva &#233;tica y el segundo&#44; estrat&#233;gico&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Berwick<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#44; entre otros&#44; ha llamado la atenci&#243;n sobre que la mayor parte de los factores de producci&#243;n de salud se encuentran en pol&#237;ticas sociales que compiten con la sanidad en la distribuci&#243;n p&#250;blica de recursos&#46; Reclamar m&#225;s recursos para &#171;sanidad&#187; en nombre de la &#171;salud&#187;&#44; sin haber abordado las acciones precisas para obtener la mayor rentabilidad social de los recursos p&#250;blicos destinados a sanidad&#44; no es &#233;ticamente sustentable&#46; Este razonamiento conduce al siguiente aspecto&#46; Una de las bondades que puede derivar de la pandemia es contribuir a remover las barreras para las mejoras y las reformas que requiere el SNS&#46; Entre estas est&#225;n las relacionadas con eliminar el gasto que no beneficia a la salud<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En Espa&#241;a&#44; la Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Medicina Interna impuls&#243; el movimiento &#171;no hacer&#187;&#44; alineado en este sentido<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#46; La asociaci&#243;n&#44; no basada en la evidencia&#44; entre el &#171;bajo gasto sanitario p&#250;blico&#187; y los resultados desv&#237;a la atenci&#243;n sobre el hecho&#44; crucial&#44; de que una fuente relevante de recursos para sanidad es el aumento en la eficiencia cl&#237;nica&#44; que es en donde se concentra el gasto sanitario y que&#44; para ello&#44; es necesario contar con los profesionales cl&#237;nicos y las sociedades cient&#237;fico-m&#233;dicas&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El aumento de la eficiencia cl&#237;nica no agota las acciones de mejora y de reforma de nuestro SNS&#44; que abarcan tambi&#233;n elementos estructurales&#44; de modelo asistencial&#44; del sistema de informaci&#243;n&#44; etc<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;15</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Conclusiones</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La asociaci&#243;n entre &#171;bajo gasto sanitario p&#250;blico&#187; y los malos resultados obtenidos por el SNS en la crisis de la COVID-19 no est&#225; sustentada en la evidencia disponible&#46; Los incrementos de financiaci&#243;n de la sanidad p&#250;blica deber&#237;an destinarse a las reformas estructurales para aumentar su eficiencia social&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran no tener ning&#250;n conflicto de intereses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Analizar la asociaci&#243;n entre el gasto sanitario p&#250;blico per c&#225;pita y la tasa de mortalidad poblacional por COVID-19 en Europa y en Espa&#241;a&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Material y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se utiliz&#243; el coeficiente de correlaci&#243;n de Pearson&#46; Asimismo&#44; se contrastaron los promedios de TMP-COVID-19 entre pa&#237;ses y comunidades aut&#243;nomas con mayor y menor GSPpc que el promedio&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Resultados</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">No se hall&#243; correlaci&#243;n&#44; en los pa&#237;ses europeos&#44; entre el gasto sanitario p&#250;blico per c&#225;pita y la tasa de mortalidad poblacional por COVID-19 &#40;r&#58; 0&#44;3&#59; p &#61; 0&#44;14&#41;&#44; ni en las comunidades aut&#243;nomas &#40;r&#58; 0&#44;03&#59; p &#61; 0&#44;91&#41;&#46; Tampoco se encontraron diferencias significativas en el contraste de la tasa de mortalidad poblacional por COVID-19 por grupos de gasto sanitario p&#250;blico per capita&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La asociaci&#243;n entre &#171;bajo&#187; gasto sanitario p&#250;blico y malos resultados en Espa&#241;a en la crisis de la COVID-19 no est&#225; sustentada en la evidencia disponible&#46; Los aumentos de financiaci&#243;n de la sanidad p&#250;blica deber&#237;an destinarse a las reformas estructurales para aumentar su eficiencia social&#46;</p></span>"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objective</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To analyze the association between public health expenditure per capita and the mortality rate due to COVID-19 in Europe and Spain&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Material and methods</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Pearson&#39;s correlation coefficient was used to compare and contrast the mortality rate due to COVID-19 between countries and autonomous communities with higher and lower public health expenditure per capita than the mean&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Results</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">No correlation between the public health expenditure per capita and the mortality rate due to COVID-19 &#40;r&#58; 0&#46;3&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#61; 0&#46;14&#41; was found among European countries or Spain&#39;s Autonomous Communities &#40;r&#58; 0&#46;03&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#61; 0&#46;91&#41;&#46; No significant differences were found when comparing the mortality rate due to COVID-19 among the public health expenditure per capita groups&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The available evidence does not support association between &#171;low&#187; public healthcare expenditure and the poor outcomes observed in Spain during the COVID-19 pandemic&#46; Increased funding for the Spanish National Health System should be earmarked for structural reforms to increase its social efficiency&#46;</p></span>"
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Gasto sanitario p&#250;blico por habitante &#40;2018&#41; y tasa de mortalidad poblacional por COVID-19 en comunidades aut&#243;nomas&#46;</p> <p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">AND&#58; Andaluc&#237;a&#59; AR&#58; Arag&#243;n&#59; CA&#58; Canarias&#59; CAM&#58; Comunidad de Madrid&#59; C-LM&#58; Castilla-La Mancha&#59; CV&#58; Comunidad Valenciana&#59; CyL&#58; Castilla y Le&#243;n&#59; EX&#58; Extremadura&#59; GAL&#58; Galicia&#44; IB&#58; Islas Baleares&#59; LR&#58; La Rioja&#59; MUR&#58; Regi&#243;n de Murcia&#59; PA&#58; Principado de Asturias&#59; PV&#58; Pa&#237;s Vasco&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;988&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="right" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">23&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Suecia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;928&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="right" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">57&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Holanda&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;767&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="right" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">36&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Luxemburgo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;697&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="right" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Dinamarca&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;663&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="right" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&#44;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Francia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;501&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="right" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">45&#44;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Austria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;402&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="right" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">B&#233;lgica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;125&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="right" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">86&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Islandia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;988&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="right" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#44;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Irlanda&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;919&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="right" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">36&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Reino Unido&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;620&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="right" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">62&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Finlandia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;536&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="right" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Rep&#250;blica Checa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;854&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="right" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Italia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;706&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="right" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">58&#44;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Espa&#241;a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;560&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="right" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">62&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Eslovenia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;314&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="right" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Portugal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;069&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="right" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Estonia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;916&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="right" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Eslovaquia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;912&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Información del artículo
ISSN: 00142565
Idioma original: Español
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2023 Marzo 107 9 116
2023 Febrero 93 8 101
2023 Enero 74 17 91
2022 Diciembre 132 22 154
2022 Noviembre 125 20 145
2022 Octubre 145 18 163
2022 Septiembre 169 15 184
2022 Agosto 149 26 175
2022 Julio 144 26 170
2022 Junio 110 30 140
2022 Mayo 150 37 187
2022 Abril 107 33 140
2022 Marzo 126 25 151
2022 Febrero 97 26 123
2022 Enero 124 22 146
2021 Diciembre 119 22 141
2021 Noviembre 87 30 117
2021 Octubre 112 31 143
2021 Septiembre 274 49 323
2021 Agosto 325 46 371
2021 Julio 159 44 203
2021 Junio 81 17 98
2021 Mayo 101 31 132
2021 Abril 357 63 420
2021 Marzo 616 97 713
2021 Febrero 388 89 477
2021 Enero 136 15 151
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