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Vol. 226. Issue 7.
(August - September 2026)
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Vol. 226. Issue 7.
(August - September 2026)
Special article

Venous thromboembolic disease associated with hormonal contraceptives. Venous Thromboembolism Group of the Spanish Society of Internal Medicine and the Catalan Society of Contraception

La enfermedad tromboembólica venosa relacionada con los anticonceptivos hormonales. Grupo de Enfermedad Tromboembólica de la Sociedad Española de Medicina Interna y Sociedad Catalana de Anticoncepción.
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A. Franco Morenoa,
Corresponding author
afranco278@hotmail.com

Corresponding author.
, J. Perelló Capób, O. Madridano Coboc, N. Muñoz Rivasa, M. Martín Asenjod, Á. Blanco Molinae
a Servicio de Medicina Interna, Unidad de Enfermedad Tromboembólica Venosa, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
b Servicio de Ginecología y Obstetricia, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
c Servicio de Medicina Interna, Unidad de Enfermedad Tromboembólica Venosa, Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofia, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
d Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
e Medicina Interna. CV. Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía. Córdoba, Spain
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Abstract

Combined hormonal contraceptives (CHCs) constitute one of the most widely used contraceptive methods in women of reproductive age and play a relevant role not only in contraception but also in the treatment of various gynecological conditions. However, their use is associated with an increased risk of venous thromboembolic disease (VTE; deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism) due to the induction of a hypercoagulable state. This effect is primarily related to the estrogenic component and is modulated by the type of associated progestogen. The formulations containing low-dose estrogen and levonorgestrel, as well as progestin-only contraceptives (except medroxyprogesterone), have the most favorable prothrombotic profile and should be prioritized when hormonal contraception is indicated, particularly in women with additional risk factors. In women with VTE risk factors, the use of progestogen-only is recommended, as these are not associated with an increased thrombotic risk. The use of CHC after an episode of VTE requires individualized assessment; in selected cases, it may be temporarily continued during anticoagulant therapy. Before discontinuation of anticoagulation, CHCs should be replaced by a progestogen-only. CHCs are contraindicated in women with a history of VTE who are not receiving anticoagulant treatment. Appropriate selection of the contraceptive method and patient education regarding the symptoms of VTE are essential to minimize thrombotic risk, optimize safety, and promote early detection of thrombosis. This document provides an updated review of the thrombotic risk associated with different CHCs and offers practical recommendations for their management in women at high risk or with a history of VTE, emphasizing the need for individualized evaluation and a multidisciplinary approach.

Keywords:
Hormonal contraception
Risk stratification
Estrogens
Women
Progestogens
Anticoagulant therapy
Venous thromboembolic disease
Resumen

Los anticonceptivos hormonales combinados (AHC) constituyen uno de los métodos anticonceptivos más utilizados en mujeres en edad fértil y desempeñan un papel relevante tanto en anticoncepción como en el tratamiento de diversas patologías ginecológicas. Sin embargo, su uso se asocia a un incremento del riesgo de enfermedad tromboembólica venosa (ETV; trombosis venosa profunda y embolia pulmonar) debido a la inducción de un estado de hipercoagulabilidad. Este efecto depende fundamentalmente del componente estrogénico y es modulable según el gestágeno asociado. Las formulaciones con dosis bajas de estrógeno y levonorgestrel, así como los anticonceptivos con solo progestágeno (excepto medroxiprogesterona), presentan el perfil protrombótico más favorable y deben priorizarse cuando se indique anticoncepción hormonal, especialmente en mujeres con factores de riesgo añadidos. En mujeres con factores de riesgo de ETV, se recomienda el uso de solo progestágeno, que no se asocian a un incremento del riesgo trombótico. El uso de AHC tras un episodio de ETV requiere una valoración individualizada; en casos seleccionados, puede mantenerse de forma temporal durante el tratamiento anticoagulante. Antes de la retirada de la anticoagulación, la AHC debe sustituirse por solo progestágeno. La AHC está contraindicada en mujeres con antecedentes de ETV que no reciben tratamiento anticoagulante. La adecuada elección del método anticonceptivo y la educación sobre los síntomas de la ETV son fundamentales para minimizar el riesgo trombótico, optimizar la seguridad y favorecer la detección precoz de la trombosis. Este documento ofrece una revisión actualizada del riesgo trombótico asociado a los distintos AHC y proporciona recomendaciones prácticas para su manejo en mujeres con riesgo elevado o con antecedentes de ETV, destacando la necesidad de una evaluación individualizada y de un abordaje multidisciplinar.

Palabras clave:
Anticoncepción hormonal
Estratificación del riesgo
Estrógenos
Mujer
Progestágenos
Tratamiento anticoagulante
Enfermedad tromboembólica venosa

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