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            "entidad" => "Servicio de Medicina Interna&#44; Hospital Virgen del Camino&#44; Sanl&#250;car de Barrameda &#40;C&#225;diz&#41;&#44; Espa&#241;a"
            "etiqueta" => "i"
            "identificador" => "aff0045"
          ]
          9 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Servicio de Medicina Interna&#44; Hospital Universitario Cl&#237;nico San Carlos&#44; Madrid&#44; Espa&#241;a"
            "etiqueta" => "j"
            "identificador" => "aff0050"
          ]
          10 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Servicio de Medicina Interna&#44; Hospital de Sagunto&#44; Valencia&#44; Espa&#241;a"
            "etiqueta" => "k"
            "identificador" => "aff0055"
          ]
          11 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Servicio de Medicina Interna&#44; Hospital Universitario Ram&#243;n y Cajal&#44; Madrid&#44; Espa&#241;a"
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        "correspondencia" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "cor0005"
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            "correspondencia" => "Autor para correspondencia&#46;"
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    "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        "titulo" => "Positioning document on incorporating point-of-care ultrasound in Internal Medicine departments"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introducci&#243;n y concepto</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La ecograf&#237;a cl&#237;nica&#44; o ecograf&#237;a &#171;a pie de cama&#187; &#40;en ingl&#233;s <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">point of care ultrasound</span>&#41;&#44; consiste en la aplicaci&#243;n de los ultrasonidos de una forma sistematizada como prolongaci&#243;n y complemento de la exploraci&#243;n f&#237;sica convencional&#46; La Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Cardiolog&#237;a &#40;SEC&#41; denomina tambi&#233;n a la ecograf&#237;a cl&#237;nica cardiaca &#171;ecocardioscopia&#187;&#46; Igualmente&#44; se ha planteado el concepto de ecograf&#237;a multi&#243;rgano como un instrumento de evaluaci&#243;n integrada de las diferentes regiones corporales&#46; En ning&#250;n caso&#44; la ecograf&#237;a cl&#237;nica sustituye a la evaluaci&#243;n reglada realizada en los gabinetes de radiolog&#237;a o en los laboratorios de imagen cardiaca<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Es preciso tener en cuenta que el prop&#243;sito de la ecograf&#237;a cl&#237;nica es fundamentalmente descartar una enfermedad relevante &#40;sensibilidad y valor predictivo negativo elevados&#41;&#46; Esta competencia se consigue con un tiempo de formaci&#243;n limitado&#44; por lo que es factible incorporar su aprendizaje en el programa de la especialidad de Medicina Interna&#46; Por otra parte&#44; la duraci&#243;n del procedimiento es de unos15&#160;min&#44; por lo que deber&#237;a ser asumible en la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica del internista&#46; Dentro de las utilidades de esta herramienta b&#225;sica destacan&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Agilizaci&#243;n del proceso diagn&#243;stico&#44; que podr&#237;a conllevar un beneficio pron&#243;stico en algunos casos&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despistaje de numerosas enfermedades&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Monitorizaci&#243;n de determinados tratamientos&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Realizaci&#243;n de procedimientos invasivos&#44; como la extracci&#243;n de material l&#237;quido&#44; o la canalizaci&#243;n de v&#237;as venosas centrales&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Valoraci&#243;n de la situaci&#243;n hemodin&#225;mica y congestiva del paciente&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a> se describen las principales indicaciones de la ecograf&#237;a cl&#237;nica y los elementos que deben ser valorados&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Aspectos clave del uso de la ecograf&#237;a cl&#237;nica en Medicina Interna</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Seguridad del paciente</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La ecograf&#237;a facilita la seguridad de determinados procedimientos&#46; En concreto&#44; la canalizaci&#243;n de v&#237;as centrales con control ecogr&#225;fico disminuye de forma marcada las complicaciones asociadas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2-7</span></a>&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; la ecograf&#237;a en manos de enfermer&#237;a permite la canalizaci&#243;n de v&#237;as perif&#233;ricas de acceso complejo&#44; evitando la necesidad de emplear cat&#233;teres venosos centrales<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Otros procedimientos &#171;intervencionistas&#187; en los que la ecograf&#237;a es de gran ayuda son la toracocentesis y la paracentesis&#46; Especialmente importante es la disminuci&#243;n del riesgo de neumot&#243;rax asociado a la toracocentesis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0345"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;10</span></a>&#46; Por ese motivo&#44; se puede considerar inadecuado realizar una toracocentesis &#171;a ciegas&#187;&#44; si se dispone de un ec&#243;grafo en el centro&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Otro punto esencial relacionado con la seguridad del paciente es promover medidas que eviten las infecciones nosocomiales asociadas al uso de cat&#233;teres y sondas&#46; En este sentido&#44; la ecograf&#237;a es muy &#250;til para la detecci&#243;n de una retenci&#243;n aguda de orina o de un residuo posmiccional patol&#243;gico&#44; y ayuda a monitorizar la volemia y la presi&#243;n venosa central&#46; Posiblemente&#44; en las plantas de Medicina Interna&#44; reducir&#237;a las indicaciones de sondaje vesical<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Adem&#225;s&#44; el incremento de la canalizaci&#243;n de v&#237;as venosas perif&#233;ricas con control ecogr&#225;fico en situaciones de acceso venoso dif&#237;cil disminuye el uso de v&#237;as centrales y&#44; por tanto&#44; las infecciones asociadas a los cat&#233;teres centrales<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;12-15</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Ecograf&#237;a cl&#237;nica como complemento de la exploraci&#243;n f&#237;sica</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La exploraci&#243;n f&#237;sica es un procedimiento diagn&#243;stico subjetivo&#44; cuya precisi&#243;n y fiabilidad es muy variable y que depende de la habilidad del m&#233;dico y de las caracter&#237;sticas del paciente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0380"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La ecograf&#237;a cl&#237;nica es un complemento excelente para mejorar la rentabilidad de la exploraci&#243;n f&#237;sica tradicional<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0385"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17-19</span></a>&#46; Permite la visualizaci&#243;n y medici&#243;n objetiva de estructuras y sus posibles alteraciones&#46; Por ejemplo&#44; es de especial utilidad para la detecci&#243;n y cuantificaci&#243;n del derrame pleural&#44; peric&#225;rdico o ascitis&#44; la valoraci&#243;n y tipificaci&#243;n de soplos cardiacos&#44; la estimaci&#243;n de la presi&#243;n venosa central o la detecci&#243;n de aneurismas de aorta&#44; procesos que pueden pasar inadvertidos en la exploraci&#243;n f&#237;sica