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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La enfermedad tromboemb&#243;lica venosa &#40;ETV&#41; es una de las complicaciones m&#225;s prevalentes del medio hospitalario&#46; Supone una causa importante de morbimortalidad&#44; complicando y prolongando la estancia de los pacientes ingresados&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; es una patolog&#237;a muy relevante en los enfermos del &#225;rea m&#233;dica&#44; en los que aparece con mayor frecuencia y gravedad que en los pacientes quir&#250;rgicos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; Aunque las cifras pueden oscilar seg&#250;n el pa&#237;s&#44; hay datos que reflejan su importancia&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El riesgo de aparici&#243;n de ETV en los pacientes hospitalizados por causa m&#233;dica se sit&#250;a entre el 10 y el 20&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hasta un 70&#37; de los eventos tromboemb&#243;licos venosos y casi dos tercios de las embolias de pulm&#243;n &#40;EP&#41; fatales aparecen en pacientes hospitalizados no quir&#250;rgicos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#46; Un estudio publicado en 2005 detect&#243; que 4 de cada 1&#46;000 pacientes hospitalizados desarrollaron ETV durante el ingreso&#59; de estos&#44; casi el 75&#37; eran pacientes ingresados con patolog&#237;a m&#233;dica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Revisiones basadas en autopsias cl&#237;nicas plantean que en torno a un 10&#37; de las muertes hospitalarias se producen por EP<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Estudios epidemiol&#243;gicos han demostrado que antes de la instauraci&#243;n de la profilaxis farmacol&#243;gica en los pacientes hospitalizados&#44; hasta el 60&#37; de la ETV estaba relacionada con el ingreso o aparec&#237;a en los 3 meses posteriores al alta<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La prevalencia de ETV relacionada con la hospitalizaci&#243;n en servicios de Medicina Interna en los que no se realiza una adecuada profilaxis puede alcanzar el 25&#37;&#46; En determinadas patolog&#237;as&#44; como en el ictus o la insuficiencia card&#237;aca&#44; puede llegar hasta el 40-60&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La profilaxis farmacol&#243;gica ha demostrado ser efectiva y segura en diferentes metaan&#225;lisis de pacientes m&#233;dicos hospitalizados&#46; Su indicaci&#243;n conlleva una disminuci&#243;n de las EP fatales y de las trombosis venosas profundas &#40;TVP&#41; sintom&#225;ticas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0035"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las estrategias para la prevenci&#243;n de la ETV&#44; como las llevadas a cabo en el Sistema Nacional de Salud brit&#225;nico&#44; han supuesto un descenso de m&#225;s del 15&#37; en la mortalidad por ETV a los 90 d&#237;as del alta<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0040"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La aparici&#243;n de ETV hospitalaria conlleva un mayor consumo de recursos y un aumento del gasto sanitario&#46; La profilaxis ha demostrado ser eficiente&#44; teniendo en cuenta variables como los procedimientos diagn&#243;sticos&#44; terap&#233;uticos y el incremento de la estancia hospitalaria que conlleva su aparici&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;10</span></a>&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En base a estos hallazgos resulta esencial realizar una adecuada prevenci&#243;n de ETV en los pacientes m&#233;dicos hospitalizados&#46; Para ello es imprescindible&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0010"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0045"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1&#46;</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Conocer e identificar los factores de riesgo asociados&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0050"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Evaluar el riesgo tromb&#243;tico y hemorr&#225;gico&#44; tanto al ingreso como durante la evoluci&#243;n del proceso m&#233;dico&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0055"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Conocer las medidas de profilaxis y aplicar la m&#225;s adecuada&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Factores de riesgo</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La ETV aparece como consecuencia de la interacci&#243;n de m&#250;ltiples factores&#46; Unos est&#225;n relacionados con el propio paciente&#44; siendo en su mayor&#237;a permanentes&#46; Otros con la patolog&#237;a aguda intercurrente y con el entorno con el que interact&#250;a &#40;hospital&#41;&#44; por lo que se considerar&#237;an temporales&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En pr&#225;cticamente todos los pacientes hospitalizados se identifica al menos un factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de ETV y hasta el 40&#37; presentan 3 o m&#225;s<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#46; Para los pacientes m&#233;dicos hospitalizados el American College of Chest Physicians &#40;ACCP&#41; estableci&#243; como factores de alto riesgo para ETV la insuficiencia card&#237;aca grado III-IV de la NYHA&#44; la sepsis y la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva cr&#243;nica &#40;EPOC&#41; descompensada&#59; como factores complementarios&#44; la edad avanzada&#44; el antecedente de ETV&#44; el ictus con par&#225;lisis de miembros inferiores&#44; la presencia de c&#225;ncer activo&#44; el infarto agudo de miocardio y la inmovilizaci&#243;n en cama<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; Las &#250;ltimas gu&#237;as de las Sociedades Europeas de Cardiolog&#237;a y Respiratorio<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> para el manejo de la EP enumeran los factores predisponentes para la aparici&#243;n de ETV clasific&#225;ndolos en funci&#243;n del riesgo&#58; alto&#44; moderado o bajo &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En el paciente hospitalizado con patolog&#237;a m&#233;dica&#44; una revisi&#243;n publicada por Barbar y Prandoni<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> selecciona aquellos factores que se han relacionado con un mayor riesgo de presentar ETV&#46; Se enumeran en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">De entre todos estos factores destaca el reposo&#44; tanto por su frecuencia como por tratarse de un predictor de riesgo para la aparici&#243;n de ETV&#46; Se ha observado que el encamamiento prolongado m&#225;s all&#225; de 2 semanas aumenta hasta en 5 veces la posibilidad de desarrollar eventos tromb&#243;ticos venosos en pacientes mayores de 65 a&#241;os<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; en aquellos pacientes m&#233;dicos con movilidad reducida&#44; el riesgo de ETV se multiplica por 3<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#46; Existen variaciones en cuanto a la definici&#243;n del reposo&#47;inmovilizaci&#243;n y a su peso como factor predisponente para la ETV<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#46; Las principales gu&#237;as y escalas lo establecen como aquel que conlleva un encamamiento total durante al menos 3 d&#237;as&#44; con uso del ba&#241;o como &#250;nica movilidad &#40;&#171;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">bathroom privileges</span>&#187;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;12</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dentro de los pacientes m&#233;dicos&#44; dos grupos se consideran de especial riesgo&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0015"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0060"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">a&#41;</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ictus&#58; la ETV es una complicaci&#243;n frecuente&#44; con una prevalencia de hasta el 10&#37;&#44; sobre todo en aquellos con par&#225;lisis de miembros inferiores e inmovilizaci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#46; Se ha observado un mayor riesgo entre el segundo y el s&#233;ptimo d&#237;a tras el cuadro agudo&#44; sobre todo en la extremidad paralizada<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0065"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">b&#41;</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Enfermos ingresados en Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos &#40;UCI&#41;&#58; presentan m&#250;ltiples factores predisponentes y pueden desarrollar ETV incluso con profilaxis&#46; La evaluaci&#243;n del riesgo debe ser exhaustiva&#44; tanto al ingreso como durante la evoluci&#243;n diaria&#46; Es importante destacar que estos pacientes pueden presentar complicaciones hemorr&#225;gicas&#44; siendo necesario valorar cuidadosamente el riesgo-beneficio de la profilaxis farmacol&#243;gica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Estratificaci&#243;n del riesgo</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La ETV que aparece en los pacientes ingresados por patolog&#237;as m&#233;dicas tiene un comportamiento diferente a la que se desarrolla en los pacientes quir&#250;rgicos&#58; es m&#225;s frecuente&#44; conlleva un peor pron&#243;stico y ha demostrado un mayor n&#250;mero de complicaciones hemorr&#225;gicas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#46; Pese a ello los pacientes m&#233;dicos reciben menos profilaxis que los quir&#250;rgicos&#44; como han demostrado m&#250;ltiples estudios realizados en hospitales espa&#241;oles&#46; En el a&#241;o 2006&#44; Nieto et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> publicaron un trabajo en el que se analiz&#243; el riesgo de ETV y la profilaxis antitromb&#243;tica en 20 centros hospitalarios que hab&#237;an participado en el estudio internacional ENDORSE&#46; Para ello se utilizaron las gu&#237;as y las recomendaciones de la 7&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span> Conferencia del ACCP&#46; Encontraron que solo el 64&#37; de los enfermos m&#233;dicos recibieron profilaxis&#44; frente al 84&#37; de los quir&#250;rgicos&#59; adem&#225;s&#44; casi el 29&#37; de los pacientes considerados de alto riesgo de ETV&#44; especialmente en plantas m&#233;dicas&#44; no recibieron ning&#250;n tipo de tromboprofilaxis &#40;TP&#41;&#46; En un estudio posterior&#44; en el que se compararon dos gu&#237;as para la profilaxis en pacientes hospitalizados no quir&#250;rgicos &#40;Gu&#237;a de Prevenci&#243;n de Enfermedad Tromboemb&#243;lica venosa en Patolog&#237;a M&#233;dica &#91;PRETEMED&#93; y las recomendaciones de la 8&#170; Conferencia del ACCP&#41;&#44; se observ&#243; que en casi el 25&#37; de estos pacientes la TP no era la adecuada<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#46; En el a&#241;o 2015 se public&#243; un estudio multic&#233;ntrico&#44; realizado en hospitales de la comunidad aut&#243;noma de Andaluc&#237;a&#44; en el que se detect&#243; que el 40&#37; de los pacientes ingresados en servicios de Medicina Interna recib&#237;an la TP de manera inadecuada<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La raz&#243;n principal para esta menor profilaxis parece ser la heterogeneidad de los pacientes m&#233;dicos&#46; La presencia de procesos agudos de diversa etiolog&#237;a&#44; la pluripatolog&#237;a&#44; la polimedicaci&#243;n y la gran variabilidad de los factores de riesgo dificultan la estandarizaci&#243;n de la profilaxis y la elaboraci&#243;n de protocolos de actuaci&#243;n&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Por otra parte&#44; la evaluaci&#243;n del beneficio de la profilaxis farmacol&#243;gica frente al riesgo hemorr&#225;gico es un proceso complejo&#46; Es necesario realizar una selecci&#243;n adecuada de los pacientes&#46; Para ello se ha propuesto el uso de escalas del riesgo&#44; tanto tromb&#243;tico como hemorr&#225;gico&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las escalas existentes presentan una serie de limitaciones&#58; variabilidad en la validaci&#243;n externa&#44; aplicabilidad restringida a grupos de riesgo elevado&#44; existencia de m&#250;ltiples variables que pueden complicar su manejo en el &#225;mbito cl&#237;nico y resultados heterog&#233;neos cuando se comparan entre ellas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;24&#44;25</span></a>&#46; Pese a todo&#44; estas escalas son herramientas de gran utilidad en la evaluaci&#243;n del riesgo individual de desarrollar ETV de los pacientes m&#233;dicos ingresados y un apoyo fundamental para la toma de decisiones por parte del cl&#237;nico&#46;</p><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Escalas de riesgo tromb&#243;tico</span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Escala de Padua</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Propuesta en el a&#241;o 2010 establece 11 variables<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a>&#44; de las cuales 4 conllevan el mayor riesgo&#58; c&#225;ncer activo &#40;definido como aquel con afectaci&#243;n local o metast&#225;sica y&#47;o quimioterapia o radioterapia en los 6 meses anteriores&#41;&#44; ETV previa &#40;excluyendo la trombosis venosa superficial&#41;&#44; movilidad reducida &#40;encamamiento durante al menos 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; con movilidad solo para ir al ba&#241;o&#41; y trombofilia