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Consensus Document
Available online 22 September 2026

Joint position paper on anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION). Vascular Risk Group and Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Group (GEAS) of the Spanish Society of Internal Medicine (SEMI) together with the Spanish Retina and Vitreous Society (SERV)

Documento de posicionamiento conjunto sobre la neuropatía óptica isquémica anterior (NOIA). Grupo de Riesgo Vascular y Grupo de Enfermedades Autoinmunes Sistémicas (GEAS) de la Sociedad Española de Medicina Interna (SEMI) junto con la Sociedad Española de Retina y Vítreo (SERV)
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F. Jaén Águilaa,
Corresponding author
fer0602@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, A.J. Gómez Escobarb, N. Navarrete Navarretec, A. Bustos Merloa, P. García Roblesd, E. Gutiérrez Sánchezb, R. García Alonsoe, M.E. Salguero Cámaraa, N. Muñoz Rivasf, A. González Garcíag, L. Arias Barqueth, L. Castilla Guerrai
a Servicio Medicina Interna, Unidad Riesgo Vascular, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS, Hospital Universitario Virgen De Las Nieves, Granada, Spain
b Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Departamento de Cirugía, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
c Servicio Medicina Interna, Unidad Enfermedades Sistémicas, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS. Granada, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
d Servicio Oftalmología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
e Servicio de Medicina Interna, Complejo Asistencial de Ávila, Ávila, Spain
f Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
g Servicio Medicina Interna, Unidad de Enfermedades Autoinmunes Sistémicas del Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
h Servicio Oftalmología, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
i Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Virgen Macarena. Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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Abstract

Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION) is one of the leading causes of sudden, painless, monocular vision loss in individuals over 50 years of age. Two forms can be distinguished, with clearly different clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic implications: the arteritic form, most commonly associated with giant cell arteritis (GCA), which constitutes a medical and ophthalmological emergency; and the non-arteritic form, which is far more frequent and for which no specific effective treatment is currently available.

Despite its clinical relevance and the frequent coexistence of vascular risk factors, the management of AION remains heterogeneous, with considerable variability in care pathways, etiological assessment, and follow-up and secondary prevention strategies. This situation highlights the need for a comprehensive and coordinated approach, in which close collaboration between Ophthalmology and Internal Medicine is essential.

This position statement is part of a series of joint working groups documents promoted by the Vascular Risk Group of the Spanish Society of Internal Medicine (SEMI) and the Spanish Retina and Vitreous Society (SERV), which began with the consensuses on retinal arterial and venous occlusion. Internists with extensive experience in vasculitis and systemic diseases, who are members of the Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Group (GEAS), have participated in the preparation of this text.

The aim is to establish a consensus-based proposal for the clinical management of AION. The epidemiological, pathophysiological, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of the disease are critically reviewed, and practical recommendations are provided to improve early detection, etiological management and the prevention of visual and systemic complications, with particular emphasis on the role of the internist in the care of these patients.

The recommendations included in this document should be interpreted as expert consensus–based recommendations, particularly in those sections where high‑quality evidence is lacking.

Keywords:
Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy
Arteritic
Non‑Arteritic
Vascular risk factors
Giant cell arteritis
Resumen

La neuropatía óptica isquémica anterior (NOIA) es una de las principales causas de pérdida visual súbita, indolora y monocular en personas mayores de 50 años. Se distinguen dos formas con implicaciones clínicas, diagnósticas y terapéuticas claramente diferenciadas: la forma arterítica, habitualmente asociada a la arteritis de células gigantes (ACG), que constituye una urgencia médica y oftalmológica, y la forma no arterítica, mucho más frecuente, para la que no existe en la actualidad un tratamiento específico eficaz.

A pesar de su relevancia clínica y de la frecuente coexistencia de factores de riesgo vascular, el manejo de la NOIA continúa siendo heterogéneo, con variabilidad en los circuitos asistenciales, en la evaluación etiológica y en las estrategias de seguimiento y prevención secundaria. Esta situación pone de manifiesto la necesidad de un abordaje integral y coordinado, en el que la colaboración entre Oftalmología y Medicina Interna resulta fundamental.

Este documento de posicionamiento forma parte de una serie de trabajos conjuntos impulsados por el grupo de Riesgo Vascular de la Sociedad Española de Medicina Interna (SEMI) y la Sociedad Española de Retina y Vítreo (SERV), iniciada con los consensos sobre oclusión arterial y venosa de la retina. En la elaboración de este texto han participado internistas con amplia experiencia en vasculitis y enfermedades sistémicas, integrantes habituales del Grupo de Enfermedades Autoinmunes Sistémicas (GEAS).

El objetivo es establecer una propuesta consensuada para el abordaje clínico de la NOIA. Se revisan de forma crítica los aspectos epidemiológicos, fisiopatológicos, diagnósticos y terapéuticos de la enfermedad, y se formulan recomendaciones prácticas orientadas a mejorar la detección precoz, el manejo etiológico y la prevención de complicaciones visuales y sistémicas, resaltando de manera específica el papel del internista en el cuidado de estos pacientes.

Las recomendaciones incluidas en este documento deben interpretarse como recomendaciones basadas en consenso de expertos, especialmente en aquellos apartados en los que no existe una evidencia de alta calidad.

Palabras clave:
Neuropatía Óptica isquémica anterior
Arterítica
No arterítica
Factores de riesgo vascular
Arteritis de células gigantes

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