convencional<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0400"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Ecograf&#237;a cl&#237;nica en el seguimiento del paciente</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La ecograf&#237;a &#171;reglada&#187; es &#250;til para la valoraci&#243;n precisa del paciente de forma puntual &#40;&#171;foto fija&#187;&#41;&#44; pero obviamente no es viable su realizaci&#243;n con una periodicidad frecuente&#46; La ecograf&#237;a cl&#237;nica puede ser aplicada eficientemente de forma &#171;seriada&#187; o &#171;din&#225;mica&#187; a un mismo paciente para monitorizar determinadas complicaciones &#40;congesti&#243;n pulmonar&#44; derrame pleural&#44; ascitis&#44; estimaci&#243;n de la volemia&#44; colestasis&#44; etc&#46;&#41; a pie de cama&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En un porcentaje relevante de los pacientes que ingresan en los servicios de Medicina Interna&#44; es fundamental hacer un seguimiento evolutivo de m&#250;ltiples complicaciones m&#233;dicas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0405"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21-27</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Ecograf&#237;a multi&#243;rgano</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En algunos escenarios cl&#237;nicos como el paciente con disnea&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">shock</span> o sospecha de enfermedad tromboemb&#243;lica&#44; la valoraci&#243;n ecogr&#225;fica integral de varios &#243;rganos es muy &#250;til para el diagn&#243;stico y seguimiento<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0400"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20&#44;28-31</span></a>&#46; La especializaci&#243;n caracter&#237;stica de los servicios de Radiolog&#237;a o Cardiolog&#237;a limita la realizaci&#243;n de este tipo de procedimientos&#44; que puede ser realizado por m&#233;dicos generalistas&#46; Por otra parte&#44; algunos &#243;rganos como el pulm&#243;n se pueden considerar hu&#233;rfanos desde el punto de vista ecogr&#225;fico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0430"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26&#44;27</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Limitaciones de la ecograf&#237;a cl&#237;nica</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Con frecuencia&#44; las caracter&#237;sticas del paciente que se atiende en Medicina Interna dificulta la obtenci&#243;n de una buena ventana ac&#250;stica&#44; por lo que este elemento debe ser tenido en cuenta en la formaci&#243;n en ecograf&#237;a del internista&#46; Otra limitaci&#243;n es el tipo de ec&#243;grafo&#44; que debe ser estandarizado de acuerdo con las competencias asumidas por el profesional&#46; Existen errores sistem&#225;ticos que tambi&#233;n se deben considerar en el aprendizaje de la ecograf&#237;a cl&#237;nica&#44; como la obtenci&#243;n de im&#225;genes inadecuadas y la falta de sistem&#225;tica en la realizaci&#243;n del estudio&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">&#193;mbitos de utilizaci&#243;n de la ecograf&#237;a cl&#237;nica en Medicina Interna</span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Urgencias y planta de hospitalizaci&#243;n</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La ecograf&#237;a a pie cama es extraordinariamente &#250;til como complemento de la exploraci&#243;n f&#237;sica en estos entornos asistenciales&#44; sobre todo en situaciones de urgencia vital<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Consultas monogr&#225;ficas</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La ecograf&#237;a cl&#237;nica puede ser de gran utilidad en este tipo de consultas&#44; en las que el internista puede adquirir experiencia y habilidad en la valoraci&#243;n de aspectos concretos de la ecograf&#237;a &#40;&#171;ecograf&#237;a limitada&#187;&#41;&#44; similar o incluso superior a la que se realiza en otros servicios&#46; A continuaci&#243;n se mencionan algunos ejemplos&#58;</p><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Consulta de riesgo cardiovascular</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La ecograf&#237;a es esencial para la detecci&#243;n de lesiones subcl&#237;nicas de &#243;rganos diana &#40;car&#243;tida&#44; coraz&#243;n&#44; arterias de miembros inferiores&#44; aorta abdominal&#41;&#44; lo cual permite mejorar la estimaci&#243;n del riesgo cardiovascular y la optimizaci&#243;n del tratamiento<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0465"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33-40</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Consulta de insuficiencia cardiaca</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La ecograf&#237;a es imprescindible para el diagn&#243;stico y seguimiento del enfermo con insuficiencia cardiaca&#46; Permite monitorizar la congesti&#243;n pulmonar &#40;cuantificaci&#243;n de l&#237;neas B&#44; derrame pleural&#41;&#44; la presi&#243;n venosa central &#40;tama&#241;o y colapso de la vena cava inferior&#41; y la ascitis&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; puede ser una herramienta valiosa para ajustar el tratamiento diur&#233;tico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;41-43</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Otras consultas</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La ecograf&#237;a tambi&#233;n puede ser pr&#225;ctica en las consultas de diagn&#243;stico r&#225;pido&#44; del paciente cr&#243;nico-complejo o en las consultas monogr&#225;ficas de enfermedades autoinmunes sist&#233;micas &#40;detecci&#243;n y monitorizaci&#243;n de enfermedad intersticial pulmonar&#44; hipertensi&#243;n pulmonar&#44; afectaci&#243;n articular&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Alternativas a la hospitalizaci&#243;n convencional</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los ec&#243;grafos port&#225;tiles permiten la valoraci&#243;n integral del enfermo fuera del hospital<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32&#44;44&#44;45</span></a>&#46; Existen evidencias suficientes para afirmar que la ecograf&#237;a puede sustituir a la radiograf&#237;a de t&#243;rax para el diagn&#243;stico y seguimiento de la neumon&#237;a o de la insuficiencia cardiaca<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0530"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">46&#44;47</span></a>&#46; Por tanto&#44; puede ser de gran ayuda para los equipos m&#233;dicos de medicina paliativa y atenci&#243;n domiciliaria&#44; incluyendo las residencias de ancianos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0540"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48&#44;49</span></a>&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Ecograf&#237;a cl&#237;nica en la docencia de grado y la investigaci&#243;n</span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Docencia de grado</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La ense&#241;anza de la ecograf&#237;a cl&#237;nica b&#225;sica no requiere una curva de aprendizaje larga y facilita la formaci&#243;n en Anatom&#237;a&#44; Fisiolog&#237;a y Fisiopatolog&#237;a&#44; pero&#44; sobre todo&#44; mejora el rendimiento y fiabilidad de la exploraci&#243;n f&#237;sica&#46; En este sentido&#44; la formaci&#243;n ecogr&#225;fica de los estudiantes de Medicina se est&#225; implantando de forma progresiva en muchas facultades&#44; especialmente en Estados Unidos y Alemania<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0550"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">50-53</span></a>&#46; Ello requiere de un profesorado capacitado y recursos humanos y materiales suficientes