conocida &#40;d&#233;ficit de antitrombina&#44; prote&#237;na C o prote&#237;na S&#44; factor V Leiden&#44; mutaci&#243;n de la protrombina 20210A y s&#237;ndrome antifosfol&#237;pido&#41;&#46; Los pacientes se consideran de alto riesgo si suman <span class="elsevierStyleUnderline">&#62;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4 puntos y de bajo riesgo con una puntuaci&#243;n &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4 puntos &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">tabla 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Escala IMPROVE</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Deriva del registro IMPROVE &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#171;The international Medical Prevention Registry on Venous Thromboembolism&#187;&#41;</span> e incluye 7 factores cl&#237;nicos relacionados con complicaciones tromb&#243;ticas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0360"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a>&#46; Puntuada del 1 al 3&#44; confiere el mayor riesgo al antecedente de ETV previa&#44; seguido de la trombofilia conocida&#44; la par&#225;lisis aguda de extremidades inferiores y el c&#225;ncer activo &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">tabla 4</a>&#41;&#46; A diferencia de la escala de Padua&#44; la inmovilizaci&#243;n se considera de riesgo cuando es de al menos 7 d&#237;as &#40;cama-sill&#243;n&#41;&#46; Otro aspecto a destacar es que la escala considera el ingreso en UCI y&#47;o unidad de coronarias&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A&#250;n con sus limitaciones&#44; ambas escalas han sido validadas por estudios externos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a>&#46; Las gu&#237;as del ACCP recomiendan la escala de Padua para valorar la prevenci&#243;n de la ETV en el paciente no quir&#250;rgico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Gu&#237;a PRETEMED</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La gu&#237;a de Prevenci&#243;n de la ETV en el paciente m&#233;dico &#40;PRETEMED&#41;&#44; elaborada por la Sociedad Andaluza de Medicina Interna &#40;SADEMI&#41; y la Sociedad Andaluza de Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria &#40;SAMFyC&#41; y avalada por m&#250;ltiples sociedades cient&#237;ficas espa&#241;olas&#44; se present&#243; por primera vez en el a&#241;o 2003&#44; con una actualizaci&#243;n posterior en el 2007<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a>&#46; Su objetivo es facilitar la valoraci&#243;n del riesgo de ETV en pacientes m&#233;dicos hospitalizados y ambulatorios&#46; Para ello establece y cuantifica los diferentes factores de riesgo&#44; ofreciendo unas recomendaciones espec&#237;ficas para su prevenci&#243;n&#46; Esta gu&#237;a&#44; de amplio uso en nuestro pa&#237;s&#44; ha sido validada en pacientes m&#233;dicos hospitalizados<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a>&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Escalas de riesgo hemorr&#225;gico</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La evaluaci&#243;n del riesgo de sangrado es otro de los aspectos importantes a la hora de plantear la profilaxis farmacol&#243;gica de la ETV&#46; Como se ha comentado previamente&#44; los enfermos m&#233;dicos presentan una mayor incidencia de hemorragias&#46; La &#250;nica escala de la que disponemos para su valoraci&#243;n es la escala de riesgo hemorr&#225;gico IMPROVE<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0380"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a>&#46; Incluye 13 factores relacionados en la poblaci&#243;n m&#233;dica&#46; La &#250;lcera gastroduodenal activa&#44; el sangrado en los 3 meses previos al ingreso&#44; la trombocitopenia &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>50&#46;000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>plaquetas&#47;mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> y la edad &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>85<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os son los factores de mayor peso &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">tabla 5</a>&#41;&#46; Una puntuaci&#243;n &#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7 se considera de alto riesgo&#46; En estos pacientes se recomienda extremar las precauciones a la hora de iniciar la profilaxis farmacol&#243;gica o incluso contraindicarla&#46; Al igual que las de riesgo de ETV&#44; esta escala tambi&#233;n tiene limitaciones &#40;validaci&#243;n externa<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0385"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a>&#44; variables complejas&#44; puntuaciones heterog&#233;neas&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0025"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Medidas para la profilaxis</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La TP primaria tiene como objetivo prevenir la aparici&#243;n de fen&#243;menos tromboemb&#243;licos venosos&#44; ya sea mediante medidas farmacol&#243;gicas o utilizando m&#233;todos mec&#225;nicos&#46;</p><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Tromboprofilaxis farmacol&#243;gica</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Es la medida m&#225;s habitual en la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica de los pacientes que ingresan por patolog&#237;as m&#233;dicas&#46; Se dispone de 3 opciones&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0020"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0070"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Heparinas de bajo peso molecular &#40;HBPM&#41;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0075"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fondaparinux</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0080"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Heparina no fraccionada &#40;HNF&#41;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los estudios han demostrado que el uso de HBPM&#44; fondaparinux o HNF disminuye el riesgo de TVP<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0390"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a>&#46; Diversos trabajos han comparado la HNF frente a la HBPM demostrando una eficacia similar&#44; tanto en profilaxis de los eventos tromb&#243;ticos como en la mortalidad global&#59; sin embargo&#44; la HBPM ha demostrado una menor incidencia de complicaciones hemorr&#225;gicas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0395"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34&#44;35</span></a>&#46; La HBPM y el fondaparinux tienen mayor biodisponibilidad y semivida&#44; lo que permite su dosificaci&#243;n una vez al d&#237;a&#59; a diferencia de la HNF&#44; no precisan monitorizaci&#243;n mediante controles anal&#237;ticos&#46; En nuestro medio el uso de la HNF para la TP farmacol&#243;gica se limita a casos muy seleccionados&#44; siendo la HBPM de primera elecci&#243;n&#46; En la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0030">tabla 6</a> se describen los 3 grupos de f&#225;rmacos&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0030"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La dosis para TP farmacol&#243;gica es fija e independiente del peso<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#46; En aquellos pacientes con obesidad m&#243;rbida &#40;IMC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>35&#41; se desconoce la dosificaci&#243;n m&#225;s adecuada&#46; Parece razonable aplicarla de manera emp&#237;rica cada 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#46;</p><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Inicio y duraci&#243;n de la TP farmacol&#243;gica</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La TP farmacol&#243;gica debe iniciarse de manera precoz en las primeras 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h del ingreso hospitalario&#46; Se mantendr&#225; durante todo el ingreso&#44; con reevaluaciones peri&#243;dicas del riesgo tromb&#243;tico y hemorr&#225;gico&#46; Es recomendable monitorizar el n&#250;mero de plaquetas regularmente en aquellos pacientes que reciben HBPM para detectar la posible aparici&#243;n de trombocitopenia inducida por heparina &#40;TIH&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La profilaxis extendida &#40;hasta 5 semanas&#41; tras el alta demostr&#243; reducir la aparici&#243;n de ETV en el estudio EXCLAIM&#44; pero con un aumento significativo del n&#250;mero de eventos hemorr&#225;gicos&#59; adem&#225;s&#44; no se encontraron variaciones en la mortalidad global<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0405"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a>&#46; Se recomienda valorar de manera individualizada la necesidad de prolongar la TP tras el alta en aquellos casos en los que persistan los factores de riesgo que precisaron su indicaci&#243;n&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Contraindicaciones de la TP farmacol&#243;gica</span><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se debe evaluar cuidadosamente la indicaci&#243;n de TP farmacol&#243;gica en aquellos pacientes con elevado riesgo de sangrado &#40;escala IMPROVE<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7 puntos&#41;&#46; Su uso est&#225; contraindicado en los casos de sangrado activo &#40;hemorragia digestiva&#44; intracraneal&#44; hemoptisis&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">TP farmacol&#243;gica en insuficiencia renal</span><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En los pacientes con FG<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;min&#47;1&#44;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> se recomienda la reducci&#243;n de dosis &#40;fondaparinux 1&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; bemiparina 2500 UI&#47;24 h&#44; enoxaparina 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h o nadroparina un 25-33&#37;&#41;&#46; Existen evidencias de que la dosis de tinzaparina podr&#237;a mantenerse hasta FG de 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;min&#47;1&#44;73 m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> &#40;aunque no est&#225; recomendado su uso para &#60;30 ml&#47;min&#47;1&#44;73m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Anticoagulantes orales de acci&#243;n directa</span><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En nuestro pa&#237;s los anticoagulantes de acci&#243;n directa no est&#225;n aprobados en la actualidad para la prevenci&#243;n de la ETV en el paciente m&#233;dico no quir&#250;rgico&#46; &#218;nicamente est&#225;n indicados en aquellos pacientes sometidos a cirug&#237;a de pr&#243;tesis de cadera o rodilla&#46; Tanto rivaroxab&#225;n&#44; apixab&#225;n como dabigatr&#225;n han demostrado su no inferioridad frente a HBPM&#44; si bien presentaron un incremento significativo de las hemorragias<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0415"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a>&#46; En los enfermos oncol&#243;gicos varias gu&#237;as de pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica plantean ya el uso de estos f&#225;rmacos &#40;rivaroxab&#225;n o apixab&#225;n&#41; para la profilaxis a nivel ambulatorio&#46; Aquellos pacientes que reciben quimioterapia&#44; con riesgo intermedio-alto de ETV &#40;c&#225;ncer de p&#225;ncreas&#44; pulm&#243;n o con escala de Khorana<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#41; y no tienen riesgo hemorr&#225;gico elevado podr&#237;an beneficiarse de su uso<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0420"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Otras consideraciones</span><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La realizaci&#243;n de una t&#233;cnica de anestesia neuroaxial &#40;punci&#243;n lumbar o inserci&#243;n de cat&#233;ter&#41; se debe retrasar 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h tras la administraci&#243;n de una dosis profil&#225;ctica de HBPM&#46; Una vez realizada deben transcurrir al menos 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h para reiniciar la TP<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0425"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a>&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Tromboprofilaxis mec&#225;nica</span><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las medidas de compresi&#243;n mec&#225;nica han demostrado ser eficaces en el paciente quir&#250;rgico con contraindicaci&#243;n para la TP farmacol&#243;gica por riesgo de sangrado&#46; Sin embargo&#44; su beneficio en el paciente con patolog&#237;a m&#233;dica no est&#225; del todo demostrado&#46; Gu&#237;as recientes de TP sugieren su uso en aquellos pacientes en los que el riesgo hemorr&#225;gico sea muy elevado y por lo tanto se contraindique la TP farmacol&#243;gica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0430"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span></a>&#46; Los m&#233;todos m&#225;s habituales son&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0025"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0085"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Medias de compresi&#243;n gradual y bombas plantares&#58; no han demostrado claro beneficio en poblaciones de alto riesgo como los pacientes con