para la formaci&#243;n individual de un n&#250;mero elevado de alumnos&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En los &#250;ltimos a&#241;os&#44; el Grupo de Trabajo de Ecograf&#237;a Cl&#237;nica de la Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Medicina Interna &#40;SEMI&#41; est&#225; desarrollando un sistema de ense&#241;anza pr&#225;ctica de la ecograf&#237;a en el grado&#44; basado en la integraci&#243;n del estudiante como docente&#46; As&#237;&#44; tras la formaci&#243;n de un grupo reducido de alumnos&#44; estos pueden a su vez ense&#241;ar a otros compa&#241;eros en lo que se denomina mentor&#237;a paritaria o entre iguales &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">peer mentoring</span>&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0570"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">54&#44;55</span></a>&#46; Este modelo de ense&#241;anza es f&#225;cilmente exportable a cualquier servicio de Medicina Interna implicado en la docencia de grado y posgrado&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Investigaci&#243;n</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El n&#250;mero de publicaciones relacionadas con la ecograf&#237;a cl&#237;nica se ha multiplicado de forma exponencial en los &#250;ltimos a&#241;os&#46; El primer ejemplo ha sido el desarrollo de la ecograf&#237;a pulmonar en el paciente cr&#237;tico y despu&#233;s los estudios relacionados con el uso de la ecograf&#237;a cl&#237;nica en la parada cardiaca&#44; hipotensi&#243;n-<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">shock</span> o diagn&#243;stico de la disnea&#46; Otras l&#237;neas de investigaci&#243;n relacionadas con el &#225;mbito de la Medicina Interna son el riesgo cardiovascular&#44; la insuficiencia cardiaca o las enfermedades autoinmunes&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0090" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Recomendaciones sobre la formaci&#243;n de residentes y especialistas de Medicina Interna en ecograf&#237;a cl&#237;nica general</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El modelo de rotaci&#243;n planteado se basa en la combinaci&#243;n de la evidencia cient&#237;fica y la experiencia de los numerosos centros de formaci&#243;n que progresivamente se han habilitado en nuestro pa&#237;s en los &#250;ltimos 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0580"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">56-60</span></a>&#46; Todav&#237;a queda pendiente establecer un sistema de acreditaci&#243;n com&#250;n&#44; que vendr&#225; de la mano de la inclusi&#243;n de la ecograf&#237;a cl&#237;nica en el programa oficial de la especialidad&#46;</p><span id="sec0095" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Objetivos</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El objetivo general es conocer los fundamentos de la ecograf&#237;a a pie de cama como complemento a la exploraci&#243;n f&#237;sica&#46; Los aspectos que deben aprender los alumnos est&#225;n descritos en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a> de este documento&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Adem&#225;s de la rotaci&#243;n en ecograf&#237;a cl&#237;nica general&#44; los residentes podr&#225;n solicitar rotar en centros que tengan experiencia en &#225;reas concretas de la ecograf&#237;a cl&#237;nica&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0100" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Duraci&#243;n y n&#250;mero de exploraciones</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La duraci&#243;n &#243;ptima de una rotaci&#243;n formativa es de 4 a 8 semanas&#46; Durante ese tiempo el residente deber&#225; realizar al menos 150 ecograf&#237;as multi&#243;rgano supervisadas en diferentes pacientes seleccionados&#46; Esto supone la realizaci&#243;n de unas 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>exploraciones por d&#237;a&#44; lo que garantiza la adquisici&#243;n de la habilidad t&#233;cnica para visualizar de forma &#243;ptima los planos b&#225;sicos de cada &#243;rgano&#44; y la aplicaci&#243;n de la t&#233;cnica sobre una casu&#237;stica adecuada&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a> se muestra una aproximaci&#243;n de los componentes y tiempo de aprendizaje de la formaci&#243;n en ecograf&#237;a b&#225;sica&#44; diferenciando 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>niveles secuenciales en funci&#243;n de su dificultad&#46; Sin duda&#44; los planos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos b&#225;sicos son los m&#225;s complicados de aprender&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0105" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Sistem&#225;tica de la exploraci&#243;n ecogr&#225;fica</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cada exploraci&#243;n ecogr&#225;fica cl&#237;nica debe incluir de forma sistem&#225;tica la evaluaci&#243;n pulmonar&#44; cardiol&#243;gica y abdominal&#46; Seg&#250;n la indicaci&#243;n m&#233;dica&#44; se podr&#237;an a&#241;adir otras estructuras&#44; como el territorio carot&#237;deo&#44; sistema venoso profundo de miembros inferiores&#44; arteria temporal u otras&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0110" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Recursos materiales</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se deber&#237;a disponer de un ec&#243;grafo por cada 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>rotantes&#46; Es recomendable que el ec&#243;grafo sea port&#225;til para realizar las exploraciones a pie de cama&#46; El equipo debe disponer al menos de im&#225;genes en 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D y Doppler color&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0115" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Supervisi&#243;n</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las exploraciones ecogr&#225;ficas deben ser supervisadas&#44; sobre todo durante la primera semana de rotaci&#243;n&#46; Despu&#233;s&#44; el residente debe hacer ecograf&#237;as de forma independiente solicitando a demanda la supervisi&#243;n por el tutor y grabando las im&#225;genes para su consulta posterior&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0120" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Registro de actividad</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Toda la actividad ecogr&#225;fica debe registrarse en una ficha del paciente en la que se anoten los hallazgos patol&#243;gicos detectados&#46; De esta forma se pueden cuantificar las ecograf&#237;as realizadas y contrastar los hallazgos con las ecograf&#237;as regladas y otras pruebas complementarias que se dispongan del enfermo&#46;</p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Es muy conveniente que los resultados de las exploraciones ecogr&#225;ficas supervisadas se reflejen en la historia cl&#237;nica del paciente de la misma forma que se hace con la exploraci&#243;n f&#237;sica tradicional&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0125" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Evaluaci&#243;n del nivel de competencia</span><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Al finalizar el per&#237;odo de rotaci&#243;n&#44; el tutor tendr&#225; constancia del n&#250;mero de exploraciones realizadas por cada residente para calificar el nivel de competencia adquirido&#46;</p><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pr&#243;ximamente la SEMI&#44; con el asesoramiento del Grupo de Trabajo de Ecograf&#237;a Cl&#237;nica&#44; definir&#225; unos criterios homog&#233;neos para la evaluaci&#243;n del nivel de competencia en ecograf&#237;a cl&#237;nica general y para as&#237; establecer una acreditaci&#243;n espec&#237;fica&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; se est&#225; trabajando con la SEC y otras sociedades cient&#237;ficas para desarrollar una acreditaci&#243;n conjunta en ecocardioscopia&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0130" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0150">Conclusiones</span><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La SEMI y el Grupo de Trabajo de Ecograf&#237;a Cl&#237;nica recomiendan la incorporaci&#243;n de la ecograf&#237;a cl&#237;nica en la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica habitual del internista&#46; Para ello se debe fomentar y facilitar la formaci&#243;n de los residentes y facultativos especialistas en Medicina Interna&#46; Resulta imprescindible para lograr estos objetivos la adquisici&#243;n de equipos de ecograf&#237;a por los Servicios de Medicina Interna&#46; La SEMI&#44; a trav&#233;s de la Comisi&#243;n Nacional de Medicina Interna&#44; propondr&#225; la incorporaci&#243;n de la ecograf&#237;a cl&#237;nica en el programa formativo de la especialidad&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0135" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0155">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran no tener ning&#250;n conflicto de intereses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Este documento de posicionamiento describe los aspectos m&#225;s importantes de la ecograf&#237;a cl&#237;nica en el &#225;mbito de la Medicina Interna&#44; desde sus indicaciones fundamentales hasta el per&#237;odo de formaci&#243;n recomendado&#46; Actualmente ya no quedan dudas sobre la gran utilidad de esta herramienta para la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica habitual del internista en m&#250;ltiples escenarios cl&#237;nicos y &#225;mbitos de actuaci&#243;n &#40;urgencias&#44; planta de hospitalizaci&#243;n&#44; consulta general y espec&#237;fica y atenci&#243;n domiciliaria&#41;&#46; Su uso tiene un impacto relevante en la capacidad de resoluci&#243;n del profesional&#44; al aumentar su fiabilidad y seguridad diagn&#243;stica&#44; adem&#225;s de proporcionar informaci&#243;n pron&#243;stica y evolutiva importante&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; en los &#250;ltimos a&#241;os se ha incorporado como una herramienta en la ense&#241;anza pregrado con excelentes resultados&#46; Por tanto&#44; es necesario generalizar su uso y para ello se debe fomentar la formaci&#243;n estructurada y la adquisici&#243;n de equipos&#46; El documento ha sido elaborado por el Grupo de Trabajo de Ecograf&#237;a Cl&#237;nica y avalado por la Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Medicina Interna&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This positioning document describes the most important aspects of clinical ultrasonography in the internal medicine setting&#44; from its fundamental indications to the recommended training period&#46; There is no question as to the considerable usefulness of this tool in the standard clinical practice of internists in numerous clinical scenarios and settings &#40;emergencies&#44; hospital ward&#44; general and specific consultations and home care&#41;&#46; Ultrasonography has a relevant impact on the practitioner&#39;s ability to resolve issues&#44; increasing diagnostic reliability and safety and providing important information on the prognosis and progression&#46; In recent years&#44; ultrasonography has been incorporated as a tool in undergraduate teaching&#44; with excellent results&#46; The use of ultrasonography needs to be widespread&#46; To accomplish this&#44; we must encourage structured training and the acquisition of equipment&#46; This document was developed by the Clinical Ultrasonography Workgroup and endorsed by the Spanish Society of Internal Medicine&#46;</p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">a&#41; Ecograf&#237;a abdominal&#58;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">- Detecci&#243;n de l&#237;quido libre intraperitoneal&#44; hepatomegalia o esplenomegalia&#44; esteatosis hep&#225;tica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">- Valoraci&#243;n de la ves&#237;cula y v&#237;a biliar extrahep&#225;tica&#46; Colelitiasis&#44; colecistitis&#46; Valoraci&#243;n del enfermo con colestasis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">- Valoraci&#243;n del enfermo con hepatopat&#237;a cr&#243;nica e hipertensi&#243;n portal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">- Valoraci&#243;n de la funci&#243;n ventricular izquierda y derecha&#46; Utilidad de la ecograf&#237;a en la valoraci&#243;n del paciente con sospecha de insuficiencia cardiaca&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">- Identificaci&#243;n de posibles valvulopat&#237;as significativas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">- Estimaci&#243;n de la volemia y presi&#243;n venosa central&#58; vena cava inferior&#44; venas suprahep&#225;ticas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">c&#41; Ecograf&#237;a urol&#243;gica&#58;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">d&#41; Ecograf&#237;a pulmonar&#58;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">- Identificaci&#243;n de neumot&#243;rax&#44; derrame pleural&#44; s&#237;ndrome intersticial y condensaciones pulmonares &#40;neumon&#237;a&#41;&#46; Utilidad de la ecograf&#237;a pulmonar en la valoraci&#243;n del enfermo con disnea&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">e&#41; Ecograf&#237;a vascular&#58;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">- Detecci&#243;n de aneurisma de aorta abdominal y tor&#225;cica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">- Detecci&#243;n de trombosis venosa profunda&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">- Detecci&#243;n de placas carot&#237;deas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">g&#41; Ecograf&#237;a multi&#243;rgano&#58;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">- Valoraci&#243;n del paciente con shock&#46; Valoraci&#243;n del paciente con shock&#44; en parada cardiorrespiratoria o disociaci&#243;n electromec&#225;nica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Nivel 2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Nivel 3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Detecci&#243;n de l&#237;quido libre abdominal &#40;FAST&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">X&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Ri&#241;&#243;n y vejiga urinaria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">X&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Vena cava inferior&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Ves&#237;cula y v&#237;a biliar&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">X&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">X&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Ecocardioscopia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">X&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Ecograf&#237;a pulmonar&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">X&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Niveles de dificultad en ecograf&#237;a cl&#237;nica</p>"
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ARTÍCULO ESPECIAL
Documento de posicionamiento sobre la incorporación de la ecografía clínica en los servicios de Medicina Interna
Positioning document on incorporating point-of-care ultrasound in Internal Medicine departments
J. Torres Machoa,
Autor para correspondencia
jtorresmacho@gmail.com

Autor para correspondencia.