ictus<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0435"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a>&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0090"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Compresi&#243;n neum&#225;tica intermitente &#40;CNI&#41;&#58; los sistemas de CNI previenen la TVP mejorando el flujo sangu&#237;neo en las extremidades inferiores&#44; evitando as&#237; la estasis venosa&#46; Aunque las evidencias son limitadas existen estudios que han demostrado reducir la incidencia de ETV&#44; por lo que se considera el m&#233;todo de elecci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0440"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a>&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Otras medidas de tromboprofilaxis</span><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En todos los pacientes m&#233;dicos ingresados se debe&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0030"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0095"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Favorecer la movilizaci&#243;n precoz tan pronto sea posible&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0100"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Asegurar un adecuado estado de hidrataci&#243;n&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0105"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Evitar procedimientos que supongan limitaci&#243;n para la movilidad como son el sondaje vesical&#44; la sueroterapia y las medidas de contenci&#243;n f&#237;sica&#46; Adecuar las indicaciones de estas t&#233;cnicas de manera individualizada y con revisiones peri&#243;dicas a lo largo del ingreso es una medida elemental&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0090" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Sistemas de alerta para la prevenci&#243;n de la ETV</span><p id="par0250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Con el objetivo de optimizar la profilaxis de ETV en los pacientes m&#233;dicos hospitalizados&#44; varios estudios han demostrado la utilidad de incluir sistemas de alertas electr&#243;nicas y gu&#237;as de pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica en las historias cl&#237;nicas digitalizadas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0445"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span></a>&#46; Estas medidas conllevan una mejora en la adecuaci&#243;n de la TP individualizada&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; permitir&#237;an disminuir la mortalidad relacionada con la ETV en este tipo pacientes&#44; si bien las evidencias disponibles al respecto a&#250;n son limitadas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0450"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span></a>&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0095" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Algoritmo de actuaci&#243;n</span><p id="par0255" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">figura 1</a> se propone un algoritmo a modo de resumen y de car&#225;cter pr&#225;ctico para la valoraci&#243;n de la profilaxis de ETV en el paciente m&#233;dico hospitalizado&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0100" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0260" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El autor declara no tener ning&#250;n conflicto de intereses&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0105" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Nota al suplemento</span><p id="par0265" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este art&#237;culo forma parte del suplemento &#171;Protocolos de manejo de la enfermedad tromboemb&#243;lica venosa&#46; Actualizaci&#243;n 2020&#187;&#44; que cuenta con la colaboraci&#243;n de Laboratorios Rovi para la impresi&#243;n y difusi&#243;n del suplemento&#46;</p></span></span>"
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                  "titulo" => "Anticoagulantes orales de acci&#243;n directa"
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                4 => array:2 [
                  "identificador" => "sec0075"
                  "titulo" => "Otras consideraciones"
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0080"
              "titulo" => "Tromboprofilaxis mec&#225;nica"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0085"
              "titulo" => "Otras medidas de tromboprofilaxis"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0090"
              "titulo" => "Sistemas de alerta para la prevenci&#243;n de la ETV"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        8 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0095"
          "titulo" => "Algoritmo de actuaci&#243;n"
        ]
        9 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0100"
          "titulo" => "Conflicto de intereses"
        ]
        10 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0105"
          "titulo" => "Nota al suplemento"
        ]
        11 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "Bibliograf&#237;a"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2020-01-08"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2020-07-26"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "es" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1364105"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Enfermedad tromboemb&#243;lica venosa"
            1 => "Profilaxis"
            2 => "Enfermedad m&#233;dica"
            3 => "Heparina bajo peso molecular"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1364106"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Venous thromboembolism"
            1 => "Prophylaxis"
            2 => "Medical patients"
            3 => "Low molecular weight heparin"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "es" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La enfermedad tromboemb&#243;lica venosa &#40;ETV&#41; es una de las complicaciones m&#225;s frecuentes y graves de los enfermos m&#233;dicos hospitalizados&#44; siendo la embolia pulmonar la primera causa de muerte prevenible&#46; La ETV prolonga la estancia hospitalaria&#44; con un mayor consumo de recursos y un aumento del gasto sanitario&#46; Los factores de riesgo para su desarrollo pueden ser intr&#237;nsecos al paciente o estar relacionados con la propia hospitalizaci&#243;n&#46; Conocer e identificar estos factores&#44; tanto al ingreso como durante la evoluci&#243;n del proceso m&#233;dico&#44; debe ser una prioridad&#46; La profilaxis de la ETV ha demostrado ser eficaz y eficiente&#46; Su aplicaci&#243;n en el paciente m&#233;dico conlleva una disminuci&#243;n de la embolia pulmonar mortal&#44; de las trombosis venosas profundas sintom&#225;ticas y de la mortalidad en los 3 meses posteriores al alta&#46; La valoraci&#243;n individual y detallada del riesgo-beneficio de esta profilaxis es&#44; por tanto&#44; fundamental&#46; Las heparinas de bajo peso molecular siguen siendo de primera elecci&#243;n en la profilaxis farmacol&#243;gica de la ETV en los enfermos m&#233;dicos&#46; En aquellos pacientes en los que el uso de f&#225;rmacos est&#233; contraindicado se podr&#237;a plantear el uso de medidas f&#237;sicas para su prevenci&#243;n&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Venous thromboembolism &#40;VTE&#41; is a prevalent and serious complication in hospitalized medical patients&#46; Pulmonary embolism is the most common preventable cause of hospital death&#46; VTE extends hospitalization&#44; with a higher resource consumption and an increase in healthcare costs&#46; Risk factors for VTE include intrinsic factors and those related to hospitalization&#46; It is important to know and to identify these factors at the moment of hospital admission and during the course of disease&#46; VTE prophylaxis has demonstrated to be an efficient and effective action&#46; Its implementation reduces life-threatening pulmonary embolism&#44; symptomatic deep vein thrombosis and death rate three months after discharge&#46; An individual and detailed assessment of prophylaxis risk-benefit is a priority&#46; In our country&#44; low molecular weight heparins are still the first option for VTE pharmacological prophylaxis&#46; In those patients at high risk of bleeding or in whom anticoagulation is contraindicated mechanical methods could be used&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
    ]
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Algoritmo de actuaci&#243;n para la profilaxis de ETV en el paciente m&#233;dico&#46;</p> <p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ETV&#58; enfermedad tromboemb&#243;lica venosa&#59; FG&#58; filtrado glomerular&#59; HNF&#58; heparina no fraccionada&#59; IAM&#58; infarto agudo de miocardio&#59; IMC&#58; &#237;ndice de masa corporal&#59; UCI&#58; unidad de cuidados intensivos&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Fuente&#58; Konstantinides et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Riesgo alto &#40;OR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Fractura de extremidad inferior&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hospitalizaci&#243;n por insuficiencia card&#237;aca o fibrilaci&#243;n&#47;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">flutter</span> auricular en los &#250;ltimos 3 meses&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Pr&#243;tesis de cadera o rodilla&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Traumatismo mayor&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Infarto agudo de miocardio en los &#250;ltimos 3 meses&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ETV previa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Lesi&#243;n en m&#233;dula espinal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Riesgo moderado &#40;OR 2-9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Cirug&#237;a de rodilla por artroscopia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Enfermedad autoinmune&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Transfusi&#243;n hem&#225;tica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Cat&#233;ter venoso central&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Cables y cat&#233;teres intravenosos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Quimioterapia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Insuficiencia card&#237;aca congestiva o insuficiencia respiratoria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">F&#225;rmacos estimulantes de eritropoyesis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Terapia hormonal sustitutiva &#40;dependiendo del tipo&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Fertilizaci&#243;n in vitro&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Anticonceptivos orales&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Puerperio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Infecciones &#40;sobre todo neumon&#237;a&#44; tracto urinario y VIH&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Enfermedad inflamatoria cr&#243;nica intestinal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">C&#225;ncer &#40;mayor riesgo en enfermedad metast&#225;sica&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ictus con par&#225;lisis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Trombosis venosa superficial&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Trombofilias&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Encamamiento &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3 d&#237;as&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Diabetes mellitus&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hipertensi&#243;n arterial&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Inmovilizaci&#243;n debido a sedestaci&#243;n &#40;viajes prolongados&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Edad avanzada&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Cirug&#237;a laparosc&#243;pica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Obesidad&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Embarazo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Venas varicosas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Factores de riesgo para la enfermedad tromboemb&#243;lica venosa &#40;ETV&#41;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Fuente&#58; Barbar y Prandoni<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#46;</p>"
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ETV previa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Inmovilizaci&#243;n o reposo en cama&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Edad superior a 75 a&#241;os&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Trombofilia conocida&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">C&#225;ncer&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Patolog&#237;a infecciosa aguda&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Neumon&#237;a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Traumatismo en los 3 meses previos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Insuficiencia card&#237;aca&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Edema de miembros inferiores&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ACV con hemiplej&#237;a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Cat&#233;ter venoso central&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Trombocitosis &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>350&#46;000&#47;mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab2582000.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Factores de riesgo para la enfermedad tromboemb&#243;lica venosa &#40;ETV&#41; en el paciente m&#233;dico hospitalizado</p>"
        ]
      ]
      3 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Tabla 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at3"
            "detalle" => "Tabla "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:3 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Fuente&#58; Gallardo et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ETV&#58; enfermedad tromboemb&#243;lica venosa&#59; IMC&#58; &#237;ndice de masa corporal&#59; TVS&#58; trombosis venosa superficial&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:2 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Factor de riesgo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Puntuaci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">C&#225;ncer activo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ETV previa &#40;no TVS&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Movilidad reducida<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Trombofilia conocida<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Cirug&#237;a o trauma reciente &#40;&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1 mes&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Edad &#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>70 a&#241;os&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Insuficiencia card&#237;aca y&#47;o respiratoria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Infarto agudo de miocardio o ictus&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Infecci&#243;n aguda y&#47;o patolog&#237;a reum&#225;tica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Obesidad &#40;IMC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Terapia hormonal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab2582001.png"
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Puntuaci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4 puntos&#58; alto riesgo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4 puntos&#58; bajo riesgo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab2582006.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          "notaPie" => array:3 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0005"
              "etiqueta" => "a"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Enfermedad local o metast&#225;sica y&#47;o quimioterapia o radioterapia en los 6 meses anteriores&#46;</p>"
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0010"
              "etiqueta" => "b"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">M&#237;nimo 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h con movilidad solo al ba&#241;o&#46;</p>"
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0015"
              "etiqueta" => "c"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">D&#233;ficit de antitrombina&#44; prote&#237;na C o prote&#237;na S&#44; factor V Leiden&#44; mutaci&#243;n de la protrombina 20210A y s&#237;ndrome antifosfol&#237;pido&#46;</p>"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Escala Predictiva de Padua</p>"
        ]
      ]
      4 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0020"
        "etiqueta" => "Tabla 4"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at4"
            "detalle" => "Tabla "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:3 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Fuente&#58; Spyropoulos et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0360"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ETV&#58; enfermedad tromboemb&#243;lica venosa&#59; UCI&#58; unidad de cuidados intensivos&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:2 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Factor de riesgo cl&#237;nico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Puntuaci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ETV previa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Trombofilia conocida&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Par&#225;lisis aguda extremidades inferiores&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">C&#225;ncer activo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Inmovilizaci&#243;n &#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7 d&#237;as<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ingreso en UCI&#47;de Coronarias&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Edad &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60 a&#241;os&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab2582009.png"
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Puntuaci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2 puntos&#58; bajo riesgo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2 puntos&#58; indicada tromboprofilaxis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4 puntos&#58; riesgo elevado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab2582002.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          "notaPie" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0020"
              "etiqueta" => "a"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0020">Cama-sill&#243;n&#46;</p>"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Escala de riesgo IMPROVE</p>"
        ]
      ]
      5 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0025"
        "etiqueta" => "Tabla 5"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at5"
            "detalle" => "Tabla "
            "rol" => "short"
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        ]
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Fuente&#58; Decousus et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0380"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">FG&#58; filtrado glomerular&#59; UCI&#58; unidad de cuidados intensivos&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:2 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Factor de riesgo hemorr&#225;gico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Puntuaci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#218;lcera gastroduodenal activa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hemorragia en los 3 meses previos al ingreso&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Plaquetas &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>50&#46;000&#47;mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Edad &#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>85 a&#241;os&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Insuficiencia hep&#225;tica &#40;INR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Insuficiencia renal moderada &#40;FG<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30-59 ml&#47;min&#47;1&#46;73 m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ingreso en UCI&#47;Unidad de Coronarias&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Cat&#233;ter venoso central&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Enfermedad reum&#225;tica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">C&#225;ncer activo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Edad 40-84 a&#241;os&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Insuficiencia renal moderada &#40;FG &#61; 30-59 ml&#47;min&#47;1&#46;73 m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Sexo masculino&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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                0 => "xTab2582005.png"
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Puntuaci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#58; alto riesgo hemorr&#225;gico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab2581999.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Escala de riesgo hemorr&#225;gico IMPROVE</p>"
        ]
      ]
      6 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0030"
        "etiqueta" => "Tabla 6"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at6"
            "detalle" => "Tabla "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Fuente&#58; Kearon et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> y Nutescu et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="spar0100" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">FG&#58; filtrado glomerular&#59; sc&#58; subcut&#225;nea&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">F&#225;rmaco&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Dosis y v&#237;a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Heparina no fraccionada</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>UI&#47;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; sc&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fondaparinux</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; sc&#40;1&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; sc si FG<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;min&#47;1&#44;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Heparinas de bajo peso molecular</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Bemiparina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>UI&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; sc&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;500 UI&#47;24 h sc si FG &#8804; 30 ml&#47;min&#47;1&#44;73 m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Dalteparina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#58; 3&#46;800<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>UI&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; sc&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#58; 5&#46;700<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>UI&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; sc&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                            3 => "D&#46; Bergqvist"
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                      "titulo" => "Venous thromboembolism risk and prophylaxis in the acute hospital care setting &#40;ENDORSE study&#41;&#58; a multinational cross-sectional study"
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                          "colaboracion" => "ENDORSE investigators"
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                            2 => "J&#46;F&#46; Bergmann"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "A study of hospital discharges for venous thromboembolism in the south of Spain An analysis of 19&#44;170 cases from a regional database from 1998 to 2001"
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                          "colaboracion" => "Efficiency Group of the Internal Medicine Services of Andalusia&#59; Strategic Plan of the SADEMI &#40;Andalusia Society of Internal Medicine&#41;"
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                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "P&#46;H&#46; Sweet 3rd"
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                      "titulo" => "The epidemiology of venous thromboembolism in the community"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Randomized&#44; placebo-controlled trial of dalteparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in acutely ill medical patients"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:3 [
                          "colaboracion" => "PREVENT Medical Thromboprophylaxis Study Group"
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                            1 => "A&#46;T&#46; Cohen"
                            2 => "A&#46;G&#46; Turpie"
                            3 => "C&#46;G&#46; Olsson"
                            4 => "P&#46;T&#46; Vaitkus"
                            5 => "S&#46;Z&#46; Goldhaber"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1161/01.CIR.0000138928.83266.24"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Circulation"
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                        "volumen" => "110"
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                        "paginaFinal" => "877"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "C&#46; Kearon"
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                            2 => "A&#46;J&#46; Comerota"
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                  "host" => array:1 [
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            7 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0265"
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                  "referenciaCompleta" => "NHS England&#46; VTE risk assessment 2016&#47;17 &#91;consultado 15 Dic 2019&#93;&#46; Disponible en&#58; <a target="_blank" href="https://www.england.nhs.uk/statistics/statistical-work-areas/vte/vte-risk-assessment-201617/">https&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;england&#46;nhs&#46;uk&#47;statistics&#47;statistical-work-areas&#47;vte&#47;vte-risk-assessment-201617&#47;</a>"
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                        0 => array:2 [
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
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                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1161/01.CIR.0000150642.10916.ea"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Circulation"
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                        "numero" => "24 Suppl 1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "IV25"