, F.J. García Sáncheza, P. Garmilla Ezquerrab, L. Beltrán Romeroc, J. Canora Lebratod, J.M. Casas Rojoa, P. Arribas Arribase, S. López Palmerof, S. Pintos Martínezg, J.M. Cepeda Rodrigoh, D. Luordoa, M. Beltrán Lópezi, M. Méndez Bailónj, E. Rodilla Salak, L. Manzano Espinosal, A. Zapatero Gaviriad, G. García de Casasolaa, en representación de la Sociedad Española de Medicina Interna y de su Grupo de Trabajo de Ecografía Clínica
a Servicio de Medicina Interna-Urgencias, Hospital Universitario Infanta Cristina, Parla (Madrid), España
b Servicio de Urgencias, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, España
c Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, España
d Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada, Madrid, España
e Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital de Santa Bárbara, Soria, España
f Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Medicina Interna, Hospital de Torrecárdenas, Almería, España
g Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital de Denia, Alicante, España
h Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Vega Baja, Orihuela (Valencia), España
i Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Virgen del Camino, Sanlúcar de Barrameda (Cádiz), España
j Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, España
k Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital de Sagunto, Valencia, España
l Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, España
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introducci&#243;n y concepto</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La ecograf&#237;a cl&#237;nica&#44; o ecograf&#237;a &#171;a pie de cama&#187; &#40;en ingl&#233;s <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">point of care ultrasound</span>&#41;&#44; consiste en la aplicaci&#243;n de los ultrasonidos de una forma sistematizada como prolongaci&#243;n y complemento de la exploraci&#243;n f&#237;sica convencional&#46; La Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Cardiolog&#237;a &#40;SEC&#41; denomina tambi&#233;n a la ecograf&#237;a cl&#237;nica cardiaca &#171;ecocardioscopia&#187;&#46; Igualmente&#44; se ha planteado el concepto de ecograf&#237;a multi&#243;rgano como un instrumento de evaluaci&#243;n integrada de las diferentes regiones corporales&#46; En ning&#250;n caso&#44; la ecograf&#237;a cl&#237;nica sustituye a la evaluaci&#243;n reglada realizada en los gabinetes de radiolog&#237;a o en los laboratorios de imagen cardiaca<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Es preciso tener en cuenta que el prop&#243;sito de la ecograf&#237;a cl&#237;nica es fundamentalmente descartar una enfermedad relevante &#40;sensibilidad y valor predictivo negativo elevados&#41;&#46; Esta competencia se consigue con un tiempo de formaci&#243;n limitado&#44; por lo que es factible incorporar su aprendizaje en el programa de la especialidad de Medicina Interna&#46; Por otra parte&#44; la duraci&#243;n del procedimiento es de unos15&#160;min&#44; por lo que deber&#237;a ser asumible en la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica del internista&#46; Dentro de las utilidades de esta herramienta b&#225;sica destacan&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Agilizaci&#243;n del proceso diagn&#243;stico&#44; que podr&#237;a conllevar un beneficio pron&#243;stico en algunos casos&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despistaje de numerosas enfermedades&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Monitorizaci&#243;n de determinados tratamientos&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Realizaci&#243;n de procedimientos invasivos&#44; como la extracci&#243;n de material l&#237;quido&#44; o la canalizaci&#243;n de v&#237;as venosas centrales&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Valoraci&#243;n de la situaci&#243;n hemodin&#225;mica y congestiva del paciente&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a> se describen las principales indicaciones de la ecograf&#237;a cl&#237;nica y los elementos que deben ser valorados&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Aspectos clave del uso de la ecograf&#237;a cl&#237;nica en Medicina Interna</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Seguridad del paciente</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La ecograf&#237;a facilita la seguridad de determinados procedimientos&#46; En concreto&#44; la canalizaci&#243;n de v&#237;as centrales con control ecogr&#225;fico disminuye de forma marcada las complicaciones asociadas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2-7</span></a>&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; la ecograf&#237;a en manos de enfermer&#237;a permite la canalizaci&#243;n de v&#237;as perif&#233;ricas de acceso complejo&#44; evitando la necesidad de emplear cat&#233;teres venosos centrales<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Otros procedimientos &#171;intervencionistas&#187; en los que la ecograf&#237;a es de gran ayuda son la toracocentesis y la paracentesis&#46; Especialmente importante es la disminuci&#243;n del riesgo de neumot&#243;rax asociado a la toracocentesis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0345"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;10</span></a>&#46; Por ese motivo&#44; se puede considerar inadecuado realizar una toracocentesis &#171;a ciegas&#187;&#44; si se dispone de un ec&#243;grafo en el centro&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Otro punto esencial relacionado con la seguridad del paciente es promover medidas que eviten las infecciones nosocomiales asociadas al uso de cat&#233;teres y sondas&#46; En este sentido&#44; la ecograf&#237;a es muy &#250;til para la detecci&#243;n de una retenci&#243;n aguda de orina o de un residuo posmiccional patol&#243;gico&#44; y ayuda a monitorizar la volemia y la presi&#243;n venosa central&#46; Posiblemente&#44; en las plantas de Medicina Interna&#44; reducir&#237;a las indicaciones de sondaje vesical<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Adem&#225;s&#44; el incremento de la canalizaci&#243;n de v&#237;as venosas perif&#233;ricas con control ecogr&#225;fico en situaciones de acceso venoso dif&#237;cil disminuye el uso de v&#237;as centrales y&#44; por tanto&#44; las infecciones asociadas a los cat&#233;teres centrales<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;12-15</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Ecograf&#237;a cl&#237;nica como complemento de la exploraci&#243;n f&#237;sica</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La exploraci&#243;n f&#237;sica es un procedimiento diagn&#243;stico subjetivo&#44; cuya precisi&#243;n y fiabilidad es muy variable y que depende de la habilidad del m&#233;dico y de las caracter&#237;sticas del paciente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0380"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La ecograf&#237;a cl&#237;nica es un complemento excelente para mejorar la rentabilidad de la exploraci&#243;n f&#237;sica tradicional<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0385"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17-19</span></a>&#46; Permite la visualizaci&#243;n y medici&#243;n objetiva de estructuras y sus posibles alteraciones&#46; Por ejemplo&#44; es de especial utilidad para la detecci&#243;n y cuantificaci&#243;n del derrame pleural&#44; peric&#225;rdico o ascitis&#44; la