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                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15598645"
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              "etiqueta" => "11"
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                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence&#46; NICE clinical guideline 92&#58; Venous thromboembolism&#58; reducing the risk &#91;consultado 15 Dic 2019&#93;&#46; Disponible en&#58; <a target="_blank" href="http://www.1000livesplus.wales.nhs.uk/sitesplus/documents/1011/CG92NICEGuidelinePDF">http&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;1000livesplus&#46;wales&#46;nhs&#46;uk&#47;sitesplus&#47;documents&#47;1011&#47;CG92NICEGuidelinePDF</a>"
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                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                        0 => array:3 [
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                            0 => "S&#46;V&#46; Konstantinides"
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                            3 => "H&#46; Bueno"
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                          "etal" => false
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Risk factors for deep vein thrombosis in inpatients aged 65 and older&#58; a case-control multicenter study"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "S&#46; Weill-Engerer"
                            1 => "S&#46; Meaume"
                            2 => "A&#46; Lahlou"
                            3 => "F&#46; Piette"
                            4 => "O&#46; Saint-Jean"
                            5 => "A&#46; Sachet"
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                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/j.1532-5415.2004.52359.x"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Am Geriatr Soc"
                        "fecha" => "2004"
                        "volumen" => "52"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1299"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1304"
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                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15271117"
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              "identificador" => "bib0300"
              "etiqueta" => "15"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                      "titulo" => "Immobilization and the risk of venous thromboembolism&#46; A meta-analysis on epidemiological studies"
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                          "etal" => false
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La profilaxis de la enfermedad tromboembólica venosa en los pacientes con enfermedad médica
Prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in medical patients
J. Criado-García
Unidad de Enfermedad Tromboembólica Venosa, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Medicina Interna, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, España
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Algoritmo de actuaci&#243;n para la profilaxis de ETV en el paciente m&#233;dico&#46;</p> <p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ETV&#58; enfermedad tromboemb&#243;lica venosa&#59; FG&#58; filtrado glomerular&#59; HNF&#58; heparina no fraccionada&#59; IAM&#58; infarto agudo de miocardio&#59; IMC&#58; &#237;ndice de masa corporal&#59; UCI&#58; unidad de cuidados intensivos&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La enfermedad tromboemb&#243;lica venosa &#40;ETV&#41; es una de las complicaciones m&#225;s prevalentes del medio hospitalario&#46; Supone una causa importante de morbimortalidad&#44; complicando y prolongando la estancia de los pacientes ingresados&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; es una patolog&#237;a muy relevante en los enfermos del &#225;rea m&#233;dica&#44; en los que aparece con mayor frecuencia y gravedad que en los pacientes quir&#250;rgicos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; Aunque las cifras pueden oscilar seg&#250;n el pa&#237;s&#44; hay datos que reflejan su importancia&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El riesgo de aparici&#243;n de ETV en los pacientes hospitalizados por causa m&#233;dica se sit&#250;a entre el 10 y el 20&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hasta un 70&#37; de los eventos tromboemb&#243;licos venosos y casi dos tercios de las embolias de pulm&#243;n &#40;EP&#41; fatales aparecen en pacientes hospitalizados no quir&#250;rgicos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#46; Un estudio publicado en 2005 detect&#243; que 4 de cada 1&#46;000 pacientes hospitalizados desarrollaron ETV durante el ingreso&#59; de estos&#44; casi el 75&#37; eran pacientes ingresados con patolog&#237;a m&#233;dica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Revisiones basadas en autopsias cl&#237;nicas plantean que en torno a un 10&#37; de las muertes hospitalarias se producen por EP<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Estudios epidemiol&#243;gicos han demostrado que antes de la instauraci&#243;n de la profilaxis farmacol&#243;gica en los pacientes hospitalizados&#44; hasta el 60&#37; de la ETV estaba relacionada con el ingreso o aparec&#237;a en los 3 meses posteriores al alta<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La prevalencia de ETV relacionada con la hospitalizaci&#243;n en servicios de Medicina Interna en los que no se realiza una adecuada profilaxis puede alcanzar el 25&#37;&#46; En determinadas patolog&#237;as&#44; como en el ictus o la insuficiencia card&#237;aca&#44; puede llegar hasta el 40-60&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La profilaxis farmacol&#243;gica ha demostrado ser efectiva y segura en diferentes metaan&#225;lisis de pacientes m&#233;dicos hospitalizados&#46; Su indicaci&#243;n conlleva una disminuci&#243;n de las EP fatales y de las trombosis venosas profundas &#40;TVP&#41; sintom&#225;ticas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0035"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las estrategias para la prevenci&#243;n de la ETV&#44; como las llevadas a cabo en el Sistema Nacional de Salud brit&#225;nico&#44; han supuesto un descenso de m&#225;s del 15&#37; en la mortalidad por ETV a los 90 d&#237;as del alta<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0040"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La aparici&#243;n de ETV hospitalaria conlleva un mayor consumo de recursos y un aumento del gasto sanitario&#46; La profilaxis ha demostrado ser eficiente&#44; teniendo en cuenta variables como los procedimientos diagn&#243;sticos&#44; terap&#233;uticos y el incremento de la estancia hospitalaria que conlleva su aparici&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;10</span></a>&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En base a estos hallazgos resulta esencial realizar una adecuada prevenci&#243;n de ETV en los pacientes m&#233;dicos hospitalizados&#46; Para ello es imprescindible&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0010"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0045"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1&#46;</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Conocer e identificar los factores de riesgo asociados&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0050"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Evaluar el riesgo tromb&#243;tico y hemorr&#225;gico&#44; tanto al ingreso como durante la evoluci&#243;n del proceso m&#233;dico&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0055"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Conocer las medidas de profilaxis y aplicar la m&#225;s adecuada&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Factores de riesgo</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La ETV aparece como consecuencia de la interacci&#243;n de m&#250;ltiples factores&#46; Unos est&#225;n relacionados con el propio paciente&#44; siendo en su mayor&#237;a permanentes&#46; Otros con la patolog&#237;a aguda intercurrente y con el entorno con el que interact&#250;a &#40;hospital&#41;&#44; por lo que se considerar&#237;an temporales&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En pr&#225;cticamente todos los pacientes hospitalizados se identifica al menos un factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de ETV y hasta el 40&#37; presentan 3 o m&#225;s<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#46; Para los pacientes m&#233;dicos hospitalizados el American College of Chest Physicians &#40;ACCP&#41; estableci&#243; como factores de alto riesgo para ETV la insuficiencia card&#237;aca grado III-IV de la NYHA&#44; la sepsis y la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva cr&#243;nica &#40;EPOC&#41; descompensada&#59; como factores complementarios&#44; la edad avanzada&#44; el antecedente de ETV&#44; el ictus con par&#225;lisis de miembros inferiores&#44; la presencia de c&#225;ncer activo&#44; el infarto agudo de miocardio y la inmovilizaci&#243;n en cama<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; Las &#250;ltimas gu&#237;as de las Sociedades Europeas de Cardiolog&#237;a y Respiratorio<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> para el manejo de la EP enumeran los factores predisponentes para la aparici&#243;n de ETV clasific&#225;ndolos en funci&#243;n del riesgo&#58; alto&#44; moderado o bajo &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En el paciente hospitalizado con patolog&#237;a m&#233;dica&#44; una revisi&#243;n publicada por Barbar y Prandoni<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> selecciona aquellos factores que se han relacionado con un mayor riesgo de presentar ETV&#46; Se enumeran en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">De entre todos estos factores destaca el reposo&#44; tanto por su frecuencia como por tratarse de un predictor de riesgo para la aparici&#243;n de ETV&#46; Se ha observado que el encamamiento prolongado m&#225;s all&#225; de 2 semanas aumenta hasta en 5 veces la posibilidad de desarrollar eventos tromb&#243;ticos venosos en pacientes mayores de 65 a&#241;os<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; en aquellos pacientes m&#233;dicos con movilidad reducida&#44; el riesgo de ETV se multiplica por 3<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#46; Existen variaciones en cuanto a la definici&#243;n del reposo&#47;inmovilizaci&#243;n y a su peso como factor predisponente para la ETV<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#46; Las principales gu&#237;as y escalas lo establecen como aquel que conlleva un encamamiento total durante al menos 3 d&#237;as&#44; con uso del ba&#241;o como &#250;nica movilidad &#40;&#171;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">bathroom privileges</span>&#187;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;12</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dentro de los pacientes m&#233;dicos&#44; dos grupos se consideran de especial riesgo&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0015"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0060"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">a&#41;</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ictus&#58; la ETV es una complicaci&#243;n frecuente&#44; con una prevalencia de hasta el 10&#37;&#44; sobre todo en aquellos con par&#225;lisis de miembros inferiores e inmovilizaci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#46; Se ha observado un mayor riesgo entre el segundo y el s&#233;ptimo d&#237;a tras el cuadro agudo&#44; sobre todo en la extremidad paralizada<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0065"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">b&#41;</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Enfermos ingresados en Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos &#40;UCI&#41;&#58; presentan m&#250;ltiples factores predisponentes y pueden desarrollar ETV incluso con profilaxis&#46; La evaluaci&#243;n del riesgo debe ser exhaustiva&#44; tanto al ingreso como durante la evoluci&#243;n diaria&#46; Es importante destacar que estos pacientes pueden presentar complicaciones hemorr&#225;gicas&#44; siendo necesario valorar cuidadosamente el riesgo-beneficio de la profilaxis farmacol&#243;gica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Estratificaci&#243;n del riesgo</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La ETV que aparece en los pacientes ingresados por patolog&#237;as m&#233;dicas tiene un comportamiento diferente a la que se desarrolla en los pacientes quir&#250;rgicos&#58; es m&#225;s frecuente&#44; conlleva un peor pron&#243;stico y ha demostrado un mayor n&#250;mero de complicaciones hemorr&#225;gicas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#46; Pese a ello los pacientes m&#233;dicos reciben menos profilaxis que los quir&#250;rgicos&#44; como han demostrado m&#250;ltiples estudios realizados en hospitales espa&#241;oles&#46; En el a&#241;o 2006&#44; Nieto et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> publicaron un trabajo en el que se analiz&#243; el riesgo de ETV y la profilaxis antitromb&#243;tica en 20 centros hospitalarios que hab&#237;an participado en el estudio internacional ENDORSE&#46; Para ello se utilizaron las gu&#237;as y las recomendaciones de la 7&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span> Conferencia del ACCP&#46; Encontraron que solo el 64&#37; de los enfermos m&#233;dicos recibieron profilaxis&#44; frente al 84&#37; de los quir&#250;rgicos&#59; adem&#225;s&#44; casi el 29&#37; de los pacientes considerados de alto riesgo de ETV&#44; especialmente en plantas m&#233;dicas&#44; no recibieron ning&#250;n tipo de tromboprofilaxis &#40;TP&#41;&#46; En un estudio posterior&#44; en el que se compararon dos gu&#237;as para la profilaxis en pacientes hospitalizados no quir&#250;rgicos &#40;Gu&#237;a de Prevenci&#243;n de Enfermedad Tromboemb&#243;lica venosa en Patolog&#237;a M&#233;dica &#91;PRETEMED&#93; y las recomendaciones de la 8&#170; Conferencia del ACCP&#41;&#44; se observ&#243; que en casi el 25&#37; de estos pacientes la TP no era la adecuada<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#46; En el a&#241;o 2015 se public&#243; un estudio multic&#233;ntrico&#44; realizado en hospitales de la comunidad aut&#243;noma de Andaluc&#237;a&#44; en el que se detect&#243; que el 40&#37; de los pacientes ingresados en servicios de Medicina Interna recib&#237;an la TP de manera inadecuada<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La raz&#243;n principal para esta menor profilaxis parece ser la heterogeneidad de los pacientes m&#233;dicos&#46; La presencia de procesos agudos de diversa etiolog&#237;a&#44; la pluripatolog&#237;a&#44; la polimedicaci&#243;n y la gran variabilidad de los factores de riesgo dificultan la estandarizaci&#243;n de la profilaxis y la elaboraci&#243;n de protocolos de actuaci&#243;n&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Por otra parte&#44; la evaluaci&#243;n del beneficio de la profilaxis farmacol&#243;gica frente al riesgo hemorr&#225;gico es un proceso complejo&#46; Es necesario realizar una selecci&#243;n adecuada de los pacientes&#46; Para ello se ha propuesto el uso de escalas del riesgo&#44; tanto tromb&#243;tico como hemorr&#225;gico&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las escalas existentes presentan una serie de limitaciones&#58; variabilidad en la validaci&#243;n externa&#44; aplicabilidad restringida a grupos de riesgo elevado&#44; existencia de m&#250;ltiples variables que pueden complicar su manejo en el &#225;mbito cl&#237;nico y resultados heterog&#233;neos cuando se comparan entre ellas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;24&#44;25</span></a>&#46; Pese a todo&#44; estas escalas son herramientas de gran utilidad en la evaluaci&#243;n del riesgo individual de desarrollar ETV de los pacientes m&#233;dicos ingresados y un apoyo fundamental para la toma de decisiones por parte del cl&#237;nico&#46;</p><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Escalas de riesgo tromb&#243;tico</span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Escala de Padua</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Propuesta en el a&#241;o 2010 establece 11 variables<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a>&#44; de las cuales 4 conllevan el mayor riesgo&#58; c&#225;ncer activo &#40;definido como aquel con afectaci&#243;n local o metast&#225;sica y&#47;o quimioterapia o radioterapia en los 6 meses anteriores&#41;&#44; ETV previa &#40;excluyendo la trombosis venosa superficial&#41;&#44; movilidad reducida &#40;encamamiento durante al menos 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; con movilidad solo para ir al ba&#241;o&#41; y trombofilia conocida &#40;d&#233;ficit de antitrombina&#44; prote&#237;na C o prote&#237;na S&#44; factor V Leiden&#44; mutaci&#243;n de la protrombina 20210A y s&#237;ndrome antifosfol&#237;pido&#41;&#46; Los pacientes se consideran de alto riesgo si suman <span class="elsevierStyleUnderline">&#62;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4 puntos y de bajo riesgo con una puntuaci&#243;n &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4 puntos &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">tabla 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Escala IMPROVE</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Deriva del registro IMPROVE &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#171;The international Medical Prevention Registry on Venous Thromboembolism&#187;&#41;</span> e incluye 7 factores cl&#237;nicos relacionados con complicaciones tromb&#243;ticas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0360"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a>&#46; Puntuada del 1 al 3&#44; confiere el mayor riesgo al antecedente de ETV previa&#44; seguido de la trombofilia conocida&#44; la par&#225;lisis aguda de extremidades inferiores y el c&#225;ncer activo &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">tabla 4</a>&#41;&#46; A diferencia de la escala de Padua&#44; la inmovilizaci&#243;n se considera de riesgo cuando es de al menos 7 d&#237;as &#40;cama-sill&#243;n&#41;&#46; Otro aspecto a destacar es que la escala considera el ingreso en UCI y&#47;o unidad de coronarias&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A&#250;n con sus limitaciones&#44; ambas escalas han sido validadas por estudios externos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a>&#46; Las gu&#237;as del ACCP recomiendan la escala de Padua para valorar la prevenci&#243;n de la ETV en el paciente no quir&#250;rgico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Gu&#237;a PRETEMED</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La gu&#237;a de Prevenci&#243;n de la ETV en el paciente m&#233;dico &#40;PRETEMED&#41;&#44; elaborada por la Sociedad Andaluza de Medicina Interna &#40;SADEMI&#41; y la Sociedad Andaluza de Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria &#40;SAMFyC&#41; y avalada por m&#250;ltiples sociedades cient&#237;ficas espa&#241;olas&#44; se present&#243; por primera vez en el a&#241;o 2003&#44; con una actualizaci&#243;n posterior en el 2007<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a>&#46; Su objetivo es facilitar la valoraci&#243;n del riesgo de ETV en pacientes m&#233;dicos hospitalizados y ambulatorios&#46; Para ello establece y cuantifica los diferentes factores de riesgo&#44; ofreciendo unas recomendaciones espec&#237;ficas para su prevenci&#243;n&#46; Esta gu&#237;a&#44; de amplio uso en nuestro pa&#237;s&#44; ha sido validada en pacientes m&#233;dicos hospitalizados<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a>&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Escalas de riesgo hemorr&#225;gico</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La evaluaci&#243;n del riesgo de sangrado es otro de los aspectos importantes a la hora de plantear la profilaxis farmacol&#243;gica de la ETV&#46; Como se ha comentado previamente&#44; los enfermos m&#233;dicos presentan una mayor incidencia de hemorragias&#46; La &#250;nica escala de la que disponemos para su valoraci&#243;n es la escala de riesgo hemorr&#225;gico IMPROVE<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0380"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a>&#46; Incluye 13 factores relacionados en la poblaci&#243;n m&#233;dica&#46; La &#250;lcera gastroduodenal activa&#44; el sangrado en los 3 meses previos al ingreso&#44; la trombocitopenia &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>50&#46;000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>plaquetas&#47;mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> y la edad &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>85<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os son los factores de mayor peso &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">tabla 5</a>&#41;&#46; Una puntuaci&#243;n &#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7 se considera de alto riesgo&#46; En estos pacientes se recomienda extremar las precauciones a la hora de iniciar la profilaxis farmacol&#243;gica o incluso contraindicarla&#46; Al igual que las de riesgo de ETV&#44; esta escala tambi&#233;n tiene limitaciones &#40;validaci&#243;n externa<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0385"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a>&#44; variables complejas&#44; puntuaciones heterog&#233;neas&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0025"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Medidas para la profilaxis</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La TP primaria tiene como objetivo prevenir la aparici&#243;n de fen&#243;menos tromboemb&#243;licos venosos&#44; ya sea mediante medidas farmacol&#243;gicas o utilizando m&#233;todos mec&#225;nicos&#46;</p><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Tromboprofilaxis farmacol&#243;gica</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Es la medida m&#225;s habitual en la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica de los pacientes que ingresan por patolog&#237;as m&#233;dicas&#46; Se dispone de 3 opciones&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0020"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0070"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Heparinas de bajo peso molecular &#40;HBPM&#41;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0075"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fondaparinux</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0080"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Heparina no fraccionada &#40;HNF&#41;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los estudios han demostrado que el uso de HBPM&#44; fondaparinux o HNF disminuye el riesgo de TVP<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0390"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a>&#46; Diversos trabajos han comparado la HNF frente a la HBPM demostrando una eficacia similar&#44; tanto en profilaxis de los eventos tromb&#243;ticos como en la mortalidad global&#59; sin embargo&#44; la HBPM ha demostrado una menor incidencia de complicaciones hemorr&#225;gicas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0395"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34&#44;35</span></a>&#46; La HBPM y el fondaparinux tienen mayor biodisponibilidad y semivida&#44; lo que permite su dosificaci&#243;n una vez al d&#237;a&#59; a diferencia de la HNF&#44; no precisan monitorizaci&#243;n mediante controles anal&#237;ticos&#46; En nuestro medio el uso de la HNF para la TP farmacol&#243;gica se limita a casos muy seleccionados&#44; siendo la HBPM de primera elecci&#243;n&#46; En la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0030">tabla 6</a> se describen los 3 grupos de f&#225;rmacos&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0030"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La dosis para TP farmacol&#243;gica es fija e independiente del peso<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#46; En aquellos pacientes con obesidad m&#243;rbida &#40;IMC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>35&#41; se desconoce la dosificaci&#243;n m&#225;s adecuada&#46; Parece razonable aplicarla de manera emp&#237;rica cada 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#46;</p><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Inicio y duraci&#243;n de la TP farmacol&#243;gica</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La TP farmacol&#243;gica debe iniciarse de manera precoz en las primeras 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h del ingreso hospitalario&#46; Se mantendr&#225; durante todo el ingreso&#44; con reevaluaciones peri&#243;dicas del riesgo tromb&#243;tico y hemorr&#225;gico&#46; Es recomendable monitorizar el n&#250;mero de plaquetas regularmente en aquellos pacientes que reciben HBPM para detectar la posible aparici&#243;n de trombocitopenia inducida por heparina &#40;TIH&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La profilaxis extendida &#40;hasta 5 semanas&#41; tras el alta demostr&#243; reducir la aparici&#243;n de ETV en el estudio EXCLAIM&#44; pero con un aumento significativo del n&#250;mero de eventos hemorr&#225;gicos&#59; adem&#225;s&#44; no se encontraron variaciones en la mortalidad global<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0405"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a>&#46; Se recomienda valorar de manera individualizada la necesidad de prolongar la TP tras el alta en aquellos casos en los que persistan los factores de riesgo que precisaron su indicaci&#243;n&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Contraindicaciones de la TP farmacol&#243;gica</span><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se debe evaluar cuidadosamente la indicaci&#243;n de TP farmacol&#243;gica en aquellos pacientes con elevado riesgo de sangrado &#40;escala IMPROVE<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7 puntos&#41;&#46; Su uso est&#225; contraindicado en los casos de sangrado activo &#40;hemorragia digestiva&#44; intracraneal&#44; hemoptisis&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">TP farmacol&#243;gica en insuficiencia renal</span><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En los pacientes con FG<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;min&#47;1&#44;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> se recomienda la reducci&#243;n de dosis &#40;fondaparinux 1&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; bemiparina 2500 UI&#47;24 h&#44; enoxaparina 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h o nadroparina un 