valoraci&#243;n y tipificaci&#243;n de soplos cardiacos&#44; la estimaci&#243;n de la presi&#243;n venosa central o la detecci&#243;n de aneurismas de aorta&#44; procesos que pueden pasar inadvertidos en la exploraci&#243;n f&#237;sica convencional<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0400"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Ecograf&#237;a cl&#237;nica en el seguimiento del paciente</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La ecograf&#237;a &#171;reglada&#187; es &#250;til para la valoraci&#243;n precisa del paciente de forma puntual &#40;&#171;foto fija&#187;&#41;&#44; pero obviamente no es viable su realizaci&#243;n con una periodicidad frecuente&#46; La ecograf&#237;a cl&#237;nica puede ser aplicada eficientemente de forma &#171;seriada&#187; o &#171;din&#225;mica&#187; a un mismo paciente para monitorizar determinadas complicaciones &#40;congesti&#243;n pulmonar&#44; derrame pleural&#44; ascitis&#44; estimaci&#243;n de la volemia&#44; colestasis&#44; etc&#46;&#41; a pie de cama&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En un porcentaje relevante de los pacientes que ingresan en los servicios de Medicina Interna&#44; es fundamental hacer un seguimiento evolutivo de m&#250;ltiples complicaciones m&#233;dicas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0405"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21-27</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Ecograf&#237;a multi&#243;rgano</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En algunos escenarios cl&#237;nicos como el paciente con disnea&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">shock</span> o sospecha de enfermedad tromboemb&#243;lica&#44; la valoraci&#243;n ecogr&#225;fica integral de varios &#243;rganos es muy &#250;til para el diagn&#243;stico y seguimiento<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0400"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20&#44;28-31</span></a>&#46; La especializaci&#243;n caracter&#237;stica de los servicios de Radiolog&#237;a o Cardiolog&#237;a limita la realizaci&#243;n de este tipo de procedimientos&#44; que puede ser realizado por m&#233;dicos generalistas&#46; Por otra parte&#44; algunos &#243;rganos como el pulm&#243;n se pueden considerar hu&#233;rfanos desde el punto de vista ecogr&#225;fico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0430"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26&#44;27</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Limitaciones de la ecograf&#237;a cl&#237;nica</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Con frecuencia&#44; las caracter&#237;sticas del paciente que se atiende en Medicina Interna dificulta la obtenci&#243;n de una buena ventana ac&#250;stica&#44; por lo que este elemento debe ser tenido en cuenta en la formaci&#243;n en ecograf&#237;a del internista&#46; Otra limitaci&#243;n es el tipo de ec&#243;grafo&#44; que debe ser estandarizado de acuerdo con las competencias asumidas por el profesional&#46; Existen errores sistem&#225;ticos que tambi&#233;n se deben considerar en el aprendizaje de la ecograf&#237;a cl&#237;nica&#44; como la obtenci&#243;n de im&#225;genes inadecuadas y la falta de sistem&#225;tica en la realizaci&#243;n del estudio&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">&#193;mbitos de utilizaci&#243;n de la ecograf&#237;a cl&#237;nica en Medicina Interna</span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Urgencias y planta de hospitalizaci&#243;n</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La ecograf&#237;a a pie cama es extraordinariamente &#250;til como complemento de la exploraci&#243;n f&#237;sica en estos entornos asistenciales&#44; sobre todo en situaciones de urgencia vital<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Consultas monogr&#225;ficas</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La ecograf&#237;a cl&#237;nica puede ser de gran utilidad en este tipo de consultas&#44; en las que el internista puede adquirir experiencia y habilidad en la valoraci&#243;n de aspectos concretos de la ecograf&#237;a &#40;&#171;ecograf&#237;a limitada&#187;&#41;&#44; similar o incluso superior a la que se realiza en otros servicios&#46; A continuaci&#243;n se mencionan algunos ejemplos&#58;</p><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Consulta de riesgo cardiovascular</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La ecograf&#237;a es esencial para la detecci&#243;n de lesiones subcl&#237;nicas de &#243;rganos diana &#40;car&#243;tida&#44; coraz&#243;n&#44; arterias de miembros inferiores&#44; aorta abdominal&#41;&#44; lo cual permite mejorar la estimaci&#243;n del riesgo cardiovascular y la optimizaci&#243;n del tratamiento<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0465"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33-40</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Consulta de insuficiencia cardiaca</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La ecograf&#237;a es imprescindible para el diagn&#243;stico y seguimiento del enfermo con insuficiencia cardiaca&#46; Permite monitorizar la congesti&#243;n pulmonar &#40;cuantificaci&#243;n de l&#237;neas B&#44; derrame pleural&#41;&#44; la presi&#243;n venosa central &#40;tama&#241;o y colapso de la vena cava inferior&#41; y la ascitis&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; puede ser una herramienta valiosa para ajustar el tratamiento diur&#233;tico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;41-43</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Otras consultas</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La ecograf&#237;a tambi&#233;n puede ser pr&#225;ctica en las consultas de diagn&#243;stico r&#225;pido&#44; del paciente cr&#243;nico-complejo o en las consultas monogr&#225;ficas de enfermedades autoinmunes sist&#233;micas &#40;detecci&#243;n y monitorizaci&#243;n de enfermedad intersticial pulmonar&#44; hipertensi&#243;n pulmonar&#44; afectaci&#243;n articular&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Alternativas a la hospitalizaci&#243;n convencional</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los ec&#243;grafos port&#225;tiles permiten la valoraci&#243;n integral del enfermo fuera del hospital<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32&#44;44&#44;45</span></a>&#46; Existen evidencias suficientes para afirmar que la ecograf&#237;a puede sustituir a la radiograf&#237;a de t&#243;rax para el diagn&#243;stico y seguimiento de la neumon&#237;a o de la insuficiencia cardiaca<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0530"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">46&#44;47</span></a>&#46; Por tanto&#44; puede ser de gran ayuda para los equipos m&#233;dicos de medicina paliativa y atenci&#243;n domiciliaria&#44; incluyendo las residencias de ancianos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0540"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48&#44;49</span></a>&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Ecograf&#237;a cl&#237;nica en la docencia de grado y la investigaci&#243;n</span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Docencia de grado</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La ense&#241;anza de la ecograf&#237;a cl&#237;nica b&#225;sica no requiere una curva de aprendizaje larga y facilita la formaci&#243;n en Anatom&#237;a&#44; Fisiolog&#237;a y Fisiopatolog&#237;a&#44; pero&#44; sobre todo&#44; mejora el rendimiento y fiabilidad de la exploraci&#243;n f&#237;sica&#46; En este sentido&#44; la formaci&#243;n ecogr&#225;fica de los estudiantes de Medicina se est&#225; implantando de forma progresiva en muchas facultades&#44; especialmente en Estados Unidos y Alemania<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0550"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">50-53</span></a>&#46; Ello requiere de un profesorado capacitado y recursos humanos y materiales suficientes para la formaci&#243;n individual de un n&#250;mero elevado de alumnos&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En los &#250;ltimos a&#241;os&#44; el Grupo de Trabajo de Ecograf&#237;a Cl&#237;nica de la Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Medicina Interna &#40;SEMI&#41; est&#225; desarrollando un sistema de ense&#241;anza pr&#225;ctica de la ecograf&#237;a en el grado&#44; basado en la integraci&#243;n del estudiante como docente&#46; As&#237;&#44; tras la formaci&#243;n de un grupo reducido de alumnos&#44; estos pueden a su vez ense&#241;ar a otros compa&#241;eros en lo que se denomina mentor&#237;a paritaria o entre iguales &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">peer mentoring</span>&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0570"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">54&#44;55</span></a>&#46; Este modelo de ense&#241;anza es f&#225;cilmente exportable a cualquier servicio de Medicina Interna implicado en la docencia de grado y posgrado&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Investigaci&#243;n</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El n&#250;mero de publicaciones relacionadas con la ecograf&#237;a cl&#237;nica se ha multiplicado de forma exponencial en los &#250;ltimos a&#241;os&#46; El primer ejemplo ha sido el desarrollo de la ecograf&#237;a pulmonar en el paciente cr&#237;tico y despu&#233;s los estudios relacionados con el uso de la ecograf&#237;a cl&#237;nica en la parada cardiaca&#44; hipotensi&#243;n-<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">shock</span> o diagn&#243;stico de la disnea&#46; Otras l&#237;neas de investigaci&#243;n relacionadas con el &#225;mbito de la Medicina Interna son el riesgo cardiovascular&#44; la insuficiencia cardiaca o las enfermedades autoinmunes&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0090" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Recomendaciones sobre la formaci&#243;n de residentes y especialistas de Medicina Interna en ecograf&#237;a cl&#237;nica general</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El modelo de rotaci&#243;n planteado se basa en la combinaci&#243;n de la evidencia cient&#237;fica y la experiencia de los numerosos centros de formaci&#243;n que progresivamente se han habilitado en nuestro pa&#237;s en los &#250;ltimos 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0580"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">56-60</span></a>&#46; Todav&#237;a queda pendiente establecer un sistema de acreditaci&#243;n com&#250;n&#44; que vendr&#225; de la mano de la inclusi&#243;n de la ecograf&#237;a cl&#237;nica en el programa oficial de la especialidad&#46;</p><span id="sec0095" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Objetivos</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El objetivo general es conocer los fundamentos de la ecograf&#237;a a pie de cama como complemento a la exploraci&#243;n f&#237;sica&#46; Los aspectos que deben aprender los alumnos est&#225;n descritos en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a> de este documento&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Adem&#225;s de la rotaci&#243;n en ecograf&#237;a cl&#237;nica general&#44; los residentes podr&#225;n solicitar rotar en centros que tengan experiencia en &#225;reas concretas de la ecograf&#237;a cl&#237;nica&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0100" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Duraci&#243;n y n&#250;mero de exploraciones</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La duraci&#243;n &#243;ptima de una rotaci&#243;n formativa es de 4 a 8 semanas&#46; Durante ese tiempo el residente deber&#225; realizar al menos 150 ecograf&#237;as multi&#243;rgano supervisadas en diferentes pacientes seleccionados&#46; Esto supone la realizaci&#243;n de unas 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>exploraciones por d&#237;a&#44; lo que garantiza la adquisici&#243;n de la habilidad t&#233;cnica para visualizar de forma &#243;ptima los planos b&#225;sicos de cada &#243;rgano&#44; y la aplicaci&#243;n de la t&#233;cnica sobre una casu&#237;stica adecuada&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a> se muestra una aproximaci&#243;n de los componentes y tiempo de aprendizaje de la formaci&#243;n en ecograf&#237;a b&#225;sica&#44; diferenciando 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>niveles secuenciales en funci&#243;n de su dificultad&#46; Sin duda&#44; los planos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos b&#225;sicos son los m&#225;s complicados de aprender&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0105" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Sistem&#225;tica de la exploraci&#243;n ecogr&#225;fica</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cada exploraci&#243;n ecogr&#225;fica cl&#237;nica debe incluir de forma sistem&#225;tica la evaluaci&#243;n pulmonar&#44; cardiol&#243;gica y abdominal&#46; Seg&#250;n la indicaci&#243;n m&#233;dica&#44; se podr&#237;an a&#241;adir otras estructuras&#44; como el territorio carot&#237;deo&#44; sistema venoso profundo de miembros inferiores&#44; arteria temporal u otras&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0110" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Recursos materiales</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se deber&#237;a disponer de un ec&#243;grafo por cada 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>rotantes&#46; Es recomendable que el ec&#243;grafo sea port&#225;til para realizar las exploraciones a pie de cama&#46; El equipo debe disponer al menos de im&#225;genes en 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D y Doppler color&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0115" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Supervisi&#243;n</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las exploraciones ecogr&#225;ficas deben ser supervisadas&#44; sobre todo durante la primera semana de rotaci&#243;n&#46; Despu&#233;s&#44; el residente debe hacer ecograf&#237;as de forma independiente solicitando a demanda la supervisi&#243;n por el tutor y grabando las im&#225;genes para su consulta posterior&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0120" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Registro de actividad</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Toda la actividad ecogr&#225;fica debe registrarse en una ficha del paciente en la que se anoten los hallazgos patol&#243;gicos detectados&#46; De esta forma se pueden cuantificar las ecograf&#237;as realizadas y contrastar los hallazgos con las ecograf&#237;as regladas y otras pruebas complementarias que se dispongan del enfermo&#46;</p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Es muy conveniente que los resultados de las exploraciones ecogr&#225;ficas supervisadas se