25-33&#37;&#41;&#46; Existen evidencias de que la dosis de tinzaparina podr&#237;a mantenerse hasta FG de 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;min&#47;1&#44;73 m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> &#40;aunque no est&#225; recomendado su uso para &#60;30 ml&#47;min&#47;1&#44;73m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Anticoagulantes orales de acci&#243;n directa</span><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En nuestro pa&#237;s los anticoagulantes de acci&#243;n directa no est&#225;n aprobados en la actualidad para la prevenci&#243;n de la ETV en el paciente m&#233;dico no quir&#250;rgico&#46; &#218;nicamente est&#225;n indicados en aquellos pacientes sometidos a cirug&#237;a de pr&#243;tesis de cadera o rodilla&#46; Tanto rivaroxab&#225;n&#44; apixab&#225;n como dabigatr&#225;n han demostrado su no inferioridad frente a HBPM&#44; si bien presentaron un incremento significativo de las hemorragias<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0415"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a>&#46; En los enfermos oncol&#243;gicos varias gu&#237;as de pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica plantean ya el uso de estos f&#225;rmacos &#40;rivaroxab&#225;n o apixab&#225;n&#41; para la profilaxis a nivel ambulatorio&#46; Aquellos pacientes que reciben quimioterapia&#44; con riesgo intermedio-alto de ETV &#40;c&#225;ncer de p&#225;ncreas&#44; pulm&#243;n o con escala de Khorana<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#41; y no tienen riesgo hemorr&#225;gico elevado podr&#237;an beneficiarse de su uso<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0420"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Otras consideraciones</span><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La realizaci&#243;n de una t&#233;cnica de anestesia neuroaxial &#40;punci&#243;n lumbar o inserci&#243;n de cat&#233;ter&#41; se debe retrasar 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h tras la administraci&#243;n de una dosis profil&#225;ctica de HBPM&#46; Una vez realizada deben transcurrir al menos 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h para reiniciar la TP<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0425"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a>&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Tromboprofilaxis mec&#225;nica</span><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las medidas de compresi&#243;n mec&#225;nica han demostrado ser eficaces en el paciente quir&#250;rgico con contraindicaci&#243;n para la TP farmacol&#243;gica por riesgo de sangrado&#46; Sin embargo&#44; su beneficio en el paciente con patolog&#237;a m&#233;dica no est&#225; del todo demostrado&#46; Gu&#237;as recientes de TP sugieren su uso en aquellos pacientes en los que el riesgo hemorr&#225;gico sea muy elevado y por lo tanto se contraindique la TP farmacol&#243;gica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0430"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span></a>&#46; Los m&#233;todos m&#225;s habituales son&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0025"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0085"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Medias de compresi&#243;n gradual y bombas plantares&#58; no han demostrado claro beneficio en poblaciones de alto riesgo como los pacientes con ictus<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0435"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a>&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0090"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Compresi&#243;n neum&#225;tica intermitente &#40;CNI&#41;&#58; los sistemas de CNI previenen la TVP mejorando el flujo sangu&#237;neo en las extremidades inferiores&#44; evitando as&#237; la estasis venosa&#46; Aunque las evidencias son limitadas existen estudios que han demostrado reducir la incidencia de ETV&#44; por lo que se considera el m&#233;todo de elecci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0440"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a>&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Otras medidas de tromboprofilaxis</span><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En todos los pacientes m&#233;dicos ingresados se debe&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0030"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0095"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Favorecer la movilizaci&#243;n precoz tan pronto sea posible&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0100"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Asegurar un adecuado estado de hidrataci&#243;n&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0105"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Evitar procedimientos que supongan limitaci&#243;n para la movilidad como son el sondaje vesical&#44; la sueroterapia y las medidas de contenci&#243;n f&#237;sica&#46; Adecuar las indicaciones de estas t&#233;cnicas de manera individualizada y con revisiones peri&#243;dicas a lo largo del ingreso es una medida elemental&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0090" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Sistemas de alerta para la prevenci&#243;n de la ETV</span><p id="par0250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Con el objetivo de optimizar la profilaxis de ETV en los pacientes m&#233;dicos hospitalizados&#44; varios estudios han demostrado la utilidad de incluir sistemas de alertas electr&#243;nicas y gu&#237;as de pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica en las historias cl&#237;nicas digitalizadas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0445"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span></a>&#46; Estas medidas conllevan una mejora en la adecuaci&#243;n de la TP individualizada&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; permitir&#237;an disminuir la mortalidad relacionada con la ETV en este tipo pacientes&#44; si bien las evidencias disponibles al respecto a&#250;n son limitadas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0450"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span></a>&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0095" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Algoritmo de actuaci&#243;n</span><p id="par0255" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">figura 1</a> se propone un algoritmo a modo de resumen y de car&#225;cter pr&#225;ctico para la valoraci&#243;n de la profilaxis de ETV en el paciente m&#233;dico hospitalizado&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0100" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0260" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El autor declara no tener ning&#250;n conflicto de intereses&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0105" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Nota al suplemento</span><p id="par0265" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este art&#237;culo forma parte del suplemento &#171;Protocolos de manejo de la enfermedad tromboemb&#243;lica venosa&#46; Actualizaci&#243;n 2020&#187;&#44; que cuenta con la colaboraci&#243;n de Laboratorios Rovi para la impresi&#243;n y difusi&#243;n del suplemento&#46;</p></span></span>"
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                  "titulo" => "Contraindicaciones de la TP farmacol&#243;gica"
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                  "titulo" => "Anticoagulantes orales de acci&#243;n directa"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La enfermedad tromboemb&#243;lica venosa &#40;ETV&#41; es una de las complicaciones m&#225;s frecuentes y graves de los enfermos m&#233;dicos hospitalizados&#44; siendo la embolia pulmonar la primera causa de muerte prevenible&#46; La ETV prolonga la estancia hospitalaria&#44; con un mayor consumo de recursos y un aumento del gasto sanitario&#46; Los factores de riesgo para su desarrollo pueden ser intr&#237;nsecos al paciente o estar relacionados con la propia hospitalizaci&#243;n&#46; Conocer e identificar estos factores&#44; tanto al ingreso como durante la evoluci&#243;n del proceso m&#233;dico&#44; debe ser una prioridad&#46; La profilaxis de la ETV ha demostrado ser eficaz y eficiente&#46; Su aplicaci&#243;n en el paciente m&#233;dico conlleva una disminuci&#243;n de la embolia pulmonar mortal&#44; de las trombosis venosas profundas sintom&#225;ticas y de la mortalidad en los 3 meses posteriores al alta&#46; La valoraci&#243;n individual y detallada del riesgo-beneficio de esta profilaxis es&#44; por tanto&#44; fundamental&#46; Las heparinas de bajo peso molecular siguen siendo de primera elecci&#243;n en la profilaxis farmacol&#243;gica de la ETV en los enfermos m&#233;dicos&#46; En aquellos pacientes en los que el uso de f&#225;rmacos est&#233; contraindicado se podr&#237;a plantear el uso de medidas f&#237;sicas para su prevenci&#243;n&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Venous thromboembolism &#40;VTE&#41; is a prevalent and serious complication in hospitalized medical patients&#46; Pulmonary embolism is the most common preventable cause of hospital death&#46; VTE extends hospitalization&#44; with a higher resource consumption and an increase in healthcare costs&#46; Risk factors for VTE include intrinsic factors and those related to hospitalization&#46; It is important to know and to identify these factors at the moment of hospital admission and during the course of disease&#46; VTE prophylaxis has demonstrated to be an efficient and effective action&#46; Its implementation reduces life-threatening pulmonary embolism&#44; symptomatic deep vein thrombosis and death rate three months after discharge&#46; An individual and detailed assessment of prophylaxis risk-benefit is a priority&#46; In our country&#44; low molecular weight heparins are still the first option for VTE pharmacological prophylaxis&#46; In those patients at high risk of bleeding or in whom anticoagulation is contraindicated mechanical methods could be used&#46;</p></span>"
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Algoritmo de actuaci&#243;n para la profilaxis de ETV en el paciente m&#233;dico&#46;</p> <p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ETV&#58; enfermedad tromboemb&#243;lica venosa&#59; FG&#58; filtrado glomerular&#59; HNF&#58; heparina no fraccionada&#59; IAM&#58; infarto agudo de miocardio&#59; IMC&#58; &#237;ndice de masa corporal&#59; UCI&#58; unidad de cuidados intensivos&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Fuente&#58; Konstantinides et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#46;</p>"
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            0 => array:2 [
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Riesgo alto &#40;OR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Fractura de extremidad inferior&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hospitalizaci&#243;n por insuficiencia card&#237;aca o fibrilaci&#243;n&#47;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">flutter</span> auricular en los &#250;ltimos 3 meses&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Pr&#243;tesis de cadera o rodilla&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Traumatismo mayor&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Infarto agudo de miocardio en los &#250;ltimos 3 meses&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ETV previa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Lesi&#243;n en m&#233;dula espinal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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            1 => array:2 [
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Riesgo moderado &#40;OR 2-9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Cirug&#237;a de rodilla por artroscopia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Enfermedad autoinmune&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Transfusi&#243;n hem&#225;tica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Cat&#233;ter venoso central&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Cables y cat&#233;teres intravenosos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Quimioterapia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Insuficiencia card&#237;aca congestiva o insuficiencia respiratoria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">F&#225;rmacos estimulantes de eritropoyesis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Terapia hormonal sustitutiva &#40;dependiendo del tipo&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Fertilizaci&#243;n in vitro&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Anticonceptivos orales&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Puerperio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Infecciones &#40;sobre todo neumon&#237;a&#44; tracto urinario y VIH&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Enfermedad inflamatoria cr&#243;nica intestinal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">C&#225;ncer &#40;mayor riesgo en enfermedad metast&#225;sica&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ictus con par&#225;lisis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Trombosis venosa superficial&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Trombofilias&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Riesgo d&#233;bil &#40;OR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Encamamiento &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3 d&#237;as&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Diabetes mellitus&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hipertensi&#243;n arterial&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Inmovilizaci&#243;n debido a sedestaci&#243;n &#40;viajes prolongados&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Edad avanzada&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Cirug&#237;a laparosc&#243;pica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Obesidad&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Embarazo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Venas varicosas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Factores de riesgo para la enfermedad tromboemb&#243;lica venosa &#40;ETV&#41;</p>"