reflejen en la historia cl&#237;nica del paciente de la misma forma que se hace con la exploraci&#243;n f&#237;sica tradicional&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0125" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Evaluaci&#243;n del nivel de competencia</span><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Al finalizar el per&#237;odo de rotaci&#243;n&#44; el tutor tendr&#225; constancia del n&#250;mero de exploraciones realizadas por cada residente para calificar el nivel de competencia adquirido&#46;</p><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pr&#243;ximamente la SEMI&#44; con el asesoramiento del Grupo de Trabajo de Ecograf&#237;a Cl&#237;nica&#44; definir&#225; unos criterios homog&#233;neos para la evaluaci&#243;n del nivel de competencia en ecograf&#237;a cl&#237;nica general y para as&#237; establecer una acreditaci&#243;n espec&#237;fica&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; se est&#225; trabajando con la SEC y otras sociedades cient&#237;ficas para desarrollar una acreditaci&#243;n conjunta en ecocardioscopia&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0130" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0150">Conclusiones</span><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La SEMI y el Grupo de Trabajo de Ecograf&#237;a Cl&#237;nica recomiendan la incorporaci&#243;n de la ecograf&#237;a cl&#237;nica en la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica habitual del internista&#46; Para ello se debe fomentar y facilitar la formaci&#243;n de los residentes y facultativos especialistas en Medicina Interna&#46; Resulta imprescindible para lograr estos objetivos la adquisici&#243;n de equipos de ecograf&#237;a por los Servicios de Medicina Interna&#46; La SEMI&#44; a trav&#233;s de la Comisi&#243;n Nacional de Medicina Interna&#44; propondr&#225; la incorporaci&#243;n de la ecograf&#237;a cl&#237;nica en el programa formativo de la especialidad&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0135" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0155">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran no tener ning&#250;n conflicto de intereses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Este documento de posicionamiento describe los aspectos m&#225;s importantes de la ecograf&#237;a cl&#237;nica en el &#225;mbito de la Medicina Interna&#44; desde sus indicaciones fundamentales hasta el per&#237;odo de formaci&#243;n recomendado&#46; Actualmente ya no quedan dudas sobre la gran utilidad de esta herramienta para la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica habitual del internista en m&#250;ltiples escenarios cl&#237;nicos y &#225;mbitos de actuaci&#243;n &#40;urgencias&#44; planta de hospitalizaci&#243;n&#44; consulta general y espec&#237;fica y atenci&#243;n domiciliaria&#41;&#46; Su uso tiene un impacto relevante en la capacidad de resoluci&#243;n del profesional&#44; al aumentar su fiabilidad y seguridad diagn&#243;stica&#44; adem&#225;s de proporcionar informaci&#243;n pron&#243;stica y evolutiva importante&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; en los &#250;ltimos a&#241;os se ha incorporado como una herramienta en la ense&#241;anza pregrado con excelentes resultados&#46; Por tanto&#44; es necesario generalizar su uso y para ello se debe fomentar la formaci&#243;n estructurada y la adquisici&#243;n de equipos&#46; El documento ha sido elaborado por el Grupo de Trabajo de Ecograf&#237;a Cl&#237;nica y avalado por la Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Medicina Interna&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This positioning document describes the most important aspects of clinical ultrasonography in the internal medicine setting&#44; from its fundamental indications to the recommended training period&#46; There is no question as to the considerable usefulness of this tool in the standard clinical practice of internists in numerous clinical scenarios and settings &#40;emergencies&#44; hospital ward&#44; general and specific consultations and home care&#41;&#46; Ultrasonography has a relevant impact on the practitioner&#39;s ability to resolve issues&#44; increasing diagnostic reliability and safety and providing important information on the prognosis and progression&#46; In recent years&#44; ultrasonography has been incorporated as a tool in undergraduate teaching&#44; with excellent results&#46; The use of ultrasonography needs to be widespread&#46; To accomplish this&#44; we must encourage structured training and the acquisition of equipment&#46; This document was developed by the Clinical Ultrasonography Workgroup and endorsed by the Spanish Society of Internal Medicine&#46;</p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">a&#41; Ecograf&#237;a abdominal&#58;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">- Detecci&#243;n de l&#237;quido libre intraperitoneal&#44; hepatomegalia o esplenomegalia&#44; esteatosis hep&#225;tica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">- Valoraci&#243;n de la funci&#243;n ventricular izquierda y derecha&#46; Utilidad de la ecograf&#237;a en la valoraci&#243;n del paciente con sospecha de insuficiencia cardiaca&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">- Identificaci&#243;n de posibles valvulopat&#237;as significativas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">- Estimaci&#243;n de la volemia y presi&#243;n venosa central&#58; vena cava inferior&#44; venas suprahep&#225;ticas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">d&#41; Ecograf&#237;a pulmonar&#58;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">- Identificaci&#243;n de neumot&#243;rax&#44; derrame pleural&#44; s&#237;ndrome intersticial y condensaciones pulmonares &#40;neumon&#237;a&#41;&#46; Utilidad de la ecograf&#237;a pulmonar en la valoraci&#243;n del enfermo con disnea&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">- Detecci&#243;n de aneurisma de aorta abdominal y tor&#225;cica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">- Detecci&#243;n de trombosis venosa profunda&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">- Detecci&#243;n de placas carot&#237;deas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">- Valoraci&#243;n del paciente con shock&#46; Valoraci&#243;n del paciente con shock&#44; en parada cardiorrespiratoria o disociaci&#243;n electromec&#225;nica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">X&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Vena cava inferior&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">X&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Ves&#237;cula y v&#237;a biliar&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">X&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Aorta abdominal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">X&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Ecocardioscopia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">X&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Sistema venoso profundo de extremidades inferiores&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">X&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Ecograf&#237;a pulmonar&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">X&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Niveles de dificultad en ecograf&#237;a cl&#237;nica</p>"
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