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          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at2"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Fuente&#58; Barbar y Prandoni<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#46;</p>"
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              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ETV previa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Inmovilizaci&#243;n o reposo en cama&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Edad superior a 75 a&#241;os&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Trombofilia conocida&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">C&#225;ncer&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Patolog&#237;a infecciosa aguda&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Neumon&#237;a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Traumatismo en los 3 meses previos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Insuficiencia card&#237;aca&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Edema de miembros inferiores&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ACV con hemiplej&#237;a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Cat&#233;ter venoso central&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Trombocitosis &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>350&#46;000&#47;mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab2582000.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Factores de riesgo para la enfermedad tromboemb&#243;lica venosa &#40;ETV&#41; en el paciente m&#233;dico hospitalizado</p>"
        ]
      ]
      3 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Tabla 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at3"
            "detalle" => "Tabla "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:3 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Fuente&#58; Gallardo et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ETV&#58; enfermedad tromboemb&#243;lica venosa&#59; IMC&#58; &#237;ndice de masa corporal&#59; TVS&#58; trombosis venosa superficial&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:2 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Factor de riesgo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Puntuaci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">C&#225;ncer activo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ETV previa &#40;no TVS&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Movilidad reducida<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Trombofilia conocida<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Cirug&#237;a o trauma reciente &#40;&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1 mes&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Edad &#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>70 a&#241;os&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Insuficiencia card&#237;aca y&#47;o respiratoria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Infarto agudo de miocardio o ictus&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Infecci&#243;n aguda y&#47;o patolog&#237;a reum&#225;tica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Obesidad &#40;IMC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Terapia hormonal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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                0 => "xTab2582001.png"
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Puntuaci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4 puntos&#58; alto riesgo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4 puntos&#58; bajo riesgo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab2582006.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          "notaPie" => array:3 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0005"
              "etiqueta" => "a"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Enfermedad local o metast&#225;sica y&#47;o quimioterapia o radioterapia en los 6 meses anteriores&#46;</p>"
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0010"
              "etiqueta" => "b"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">M&#237;nimo 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h con movilidad solo al ba&#241;o&#46;</p>"
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0015"
              "etiqueta" => "c"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">D&#233;ficit de antitrombina&#44; prote&#237;na C o prote&#237;na S&#44; factor V Leiden&#44; mutaci&#243;n de la protrombina 20210A y s&#237;ndrome antifosfol&#237;pido&#46;</p>"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Escala Predictiva de Padua</p>"
        ]
      ]
      4 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0020"
        "etiqueta" => "Tabla 4"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at4"
            "detalle" => "Tabla "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:3 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Fuente&#58; Spyropoulos et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0360"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ETV&#58; enfermedad tromboemb&#243;lica venosa&#59; UCI&#58; unidad de cuidados intensivos&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:2 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Factor de riesgo cl&#237;nico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Puntuaci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ETV previa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Trombofilia conocida&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Par&#225;lisis aguda extremidades inferiores&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">C&#225;ncer activo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Inmovilizaci&#243;n &#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7 d&#237;as<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ingreso en UCI&#47;de Coronarias&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Edad &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60 a&#241;os&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab2582009.png"
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Puntuaci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2 puntos&#58; bajo riesgo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2 puntos&#58; indicada tromboprofilaxis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4 puntos&#58; riesgo elevado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab2582002.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          "notaPie" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0020"
              "etiqueta" => "a"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0020">Cama-sill&#243;n&#46;</p>"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Escala de riesgo IMPROVE</p>"
        ]
      ]
      5 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0025"
        "etiqueta" => "Tabla 5"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
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        "detalles" => array:1 [
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            "identificador" => "at5"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Fuente&#58; Decousus et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0380"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">FG&#58; filtrado glomerular&#59; UCI&#58; unidad de cuidados intensivos&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:2 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Factor de riesgo hemorr&#225;gico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Puntuaci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#218;lcera gastroduodenal activa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hemorragia en los 3 meses previos al ingreso&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Plaquetas &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>50&#46;000&#47;mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Edad &#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>85 a&#241;os&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Insuficiencia hep&#225;tica &#40;INR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Insuficiencia renal moderada &#40;FG<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30-59 ml&#47;min&#47;1&#46;73 m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ingreso en UCI&#47;Unidad de Coronarias&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Cat&#233;ter venoso central&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Enfermedad reum&#225;tica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">C&#225;ncer activo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Edad 40-84 a&#241;os&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Insuficiencia renal moderada &#40;FG &#61; 30-59 ml&#47;min&#47;1&#46;73 m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Sexo masculino&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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                0 => "xTab2582005.png"
              ]
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            1 => array:2 [
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Puntuaci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#58; alto riesgo hemorr&#225;gico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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                0 => "xTab2581999.png"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Escala de riesgo hemorr&#225;gico IMPROVE</p>"
        ]
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      6 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0030"
        "etiqueta" => "Tabla 6"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
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            "identificador" => "at6"
            "detalle" => "Tabla "
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Fuente&#58; Kearon et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> y Nutescu et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="spar0100" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">FG&#58; filtrado glomerular&#59; sc&#58; subcut&#225;nea&#46;</p>"
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            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">F&#225;rmaco&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Dosis y v&#237;a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Heparina no fraccionada</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>UI&#47;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; sc&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fondaparinux</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; sc&#40;1&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; sc si FG<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;min&#47;1&#44;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Heparinas de bajo peso molecular</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Bemiparina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>UI&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; sc&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;500 UI&#47;24 h sc si FG &#8804; 30 ml&#47;min&#47;1&#44;73 m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Dalteparina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>UI&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; sc&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Enoxaparina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>UI &#40;40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#41;&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; sc&#40;2&#46;000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>UI &#40;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#41;&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; sc si FG<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;min&#47;1&#44;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Nadroparina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#58; 3&#46;800<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>UI&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; sc&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#58; 5&#46;700<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>UI&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; sc&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Tinzaparina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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